Tehran University of Medical Sciences Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies 2345-5837 9 3 2022 06 01 159 159 Pardis Ghafarian Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; PET/CT and Cyclotron Center, Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2022 05 31 No Abstract. No Abstract. https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/view/501 https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/download/501/257

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies 2345-5837 9 3 2022 06 01 160 169 Susan Samiei Faculty of Electrical Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology Mehdi Delrobaei Faculty of Electrical Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology Ali Khadem Faculty of Electrical Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology 2021 08 30 2021 10 15 Purpose: Working Memory (WM) plays a crucial role in many cognitive functions of the human brain. Examining how the inter-regional connectivity and characteristics of functional brain networks modulate with increasing WM load could lead to a more in-depth understanding of the WM system. Materials and Methods: To investigate the effect of WM load alterations on the inter-regional synchronization and functional network characteristics, we used Electroencephalogram (EEG) data recorded from 21 healthy participants during an n-back task with three load levels (0-back, 2-back, and 3-back). The networks were constructed based on the weighted Phase Lag Index (wPLI) in the theta, alpha, beta, low-gamma, and high-gamma frequency bands. After constructing the fully connected, weighted, and undirected networks, the node-to-node connections, graph-theory metrics consisting of mean Clustering coefficient (C), characteristic path Length (L), and node strength were analyzed by statistical tests. Results: It was revealed that in the presence of WM load (2- and 3-back tasks) compared with the WM-free condition (0-back task) within the alpha range, the Inter-Regional Functional Connectivity (IRFC), functional integration, functional segregation, and node strength in channels located at the frontal, parietal and occipital regions were significantly reduced. In the high-gamma band, IRFC was significantly higher in the difficult task (3-back) compared to the easy and moderate tasks (0- and 2-back). Besides, locally clustered connections were significantly increased in 3-back relative to the 2-back task. Conclusion: Inter-regional alpha synchronization and alpha-band network metrics can distinguish between the WM and WM-free tasks. In contrast, phase synchronization of high-gamma oscillations can differentiate between the levels of WM load, which demonstrates the potential of the phase-based functional connectivity and brain network metrics for predicting the WM load level. https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/view/393 https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/download/393/253

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies 2345-5837 9 3 2022 06 10 170 175 Alireza Ettefagh Department of Electrical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran Farnaz Ghassemi Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran Zahra Tabanfar Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran 2021 08 31 2021 10 15 Purpose: Perceptual decision-making is the act of choosing one option from a set of alternatives based on available sensory information. Regarding the serious role of this act in human personal and social lives, the neurophysiological analysis of the brain during this type of decision is of great interest. In this research, the underlying neural mechanism of these decisions is investigated using a perceptual decision-making Electroencephalogram (EEG) dataset with a perceptual discrimination task. Materials and Methods: An online available dataset containing the pre-processed EEG signals of 24 healthy participants during the perceptual decision-making task of Random Dot Kinematograms was used. After a secondary pre-processing stage, clean EEG signal was divided into 1.3-second segments and averaged for Event-Related Potential (ERP) and Event-Related Spectral Perturbation (ERSP) calculations. The task engagement index was also calculated and averaged among all participants. Results: According to the results, the amplitude of the N200 component in O1 and O2 channels was larger for correct choices than incorrect ones. Furthermore, in the O2 channel, it was observed that the average alpha power near 200 milli-seconds after stimulus onset was slightly higher in high and low confidence choices than medium confidence choices. The beta band power in the PO2 channel was also higher for correct choices rather than incorrect ones in this interval. Moreover, the results represented that the task engagement index was higher in medium confidence choices, especially in occipital and parieto-occipital channels. Conclusion: The larger N200 amplitude and the higher beta power for correct choices, and the lower alpha power for medium confidence choices may be due to more attention of the individuals to the stimuli. This phenomenon can be observed in the task engagement indices as well. This could be because the user expended more efforts in medium confidence to bring one of the choices to the decision threshold. https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/view/397 https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/download/397/255

