Tehran University of Medical Sciences Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies 2345-5837 0 0 2026 02 05 1582 1582 Fereshteh Yousefirizi Department of Basic and Translational Research, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada Jean-Mathieu Beauregard Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine; and Cancer Research Centre, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada Arman Rahmim Departments of Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada 2026 01 25 2026 01 31 Quantitative molecular imaging is central to treatment response assessment in oncology, yet clinical practice remains largely dominated by patient-level or limited target-lesion criteria that ignore inter-lesion heterogeneity. This limitation is particularly important in prostate cancer, where PSMA PET/CT can reveal extensive skeletal and nodal metastatic disease that often evolves heterogeneously under therapy. Accurate and scalable lesion segmentation and tracking across serial PSMA PET/CT and post-therapy SPECT/CT scans is therefore essential for implementing emerging PSMA-specific response frameworks, such as RECIP 1.0, and for enabling lesion-level dosimetry in 177Lu-PSMA radiopharmaceutical therapies (RPTs). This article examines clinical motivations, technical foundations, and future pathways for automated lesion tracking in prostate cancer imaging. We focus on the unique requirements introduced by PSMA PET/CT compared with FDG PET/CT and highlight the critical role of quantitative SPECT/CT in linking imaging-derived disease characterization with delivered therapeutic dose. Recent advances in AI-based segmentation and automated lesion matching now make scalable longitudinal lesion correspondence feasible, providing comprehensive infrastructure for standardized response assessment and personalized PSMA-based theranostics. https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/view/1582 https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/download/1582/552