Tehran University of Medical Sciences Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies 2345-5837 8 4 2021 11 08 236 238 Ebrahim Najafzadeh Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Parastoo Farnia Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Alireza Ahmadian Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2021 09 12 2021 09 18 No Abstract No Abstract No Abstract https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/view/402 https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/download/402/217

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies 2345-5837 8 4 2021 11 08 239 245 Reza Eghdam-Zamiri Medical Radiation Sciences Research Team, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Imam Hospital, Tabriz, Iran Hosein Ghiasi Medical Radiation Sciences Research Team, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Imam Hospital, Tabriz, Iran 2021 03 20 2021 06 24 Purpose: A physical phenomenon, scattering the radiation by the atmosphere above the room to the points at ground level around the linac treatment room is known as skyshine radiation. This study aimed to estimate photon and neutron skyshine from a linac in a high-energy radiation therapy facility. Materials and Methods: The empirical method of NCRP report 151 and MC simulations were employed to estimate skyshine radiation dose from the 18MV linac photon beam. A linac and its bunker were modeled and skyshine dose equivalent from photons and secondary neutrons were derived and compared in the control room, corridor, sidewalk and, parking. Results: The photon skyshine dose rates calculations by the MC method varied from 0.43 µSv/h at the sidewalk to 6.2 µSv/h at the control room. The ratios of NCRP to MCNP calculations varied from 3.58 for the corridor to 16.14 for the control room. For the neutron skyshine dose rate at distances shorter than 20m, it was found to be 10.4 nSv/h and the ratios of the NCRP to MCNP were 1.26 at the control room and 3.34 at the sidewalk. Conclusion: It was concluded that the empirical method overestimates photon and neutron skyshine dose rates in comparison to the MCNPX code. The refinement of the proposed empirical method of NCRP 151 and application of MC methods are strongly suggested for more reliable calculations of skyshine radiations. https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/view/327 https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/download/327/218

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies 2345-5837 8 4 2021 11 08 246 252 Ghazale Perota Medical Physics Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran Hamidreza Masjedi Medical Physics Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran Hamed Zamani Medical Physics Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran Saman Dalvand Medical Physics Department, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Reza Omidi Medical Physics Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran Elham Razavi Medical Physics Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran Shiva Rahbar Medical Physics Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran Mohammad Hosein Zare Medical Physics Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran 2021 04 26 2021 07 13 ABSTRACT Background: Excessive use of computed tomography (CT) has become a worrying issue due to the potential risks corresponding to the radiation exposure. Purpose: This study was to investigate trends in CT usage in Yazd Province, Iran. Material and Methods: Patients were categorized in regard to sex and their age into two general groups, pediatrics (<18 years old) and adults (≥18 years old) ), each group fall into multiple subcategorizations. The performed CT scans have been classified into six categories, based on the anatomical area of interest, including head/neck, chest, spine, abdomen-pelvis, extremities, and CT angiography (CTA). The data were collected for the period 2015–2018. Results: The number of CT scans province increased by the compound annual growth rate of 11%. We found points to the growth rate of CT was higher in men than in women. Across the procedures, head/neck by an average contribution of 52% to all the CT scans was the most frequently examined region but spine examinations have decreased by 32%. More than half of the scans are performed on people over the age of 90 and among age<18 years old, most CT scan rates are related to 13-18 years old children. Conclusion: The number of CT services is clearly increasing in Yazd. Some increase may be warranted because of improvements in the diagnostic power of CT. The estimated number of pediatric CT scans has more than past. Due to the risk of cancer, efforts should be made to reduce unnecessary CT scans.   https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/view/341 https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/download/341/219