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies 2345-5837 9 3 2022 06 01 176 184 Mahnoosh Kamranvand Department of Psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Fatemeh Dehghani Arani Department of Psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Reza Rostami Department of Psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Khosro Sadeghniat Department of Occupational Medicine, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hojjatollah Farahani Department of Psychology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran 2021 09 13 2021 10 18 Purpose: The present study aimed to investigate the quantitative pattern of brain waves with post-traumatic growth dimensions in patients admitted due to Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). Post-traumatic growth is the mental experience of positive psychological changes caused by the individual as a result of coping with challenging situations. Materials and Methods: In this study, 66 individuals with COVID-19 who were admitted to Baharloo Hospital in Tehran as a stressful event were selected by convenience sampling and completed a post-traumatic growth inventory (PTGI) and their brain waves in rest were recorded. Results: The results showed that brain components are a good predictor of post-traumatic growth dimensions. Alpha-parietal, F3-Sensorimotor Rhythm (F3-SMR) and alpha asymmetry predicted new possibilities component, alpha-F3 and alpha asymmetry predicted relating to others component, F4-SMR predicted spiritual change component and alpha asymmetry significantly predicted the total post-traumatic growth score. Also, Quantitative Electroencephalogram (QEEG) components did not significantly predict the appreciation of life and personal strength component. Conclusion: According to the results, it can be said that more objective instruments such as Electroencephalogram )EEG( have good predictive power in complex psychological and multidimensional cases such as post-traumatic growth. The results of this study confirm the hypothesis that post-traumatic growth may reflect a process of active struggle to achieve new goals and perspectives. Accordingly, especially the more guided dimensions of post-traumatic growth (e.g., the new possibilities dimension) may be associated with the asymmetry of the frontal lobe of the brain. In contrast, the dimensions of appreciation of life and personal strength were not predicted by the brain component; these two components were slightly more abstract than the others and may lead to more / less neural network activity in functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) that is more observable. https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/view/404 https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/download/404/258

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies 2345-5837 9 3 2022 06 20 185 190 Nazanin Ghayour-Saffar School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran Alireza Ehsanbakhsh Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran Mohammad Keshtkar Department of Medical Physics and Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran Sajjad Pandesh Department of Radiology Technology, School of Allied Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran 2021 10 11 2021 10 21 Purpose: Dose Area Product (DAP) is a quantity for radiation risk assessment in diagnostic X-ray tests. Children's tissues are up to 10 times more sensitive to radiation than adults, and life expectancy is higher in children than adults, as well as a higher risk of hematopoietic and mass malignancies in them. Therefore, this study aimed to measure DAP values for X-ray fields adjusted by Birjand radio-technologists in chest X-rays of children under 12 years of age. Materials and Methods: 233 children from Birjand University hospitals who performed chest X-rays were included in the study. To collect data related to DAP, the DAP meter model KermaX plus SDP was used. It should be noted that no intervention was performed in the patient's imaging method and at the time of radiation and measurement of the DAP values, there was no need for the patient's presence. In the end, the measured DAP values were compared with DAP values of other studies. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 22 at 5% error level using Anova, t-test, and Pearson correlation tests. Results: Out of 233 patients who were included in the study, 134 males (57.5%) and 99 females (42.5%) participated in the study, it should be noted that there was no significant difference between the mean of DAP in male and female (p=0.52). In our study, the average DAP was 5.78 ± 3.54 μGy.m2 and DAP values in the range of 0.55 μGy.m2 to 15.54 μGy.m2 that were higher than the average of other studies and there was a significant difference. There was a direct relationship between radiation field dimensions and DAP values so that as the dimensions of the radiation field increase, the DAP value increases. There was a significant difference between the mean DAP of the lowest and the highest age groups, lowest and the highest age groups, and lowest and the highest height groups of patients. Conclusion: In our study, it was observed that there is a significant relationship between patients' weight, age, and height, radiation field dimensions with DAP values. The amount of DAP in the present study was significantly higher than in other studies. The most important effective parameter in DAP is the radiation field size and if sufficient optimization is done in imaging parameters (kVp, mAS, field size), the DAP values will be greatly reduced. https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/view/415 https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/download/415/252

