Tehran University of Medical Sciences Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies 2345-5837 9 1 2021 12 19 1 3 Alireza Mirbagheri Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine and joint affiliated with Research Center for Biomedical Technologies and Robotics, Advanced Medical Technologies and Equipment Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mehrnaz Aghanouri Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2021 10 24 2021 11 03 The interest of using robotic surgery especially for gynecology, gastroenterology and urology is increasing everyday as this technology is expected to be the first line of surgery in many medical fields in the near future. This attentiveness is due to the unique features of this method and its advantages over the open surgery and laparoscopy technique. Knowing curiously about robotic surgery, its components, characteristics, advantages and challenges is crucial to be prepared for such huge evolution and to be engaged in advancement of this new technology. https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/view/420 https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/download/420/227

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies 2345-5837 9 1 2021 12 19 4 11 Reza Omidi Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Fariba Farhadi Birgani Department of Radiologic Technology, Shoushtar Faculty of Medical Sciences, Shoushtar, Iran Ali Asghar Parach Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Hamed Zamani Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Saman Dalvand Medical Physics Department, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Fatemeh Ezoddini Ardakani Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Density, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Nasim Narimanian Yazd Diabetes Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Mohammad Hosein Zare Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran 2021 04 30 2021 07 21 Purpose: This study aimed to determine the Entrance Surface Dose (ESD) of sensitive organs in Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) imaging of the maxillofacial region in the two age groups of adult and pediatric. Materials and Methods: In this work, the measurements were performed using Thermo Luminescent Dosimeters (TLD-GR200). The imaging was performed using a PROMAX 3D CBCT scanner for 30 adults and 20 pediatric patients. The ESD value for each patient in the region of eyes, thyroid, and parotid glands was measured by 15 TLDs during CBCT of maxillofacial. Results: The highest and lowest mean values of ESDs were related to the parotid and thyroid gland regions in adults, 4.77 ± 0.61 mGy and 0.37 ± 0.16 mGy, respectively. In addition, these values were obtained 2.97 ± 0.36 mGy and 0.35 ± 0.12 mGy in pediatric groups as the highest and lowest values in that order. The results showed that the ESD values of the parotid gland regions in maxilla and mandible examinations had a significant difference (P <0.05). In addition, there was a significant difference between the ESD values of the parotid gland regions among the adults and pediatric groups (P <0.05). Conclusion: According to the results, the ESD values in both age groups were higher in the parotid gland region during maxillofacial CBCT examinations. Therefore, it is recommended to set radiation parameters like mAs as low as possible for reducing the patient dose, especially pediatric patients due to the more sensitive organs. https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/view/342 https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/download/342/228

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies 2345-5837 9 1 2021 12 19 68 73 Hassan Mahmoudi Department of Microbiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran 2021 03 21 2021 09 06 Purpose: Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) could be an emerging disease with a severe acute respiratory infection, and its epidemiology and unique medicinal properties are perpetually increasing. Regarding the lack of COVID-19 controls, this needs current technical events to worsen and treat. Antiviral Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT) could also be effective in reducing and inhibiting the coronavirus. aPDT with various photosensitizers is a very favorable procedure to manage viral infections. Materials and Methods: A total of 37 articles related to the publication of this review manuscript were mentioned. Several scientific databases such as Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science (ISI), and Google Scholar have checked the key phrases of COVID-19, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), photodynamic therapy, and antiviral photodynamic therapy. All 50 main studies were found, and 37 related studies were deemed suitable for this study after review. Results: Studies have shown that aPDT with different photosensitizers can be used to treat viral lung complications caused by infectious pathogens such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), SARS-CoV-2, and influenza. Recent studies have shown that aPDT-mediated Methylene Blue (MB) can help control and eradicate coronavirus. In general, more research is needed to use antiviral photodynamic therapy to control COVID-19. Conclusion: Regarding the lack of treatment for COVID-19, MB-mediated aPDT can help reduce the impact of COVID-19. More evidence is needed to support aPDT as a treatment (SARS-CoV-2). https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/view/328 https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/download/328/236

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies 2345-5837 9 1 2021 12 19 12 20 Fereidoun Nowshiravan Rahatabad Department of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Parisa Rangraz Department of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 2021 04 01 2021 08 17 Purpose: Muscle synergy is a functional unit that coordinates the activity of a number of muscles. In this study, the extraction of muscle synergies in three types of hand movements in the horizontal plane is investigated. Materials and Methods: So, after constructing the tracking pattern of three signals, by LabVIEW, the Electromyography (EMG) signal from six muscles of hand was recorded. Then time-constant muscle synergies and their activity curves from the recorded EMG signals were extracted using Non-negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) method. Results: Comparison of these patterns showed that the non-random motions’ synergies were more similar than the random motions among different individuals. It was observed that in all movements, the similarity of the synergies in one cluster was greater than the similarity of their corresponding activation curves. Conclusion: The results showed that the complexity of the recurrence plot in random movement is greater than that of the other movements. https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/view/329 https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/download/329/229