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies 2345-5837 8 4 2021 11 08 253 260 Adnan Honardari Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ahmad Bitarafan-Rajabi Cardiovascular Intervention Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran , Echocardiography Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Razieh Solgi Preclinical Core Facility, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mahsa Shakeri Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Kiara Rezaei-Kalantari Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hossein Ghadiri Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Preclinical Core Facility, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2021 04 20 2021 05 29 Purpose: This study aimed at evaluating the image quality characteristics of advanced noise-optimized and traditional virtual monochromatic images compared with conventional 120-kVp images from second-generation Dual-Source CT. Materials and Methods: For spiral scans six syringes filled with diluted iodine contrast material (1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20 mg I/ml) were inserted into the test phantom and scanned with a second-generation dual-source CT in both single-energy (120-kVp) and dual-energy modes. Images set contain conventional single-energy 120-kVp, and virtual monochromatic were reconstructed with energies ranging from 40 to 190-keV in 1-keV steps. An energy-domain noise reduction algorithm was applied and the mean CT number, image noise, and iodine CNR were calculated. Results: The iodine CT number of conventional 120-kVp images compared with monochromatic of 40-, 50-, 60- and 70-keV images showed increase. The improvement ratio of image noise on Advanced Virtual Monochromatic Images (AVMIs) compared with the Traditional Virtual Monochromatic Images (TVMIs) at energies of 40-, 50-, 60, 70-keV was 52.9%, 35.7%, 8.1%, 2.1%, respectively. At AVMIs from 75- to 190-keV, the image noise value was less than conventional 120-kVp images. CNR improvement ratio at 20 mg/ml of iodinated contrast material for TVMIs and AVMIs compared to 120-kVp CT images and AVMIs compared to TVMI was 18.3% and 56.3%, 32.1% respectively. Conclusion: Both TVMIs (in energies ranging from 54 to 71-keV) and AVMIs (in energies ranging from 40 to 74-keV) represent improvement in the iodine contrast-to-noise ratio than conventional 120-kVp CT images for the same radiation dose. Also, AVMIs compared to TVMIs have been obtained considerable noise reduction and CNR improvement for low-energy virtual monochromatic images. In the present study, we show that virtual monochromatic image and its Advanced version (AVMI) may boost the dual-energy CT advantages by providing higher CNR images in the same exposure value compared to routinely acquired single-energy CT images. https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/view/336 https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/download/336/220

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies 2345-5837 8 4 2021 11 08 261 272 Seyyed Ali Hosseini Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Isaac Shiri Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva 4, Switzerland Ghasem Hajianfar Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran Pardis Ghafarian Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mehrdad Bakhshayesh Karam Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Reza Ay Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2021 05 06 2021 07 06 Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the impact of image preprocessing steps, including Gray Level Discretization (GLD) and different Interpolation Algorithms (IA) on 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) radiomics features in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). Materials and Methods: One hundred and seventy-two radiomics features from the first-, second-, and higher-order statistic features were calculated from a set of Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (PET/CT) images of 20 non-small cell lung cancer delineated tumors with volumes ranging from 10 to 418 cm3 regarding five intensity discretization schemes with the number of gray levels of 16, 32, 64, 128, and 256, and four Interpolation algorithms, including nearest neighbor, tricubic convolution and tricubic spline interpolation, and trilinear were used. Segmentation was based on 3D region growing-based. The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC), Overall Concordance Correlation Coefficient (OCCC), and Coefficient Of Variations (COV) were calculated to demonstrate the features' variability and select robust features. ICC and OCCC < 0.5 presented weak reliability, ICC and OCCC between 0.5 and 0.75 illustrated appropriate reliability, values within 0.75 and 0.9 showed satisfying reliability, and values higher than 0.90 indicate exceptional reliability. Besides, features with less than 10% COV have been selected as robust features. Results: All morphology family (except four features), statistic, and Intensity volume histogram families were not affected by GLD and IA. And the rest of them, 10 and 61 features showed COV ≤ 5% against GLD and IA, respectively. Ten and 80 features showed excellent reliability (ICC values greater than 0.90) against GLD and IA. Eight and 60 features showed OCCC≥0.90 against GLD and IA, respectively. Based on our results Inverse difference normalized and Inverse difference moment normalized from Grey Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) were the most robust features against GLD and Skewness from intensity histogram family and Inverse difference normalized and Inverse difference moment normalized from GLCM were the most robust features against IA. Conclusion: Preprocessing can substantially impact the 18F-FDG PET image radiomic features in NSCLC. The impact of gray level discretization on radiomics features is significant and more than Interpolation algorithms. https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/view/344 https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/download/344/221

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies 2345-5837 8 4 2021 11 08 273 284 EN Farzaneh Aliabadi Farahani Department of Biomedical Engineering, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Mehrdad Dadgostar Department of Biomedical Engineering, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Zahra Einalou Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. 2021 04 25 2021 07 17 Purpose: Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a non-invasive imaging technology with widespread use in cognitive sciences and clinical studies. It indirectly measures neural activation by measuring alterations of oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) and deoxyhemoglobin (Hb) in tissues. This study used mental arithmetic task for analyzing the activation of the frontal cortex. Materials and methods: The fNIRS instrument was used for measuring the alterations of HbO2 and Hb in healthy subjects during the task. Then the recorded signals were filtered in the frequency range of 3 to 80 mHz. The Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) of each of the HbO2 and Hb signals in each channel was calculated in the intended frequency range, followed by the calculation of the energy of obtained coefficients. Finally, for the performed tasks, the average energy of each channel in each region was obtained. Then the energies of spatially symmetric channel pairs in the two hemispheres were compared using the t-test. Results: Results demonstrated that the average energy of HbO2 signal for corresponding channels in the temporal, Medial Prefrontal Cortex (MPFC), and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) regions had significant differences (P<0.05). Also, a significant difference was observed in the temporal, medial prefrontal, and Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex (VLPFC) regions for Hb signal. Conclusion: The obtained results indicate activation in both HbO2 and Hb signals in the DLPFC, temporal, and MPFC regions, considering the performance of memory and the frontal cortex under mental arithmetic tasks. Therefore, it can be concluded that this technique is effective and appropriate for analyzing alterations of brain oxygen levels during cognitive activity. https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/view/339 https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/download/339/222

Tehran University of Medical Sciences https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/view/958 https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/download/958/392

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies 2345-5837 12 4 2025 10 01 722 733 Mehdi Dehghani NPC Index Research Company, Tehran, Iran Vahid Asayesh NPCindex research company Majid Torabi Nikjeh NPC Index Research Company, Tehran, Iran Sepideh Akhtari Khosroshahi NPC Index Research Company, Tehran, Iran 2022 09 22 2023 01 29 Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the potential of non-linear electroencephalography-based features in depression detection. Materials and Methods: First, the Electroencephalography (EEG) signal was recorded from 25 normal and 25 depressed subjects. After preprocessing these signals, non-linear features including the Sum of Logarithmic (SL) and second-order spectral Moment (2M) of the amplitudes of diagonal elements in the bispectrum, the normalized Entropy (En) of bispectrum in beta and gamma frequency bands, Katz Fractal Dimension (KFD), and Lempel-Ziv Complexity (LZC) are extracted from them. Then, the ability of these features in depression detection was investigated using Mann-Whitney statistical test. Also, the classification performance of significant features was evaluated using a support vector machine (SVM) classifier. Results: The results of the statistical analysis demonstrate that bispectral 2M, SL, and KFD features show significant differences between depressed and healthy groups in the Eyes-Closed (EC) condition. Also, bispectral 2M and SL in the gamma frequency band show significant differences between the two groups in parietal and temporal regions in the EC condition and only in the temporal region in the Eyes-Open (EO) condition. Bispectral En does not show a significant difference in the whole 19 channel, but it shows significant differences in the frontal region and beta frequency band. Between these features, gamma bispectral 2M in the temporal region and EO condition shows the highest classification result with 78.6±7.2% accuracy. Conclusion: Findings confirm that bispectral 2M in the gamma frequency band and EO condition can classify depression and healthy subjects. https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/view/554 https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/download/554/531

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies 2345-5837 12 4 2025 10 01 734 741 EN Shaima Jabbar Babylon Technical Institute, Al Furat Al Awsat Technical University, Kufa, Iraq Abathar Aladi Babylon Health Directory Mirjan Teaching Hospital, Babylon, Iraq Heidar Abed Biomedical Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Technologies, Al-Mustaqbal University, Hillah 51001, Babil, Iraq 2023 04 24 2024 04 19 Purpose: The concrete construction of the musculoskeletal modeling is efficiently performed using information obtained from patients rather than collected from cadavers. In this study, we have endeavored to propose an automated technique that calculates the skeletal muscle pennation angle of patient ultrasound images and compares it with manual evaluations of the same images. Materials and Methods: The proposed technique consists of three steps after the process of collecting the data from 30 volunteers of different muscles of the upper and lower limb. The first step is to improve the contrast in the image and identify the important details in the image through the use of two methods that depend on a fuzzy inference system, and this step is considered essential to prepare the image in the next step. The Hough Transform was used to follow the muscle fibers and draw them as lines, this is the second step. The third step is to calculate the angle and compare it with the manual evaluation that was done depending on the ultrasound machine options. Results: The results reveal that there is a slightly difference between manual and automated evaluations of pennation angle for biceps (upper limb muscle) and gastrocnemius (lower limb muscle) as 8.6% and 0.45% respectively. Furthermore, the manual assignment of pennation angles is significantly slower, taking minutes, while the automated approach takes only a few seconds. Automated measurements take 85% more time compared to manual measurements. Conclusion: There is no significant difference between measurements based on t-test. In future work, we aspire to a wider application of this technique to other muscles in the body and to activate it as an option available in the ultrasound device. https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/view/689 https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/download/689/458