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies 2345-5837 9 3 2022 06 01 191 198 Somayeh Mashatan Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran Farnaz Ghassemi Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran 2021 08 30 2021 10 29 Purpose: Deception is described as a deliberate endeavor to deceive others.  In this research, the main purpose is to survey the brain network between deception and telling the truth. Materials and Methods: Electroencephalography (EEG) data were collected from 17 subjects during a deception task in which the subjects had to classify the target stimuli deceptively while responding truthfully to other stimuli (non-targets). Functional Connectivity (FC) analysis was carried out in source space in order to attenuate the volume conduction effect. The coherence criterion was applied for calculating FC. Results: The results revealed that deception is associated with significantly greater connectivity between distant regions, including frontal-occipital and frontal-parietal connectivity. In addition, Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC) demonstrated significantly greater connectivity with regions of the frontal and occipital lobes. Besides, deception was accompanied by high number of strong connectivity between the left parietal and frontal lobes. Conclusions: The findings demonstrated that the FC studies in source space can strikingly assist in the investigation of deception. https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/view/390 https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/download/390/254

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies 2345-5837 9 3 2022 06 01 199 205 Karim Ghazikhanlousani Department of Radiology, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran Hossein Khosravi Department of Radiology, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran Kaveh Faraji Department of Radiology, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran Soheyb Rezayi Department of Radiology, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran 2021 07 29 2021 10 30 Purpose: The concept of Quality Control (QC) is considered a regular method to control, stabilize, and inspect the function of the diagnostic imaging system. The objective of implementing the QC program is to produce high-quality images by applying a minimum dose of radiation based on the As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA) principle. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the status of radiation protection in diagnostic radiology wards of educational hospitals affiliated with Hamadan University of Medical Sciences. Materials and Methods: In order to implement the QC programs, standard QC tests were performed for 11 devices at educational hospitals affiliated with Hamadan University of Medical Sciences. A Sweden QC kit called Pirranha was used to carry out the QC tests of X-ray devices, and the dosimetry of controlled areas. Also, the measurement of ambient dose in different places was performed by Graetz dosimeter made in Germany. Results: Voltage Reproducibility, Exposure time reproducibility, tube outlet Linearity, and tube outlet reproducibility tests in all radiology departments which were in accordance with standard criteria were accepted; however, about 10% of the total filtration resulted in different centers needed to be corrected. In terms of radiation protection, 5% of the centers had problems related to warning signs, dimensions of radiology rooms were not standard at 7% of wards and also required protection was not sufficient at 9 percent. Moreover, there were problems with 12% of radiology centers ifferent hemoglobin concentrations, the intensities of transmitted light were found to be 3.14 mW, 2.26 mW, and 1.22 mW for normal, twice, and four times the concentration of hemoglobin in turn. Furthermore, when the test was conducted using CdSe@Ag2S QDs, the intensities of transmitted light were 1.83 mW, 2.52 mW, and 3.31 mW for the same hemoglobin concentrations, respectively. Conclusion: This study concludes that the combination of different hemoglobin concentrations with QDs enables the differentiation between healthy and cancerous blood, enabling the early detection of breast cancer during its initial stages of development. Early detection of breast cancer has significant potential for improving treatment outcomes in the field of oncology. https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/view/958 https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/download/958/392