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies 2345-5837 9 1 2021 12 19 21 28 Mohsen Dadjoo Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran Shahriar Gharibzadeh Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran 2021 06 16 2021 07 13 Purpose: The infrastructure core of self-control, as an indicator of future success, is unsettled. To better investigate the nature of self-control, and strengthening it, it is necessary to know to what extent is self-control based on cognitive or socio-emotional abilities? Materials and Methods: The authors measured the cognitive intelligence and socio-emotional behavior of 377 healthy Iranian children (girl=46.1%) by WPPSI-III and Kindergarten Inventory of Social-Emotional Tendencies (KIST) at the age range of 42-66 months (mean=54.86, SD=5.88). Then, they assessed their Self-control competency 18 months later, to know which component of WPPSI or KIST could better predict Self-control. Results:.The correlation matrix between all study variables shows that there are more positive significant correlations among Self-control with KIST subsets (5/6) than WPPSI subsets (2/10). The results of automatic linear modelling show that the significant predictors of self-control in the total model (R2=0.161) were HMB, (coefficient=.137, importance=0.781), and DLS (coefficient=.127, importance=0.125), so HMB is the best predictor of self-control among the subsets examined in our research. Therefore, self-control is more related to the socio-emotional than cognitive domain. Conclusion: We suggest children who get a low score in socio-emotional assessments, need early supportive intervention and rehabilitation to prevent the maldevelopment of self-control. https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/view/356 https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/download/356/230

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies 2345-5837 9 1 2021 12 19 29 37 Reza Bagheri Northwest Research Complex (Bonab), Radiation Applications Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Tehran, Iran Alireza Khorrami Department of Radiology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran 2021 05 30 2021 08 20 Purpose: In different tissues of the body, proteins are important parts that are made up of building blocks called amino acids. Considering the wide applications of radioactive sources in industry and medicine, the need to study the attenuation characteristics of amino acids is determined. Materials and Methods: To study the attenuation characteristics of five types of amino acids, MCNPX Monte Carlo code and XMuDat program were used. Linear and mass attenuation coefficients, half and tenth value layers, mean free path, effective atomic and electronic cross-sections, effective atomic numbers and effective electron densities were calculated. 57Co, 192Ir, 18F, and 116mIn gamma sources were considered for this study. To validate the theoretical results, the obtained values were compared with the available experimental data. Results: The difference between the theoretical and experimental results was less than 11%. The results showed that with increasing photon energy, the linear and mass attenuation coefficients and effective atomic and electronic cross-sections decreased, while the half and tenth value layers and mean free path quantities increased. Furthermore, the linear attenuation coefficients, the effective atomic and electronic cross-sections, as well as the effective atomic number values increased with increasing amino acid density, while the effective electron density behaves independently of the amino acid density. Conclusion: The presented theoretical methods produced data similar to experimental results with fair accuracy, so by using these methods, attenuation properties of other amino acids can be obtained over a wide range of energies. https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/view/352 https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/download/352/231

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies 2345-5837 9 1 2021 12 19 38 44 Fatemeh Seif Medical Physics and Radiotherapy Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Arak University of Medical Sciences and Khansari Hospital, Arak, Iran Milad Omidi Students Research Committee, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran Mohamad Reza Bayatiani Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mehdi Ghorbani Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2021 06 03 2021 09 01 Purpose: The widespread use of mobile phones and Base Transceiver Stations (BTSs) has generated public concern about exposure to Electromagnetic (EM) waves. In this study, the electric field intensity and Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) in the emergency, general hospitalization, radiology, and laboratory departments of four hospitals in Arak (Iran) are reported. Materials and Methods: Electric field strength in the 900 MHz frequency band was obtained using a TES 592 radiometer. Then, SAR induced in the brain, skin, fat and bone tissues were calculated based on equations and the obtained values were compared with the thresholds recommended by the International Commissions. Results: The obtained results showed that the electric field’s mean value was 1.334 V/m which is almost 2.7% of the threshold introduced by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) and 2.6% of the threshold adopted by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). The highest SAR value was 1.6 W/kg for the skin, which is lower than the threshold values presented by ICNIRP (2 W/kg) and IEEE (1.6 W/kg). Conclusion: The findings of the present work show that for both quantities in Arak hospitals the SAR values are less than the thresholds announced by IEEE and ICNIRP committees. To deal with the concerns of the community that is generally caused by a lack of awareness, the executions of educational and public awareness programs are recommended. https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/view/354 https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/download/354/232