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies 2345-5837 12 4 2025 10 01 742 756 Arooj Nissar National Institute of Technology Srinagar, J&K A H Mir National Institute of Technology Srinagar, J&K 2023 09 02 2024 05 15 Lung cancer is a deadly disease which has high occurrence and death rates, worldwide. Computed Tomography (CT) imaging is being widely used by clinicians for detection of lung cancer. Radiomics extracted from medical images together with Machine Learning (ML) platform has given encouraging results in lung cancer diagnosis. Therefore, this study is proposed with the aim to efficiently apply and evaluate radiomics and ML techniques to classify pulmonary nodules in CT images. Lung Image Data Consortium is utilized in which nodules are given malignancy score 1 through 5 i.e. benign through malignant. Three scenarios are created randomly using these groups: G54 Vs G12, G543 Vs G12, and G54 Vs G123. Radiomics are extracted using Shape, Gray Level Co-occurrence Method, Gray Level Difference Method, and Gray Level Run Length Matrix along with Wavelet Packet Transform. To select a relevant set of features, four techniques i.e. Chi-square test, Analysis of variance, boosted ensemble classification tree and bagged ensemble classification tree are applied. The classification of nodule into benign or malignant is evaluated by using six models of Support vector machine. The results, in Scenario 1, show that MGSVM+Chi-square yields the best outcome compared to rest of the models with 75.3% accuracy, 77.9% sensitivity and 71.5% specificity. In Scenario 2, QSVM+Chi-square yields the best outcome compared to rest of the models with 74.7% accuracy, 70.3% sensitivity and 77.4% specificity. And in Scenario 3, CSVM+BACET yields comparatively better results with70.3% accuracy, 70.6% sensitivity and 62.1% specificity. https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/view/814 https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/download/814/434

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies 2345-5837 12 4 2025 10 01 757 763 Hiba Al-Hameed Physics Department, College of Science for Women, Baghdad University, Baghdad, Iraq Zainab Raad Salman Physics Department, College of Science for Women, Baghdad University, Baghdad, Iraq Hayder Kadhim Essa Ministry of Health, Al-Rusafa Health Directorate, Alywia Hospital for Children, Baghdad, Iraq Mustafa Ibrahim Ahmed Aldulaimy Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq Hiyam A. Altaii Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq 2024 12 12 2025 03 10 Purpose: Adrenal adenomas are best detected and understood using a Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (PET/CT) scanner. When doing PET scans, the acquisition time of 18-Fluorodeoxyglucose (18FDG) absorption is crucial as it determines the diagnostic accuracy and quality of the images. This study aimed to investigate the effects of various acquisition periods to assess the efficacy of PET/CT in identifying adrenal adenomas (1.5 vs. 3 minutes). Materials and Methods: The research included 30 patients who were thought to have adrenal adenomas. Following the 18FDG injection, PET/CT imaging was performed on each patient using one of two distinct acquisition times: 1.5 or 3 minutes. The image quality was objectively evaluated using a 5-point Likert scale. Experienced nuclear medicine professionals used consensus reading to assess diagnostic performance for adrenal adenoma identification. Results: The preliminary findings showed that compared to the 1.5-minute acquisition technique, PET/CT imaging with a 3-minute duration after 18FDG injection produced considerably superior image quality (p < 0.05). In addition, the longer acquisition time significantly increased the chance of detecting the lesion more precisely, improving the visualisation and characterisation of adrenal adenomas. With greater sensitivity and specificity, the 3-minute acquisition methodology showed better diagnostic accuracy for adrenal adenoma identification than the 1.5-minute approach. Conclusion: The study suggests that extending the acquisition time to 3 minutes improves image quality and diagnostic performance for adrenal adenoma detection, potentially improving patient care by facilitating accurate diagnosis and treatment planning. https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/view/1176 https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/download/1176/504

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies 2345-5837 12 4 2025 10