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies 2345-5837 12 4 2025 10 01 722 733 Mehdi Dehghani NPC Index Research Company, Tehran, Iran Vahid Asayesh NPCindex research company Majid Torabi Nikjeh NPC Index Research Company, Tehran, Iran Sepideh Akhtari Khosroshahi NPC Index Research Company, Tehran, Iran 2022 09 22 2023 01 29 Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the potential of non-linear electroencephalography-based features in depression detection. Materials and Methods: First, the Electroencephalography (EEG) signal was recorded from 25 normal and 25 depressed subjects. After preprocessing these signals, non-linear features including the Sum of Logarithmic (SL) and second-order spectral Moment (2M) of the amplitudes of diagonal elements in the bispectrum, the normalized Entropy (En) of bispectrum in beta and gamma frequency bands, Katz Fractal Dimension (KFD), and Lempel-Ziv Complexity (LZC) are extracted from them. Then, the ability of these features in depression detection was investigated using Mann-Whitney statistical test. Also, the classification performance of significant features was evaluated using a support vector machine (SVM) classifier. Results: The results of the statistical analysis demonstrate that bispectral 2M, SL, and KFD features show significant differences between depressed and healthy groups in the Eyes-Closed (EC) condition. Also, bispectral 2M and SL in the gamma frequency band show significant differences between the two groups in parietal and temporal regions in the EC condition and only in the temporal region in the Eyes-Open (EO) condition. Bispectral En does not show a significant difference in the whole 19 channel, but it shows significant differences in the frontal region and beta frequency band. Between these features, gamma bispectral 2M in the temporal region and EO condition shows the highest classification result with 78.6±7.2% accuracy. Conclusion: Findings confirm that bispectral 2M in the gamma frequency band and EO condition can classify depression and healthy subjects. https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/view/554 https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/download/554/531

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies 2345-5837 12 4 2025 10 01 734 741 EN Shaima Jabbar Babylon Technical Institute, Al Furat Al Awsat Technical University, Kufa, Iraq Abathar Aladi Babylon Health Directory Mirjan Teaching Hospital, Babylon, Iraq Heidar Abed Biomedical Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Technologies, Al-Mustaqbal University, Hillah 51001, Babil, Iraq 2023 04 24 2024 04 19 Purpose: The concrete construction of the musculoskeletal modeling is efficiently performed using information obtained from patients rather than collected from cadavers. In this study, we have endeavored to propose an automated technique that calculates the skeletal muscle pennation angle of patient ultrasound images and compares it with manual evaluations of the same images. Materials and Methods: The proposed technique consists of three steps after the process of collecting the data from 30 volunteers of different muscles of the upper and lower limb. The first step is to improve the contrast in the image and identify the important details in the image through the use of two methods that depend on a fuzzy inference system, and this step is considered essential to prepare the image in the next step. The Hough Transform was used to follow the muscle fibers and draw them as lines, this is the second step. The third step is to calculate the angle and compare it with the manual evaluation that was done depending on the ultrasound machine options. Results: The results reveal that there is a slightly difference between manual and automated evaluations of pennation angle for biceps (upper limb muscle) and gastrocnemius (lower limb muscle) as 8.6% and 0.45% respectively. Furthermore, the manual assignment of pennation angles is significantly slower, taking minutes, while the automated approach takes only a few seconds. Automated measurements take 85% more time compared to manual measurements. Conclusion: There is no significant difference between measurements based on t-test. In future work, we aspire to a wider application of this technique to other muscles in the body and to activate it as an option available in the ultrasound device. https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/view/689 https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/download/689/458

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies 2345-5837 12 4 2025 10 01 742 756 Arooj Nissar National Institute of Technology Srinagar, J&K A H Mir National Institute of Technology Srinagar, J&K 2023 09 02 2024 05 15 Lung cancer is a deadly disease which has high occurrence and death rates, worldwide. Computed Tomography (CT) imaging is being widely used by clinicians for detection of lung cancer. Radiomics extracted from medical images together with Machine Learning (ML) platform has given encouraging results in lung cancer diagnosis. Therefore, this study is proposed with the aim to efficiently apply and evaluate radiomics and ML techniques to classify pulmonary nodules in CT images. Lung Image Data Consortium is utilized in which nodules are given malignancy score 1 through 5 i.e. benign through malignant. Three scenarios are created randomly using these groups: G54 Vs G12, G543 Vs G12, and G54 Vs G123. Radiomics are extracted using Shape, Gray Level Co-occurrence Method, Gray Level Difference Method, and Gray Level Run Length Matrix along with Wavelet Packet Transform. To select a relevant set of features, four techniques i.e. Chi-square test, Analysis of variance, boosted ensemble classification tree and bagged ensemble classification tree are applied. The classification of nodule into benign or malignant is evaluated by using six models of Support vector machine. The results, in Scenario 1, show that MGSVM+Chi-square yields the best outcome compared to rest of the models with 75.3% accuracy, 77.9% sensitivity and 71.5% specificity. In Scenario 2, QSVM+Chi-square yields the best outcome compared to rest of the models with 74.7% accuracy, 70.3% sensitivity and 77.4% specificity. And in Scenario 3, CSVM+BACET yields comparatively better results with70.3% accuracy, 70.6% sensitivity and 62.1% specificity. https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/view/814 https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/download/814/434

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies 2345-5837 12 4 2025 10 01 757 763 Hiba Al-Hameed Physics Department, College of Science for Women, Baghdad University, Baghdad, Iraq Zainab Raad Salman Physics Department, College of Science for Women, Baghdad University, Baghdad, Iraq Hayder Kadhim Essa Ministry of Health, Al-Rusafa Health Directorate, Alywia Hospital for Children, Baghdad, Iraq Mustafa Ibrahim Ahmed Aldulaimy Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq Hiyam A. Altaii Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq 2024 12 12 2025 03 10 Purpose: Adrenal adenomas are best detected and understood using a Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (PET/CT) scanner. When doing PET scans, the acquisition time of 18-Fluorodeoxyglucose (18FDG) absorption is crucial as it determines the diagnostic accuracy and quality of the images. This study aimed to investigate the effects of various acquisition periods to assess the efficacy of PET/CT in identifying adrenal adenomas (1.5 vs. 3 minutes). Materials and Methods: The research included 30 patients who were thought to have adrenal adenomas. Following the 18FDG injection, PET/CT imaging was performed on each patient using one of two distinct acquisition times: 1.5 or 3 minutes. The image quality was objectively evaluated using a 5-point Likert scale. Experienced nuclear medicine professionals used consensus reading to assess diagnostic performance for adrenal adenoma identification. Results: The preliminary findings showed that compared to the 1.5-minute acquisition technique, PET/CT imaging with a 3-minute duration after 18FDG injection produced considerably superior image quality (p < 0.05). In addition, the longer acquisition time significantly increased the chance of detecting the lesion more precisely, improving the visualisation and characterisation of adrenal adenomas. With greater sensitivity and specificity, the 3-minute acquisition methodology showed better diagnostic accuracy for adrenal adenoma identification than the 1.5-minute approach. Conclusion: The study suggests that extending the acquisition time to 3 minutes improves image quality and diagnostic performance for adrenal adenoma detection, potentially improving patient care by facilitating accurate diagnosis and treatment planning. https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/view/1176 https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/download/1176/504

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies 2345-5837 12 4 2025 10 01 764 770 Inas Salman Department of prosthetic dentistry, College of Dentistry, Al-Mustansiriyah university. Baghdad, Iraq *Correspondence: Inas Abdul Sattar Salman, Email: inasabdulsattar4@gmail.com , ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4106-9130 2023 09 07 2023 11 14 Purpose: In this study, the fracture resistance of prosthetic screws was tested using abutments made of titanium, zirconia, and Polyether Ether Ketone (PEEK) on dental implants. Materials and Methods: From Easy Implant by easy prod, France, dental implants with specified dimensions and prosthetic screws were purchased. Three different materials (Ti, Zr, and PEEK) were used for abutment preparation. The implant-abutment units were subjected to a constant vertical force using a Universal Testing Machine (UTM) until the prosthetic abutment broke. The force that caused fracture was measured, and one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc tests were used to statistically analyze the data. Results: For Titanium, Zirconia, and PEEK abutments, the mean fracture resistance (±standard deviation) was 727±31 N, 516±21 N, and 289±23 N, respectively. A substantial difference in fracture resistance was found between the various abutment materials according to the one-way ANOVA (p<.001). Zirconia showed much stronger fracture resistance than PEEK (p <0.05) and Titanium abutments demonstrated significantly higher resistance than both Zirconia and PEEK (p <0.01), according to post-hoc tests. Conclusion: The type of the material affects the fracture resistance and fracture pattern of the implant abutment. Titanium, Zirconia, and PEEK abutments show different fracture resistance. Titanium requires more force to be fractured while polyether ether ketone shows less required force. This may affect the prosthetic screw fracture and affect the longevity of the implant. https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/art