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies 2345-5837 9 1 2021 12 19 45 52 EN Majid Jadidi Department of Medical Physics, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran. Morteza IsaAbadi Bozcheloei Department of Medical Physics, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran. Majid Mirmohammadkhani Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran. d SC2SSP approach attains 3.101% and 7.12% higher accuracy; 24.13% and 13.04% higher precision compared with existing methods, like the Detection of COVID-19 from Chest X-ray Images Using Convolutional Neural Networks (Resnet50), Deep learning for automated recognition of covid-19 from chest X-ray images (VGGNet), respectively. Conclusion: The conclusion and potential future healthcare planning follow the exploration of evidence-based approaches and modalities in the scope and forecast. https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/view/660 https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/download/660/435

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies 2345-5837 12 1 2025 01 01 54 65 Sadegh Shurche Department of Medical Physics, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Akram Shahidani Department of Medical Physics, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Roghaye Bodaghi Hossein Abadi Department of Medical Physics, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran 2023 04 04 2023 10 14 Purpose: Microbubble ultrasound contrast agents inside the bloodstream enhance the ultrasound signals of the vascular bed. In addition, microbubbles can be used for treatment. The present study assesses how air bubbles flow in a microchannel 2D capillary network. The evaluated network mimics part of a capillary system by comprising multiple bifurcations. Materials and Methods: We designed the capillary network based on the tree pattern employed in quantitative studies per Murray’s minimum work rule and the cardiovascular network to simulate the hemodynamics of the vessels. The maximum width of the main channels in the capillary network is 1085 µm. The capillary network designed by AutoCAD software was transferred to Comsol software. We also ran fluid-structure interaction simulations in a microchannel capillary network, assuming that capillary walls were incompressible and isotropic, physiological boundary conditions were met, and non-Newtonian blood behavior occurred. After these simulations, we investigated Microbubbles’ (MBs’) capacity for targeted drug delivery through the capillary network. Specifically, we distributed four particles with 1 to 5 µm diameters and assessed the resultant performance. Results: The greatest capillary network wall displacement is 0.225 µm. Meanwhile, the maximum velocity was 5.59 mm/s, and the minimum and maximum pressure values were 303.13 Pa and 0.42 Pa. Finally, the MB-MB interaction force exceeded the Brownian and gravitational forces. Therefore, it can be concluded that the MB-MB interaction force is crucial for MB-based targeted drug delivery. The kinetic energy of microbubbles increases while passing through the capillary bed. By increasing the amount of kinetic energy of microbubbles, the probability of adhesion to the capillary wall decreases. As the diameter of microbubbles increases, their energy increases. Conclusion: The kinetic energy of microbubbles in the same conditions is the highest value related to Sonovue and then related to Optison, Micromarker, and Definity, respectively. The highest percentage of passing through the capillary network belongs to the Sonovue with a diameter of 2.5 µm and the lowest percentage of passing through the capillary network belongs to the Definity with a diameter of 1.1 µm. https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/view/681 https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/download/681/479

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies 2345-5837 12 1 2025 01 01 66 74 Siamak Hooshmand Koochi Faculty of Sciences and Modern Technologies, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Haftbagh Highway, Mahan Knowledge of Paradise, 7631885356, Kerman Iran Ahmad Esmaili Torshabi Faculty of Sciences and Modern Technologies, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Haftbagh Highway, Mahan Knowledge of Paradise, 7631885356, Kerman Iran 2023 04 17 2023 06 10 Purpose: Scintillators have become a prevalent method for detecting ionizing radiation due to their ability to produce optical photons that serve as the basis for the final signal representing the physical properties of the incident beam. This signal is generated using interface hardware such as photon multipliers or photodiodes, in conjunction with the scintillator body. A feasibility study was undertaken to investigate a new interface and detector body based on nano-technology and nano-particle materials, which could potentially eliminate the need for the current photon multipliers. Materials and Methods: The study involved simulating various incidence beams to determine the wavelengths and intensities of light photons emitted from a NaI(Tl) scintillation detector. The absorption and scatter phenomena of light photons were then modeled using a discrete dipole approximation code, with silver being proposed as the nano-particle material. The silver nano-sphere was implemented as a cubic array with numerous point dipoles distributed on a cubic lattice. An experimental verification was also performed, using Silver Nanoparticle material in powder form, irradiated by 420 nm visible photons. Results: Based on the numerical results, it is feasible to use nano-material properties as a replacement for current light multipliers. The experimental results confirmed variations in the frequency of the function generator, which was chosen as a typical signal. Conclusion: However, concerns may arise regarding the implementation of the necessary hardware to retrieve the produced signal as output from the nano-material component, to represent ionizing beam characteristics. https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/view/684 https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/download/684/485

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies 2345-5837 12 1 2025 01 01 75 81 Maryam Alaei Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Taleghani Hospital, Shahid Beheshti Medical University, Tehran, Iran Mohamad Ghazanfari Hashemi Cancer institute, Department of Radiology, Tehran university of medical sciences, Tehran, Iran Seyedeh Nooshin Miratashi Yazdi Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Ali Kaviani Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Ali Asadifar Department of Radiology, Afzalipour Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Sahand Adib Moradi Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran