Tehran University of Medical Sciences Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies 2345-5837 10 3 2023 06 01 234 236 Ali Tarighatnia Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran Golshan Mahmoudi Medical Imaging Technology Department, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran Nader Nader University at Buffalo, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA 2023 02 06 2023 03 04 No Abstract.No Abstract.No Abstract. https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/view/647 https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/download/647/314

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies 2345-5837 10 3 2023 06 01 237 247 EN Hossein Taghadosi Department of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Farhad Tabatabai Ghomsheh Pediatric Neurorehabilitation Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Aydin Farajidavar Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, USA. 2022 04 04 2022 06 15 Purpose: Mathematical simulating and computer modeling of cells in organs help to better understand cells' interactions and tissues' functions. The purpose of this paper was to model and simulate the excitable membrane of gastric cells. In this simulation, the current physiological functional descriptions of the gastric cells have been used, and at the same time, the electrophysiological characteristics of similar cells in the gastrointestinal tract have also been considered. Materials and Methods: To obtain a mathematical model for the stomach Smooth Muscle Cells (SMCs), the properties and electrophysiological parameters from the SMCs in the colon were used in the simulation of the stomach SMCs. Using the sensitivity analysis method, the effective parameters and values for simulating the electrophysiological behavior of the excitable gastric cell membrane were obtained for different phases of slow-wave (such as Depolarization, Spike, Plateau, Repolarization, and Rest). Also, the Action Potential Duration (APDs) method in four modes of 10, 20, 50, and 90 percent of APDs was used to evaluate the estimation of the effect of sensitivity analysis on the slow-wave of the studied cells. Results: The findings showed that the greatest effect of the stimulation current parameters was on the slow-wave duration and frequency. In addition, the greatest effect of ion channel parameters was observed on the plateau_phase in the slow-wave. Based on these methods, the resulting slow-wave pattern and its frequency (2.8 cycles per min) were in line with the experimental observations for gastric SMCs. Conclusion: The mathematical model obtained from the model of colon SMCs accurately represented the electrophysiological behavior of the stomach cells. https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/view/482 https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/download/482/338

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies 2345-5837 10 3 2023 06 01 349 369 EN Moosa Javdani 1. Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran Abolfazl Barzegar 2. Resident of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran 2022 09 20 2022 10 15 Abstract Purpose: The pathophysiological progression of traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) includes primary and secondary injury. Secondary injury causes the destruction of the spinal cord tissue and neurological disorders. After primary mechanical damage, inflammation is the most important factor inducing astrogliosis and scar formation. The activation of inflammatory cells in the area of ​​damage causes the production of free radicals, all of which damage cell membranes. A significant level of oxygen free radical production is involved in the pathology of SCI; Therefore, limiting secondary damage is very important in the clinical treatment of acute traumatic spinal cord injury. Materials and Methods: In this review article, the articles indexed in various databases were used. The collection of articles was evaluated without time constraints using keywords inducing traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI), inflammation, oxidative stress, chitosan, selenium nanoparticles. Results: Inflammation and oxygen free radicals play a key role in secondary damage after SCI. Therefore, as a new therapeutic approach, the use of - hydrogels based on chitosan has been considered in SCI. The biocompatibility and biological properties of chitosan have made it considered as a suitable material for nerve regeneration. Conclusion: The use of reactive oxygen species scavengers, including metal nanoparticles, can control inflammation and oxidative stress in spinal cord injuries. Selenium nanoparticles treatment may reduce secondary damage in SCI by using its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Therefore, the use of selenium nanoparticles in the chitosan hydrogel bed can control the degeneration and functional improvement of the nerve tissue of the spinal cord. https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/view/549 https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/download/549/283

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies 2345-5837 10 3 2023 06 01 370 381 Ava Yektaeian Vaziri Research Center for Biomedical Technology and Robotics (RCBTR), Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran Bahador Makkiabadi Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran. Nasser Samadzadehaghdam School of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences 2022 11 06 2022 11 26 Purpose: Utilizing Electroencephalogram (EEG) is more than at any time in history, therefore we have introduced an open-source MATLAB function to provide simulated EEG which is as equivalent as viable to empirical EEG in a user-friendly way with ground truth that is not accessible in real EEG records. This function should be versatile due to the requirements such as the number and orientation of sources, various noises, mode of activation function, and different anatomical structures. Materials and Methods: We indicate all phases, modes, and formulas which constitute EEGg, EEG generator. This function supports selecting main sources locations and orientation, choosing SNR with white Gaussian noise, electrode numbers, and mode of activation functions. Also, users have the option to use automatic or partly automatic, or fully automatic EEG construction in EEGg. This function is ready to use at https://github.com/Avayekta/EEG. Results: EEGg is designed with several parameters that users have chosen. Hence, users can choose different variables to inspect the time and frequency aspects of synthetic EEG. Conclusion: EEGg is a multi-purpose and comprehensive function to mimic EEG but with ground-truth EEG data and adjustable parameters. https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/view/590 https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/download/590/326

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies 2345-5837 10 3 2023 06 01 248 258 Asghar Mesbahi Radiation Oncology Department, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Wellness & Research Centre, Austin Hospital, Melbourne, Australia Mostafa Robatjazi Department of Medical Physics and Radiological Sciences, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran Hamid Reza Baghani Physics Department, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran Elham Mansouri Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Mohammad Mohammadi Department of Medical Physics, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia 2022 03 14 2022 07 25 Purpose: Absorbed dose enhancement due to the presence of high atomic number nanoparticles (NP)s has been estimated and modeled by Monte Carlo (MC) simulation methods. In the current study, two MC codes of MCNPX and EGSnrc codes were compared by calculation of secondary electron energy spectra and nano-scaled dose values around four types of spherical NPs. Materials and Methods: The MC model was composed of a spherical nanoparticle with a diameter of 50 nm and mono-energetic sources of photons with energies of 30,60, and 100 keV. The secondary electrons emitted from the nanoparticle were scored on the nanoparticle surface and the delivered dose to water around the nanoparticle was tallied using concentric shells with a thickness of 25 nm. Four different elements were used as materials of NPs, including Gold, Bismuth, Gadolinium, and Hafnium. Results: Our results showed a considerable difference in the number of emitted electrons per incident photon between the two codes. There were also discrepancies between the two codes in the energy spectra of secondary electrons. Calculated radial dose values around NPs in nano-scale had a similar pattern for both codes. However, significant differences existed for some elements. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the results of nano-scaled MC modeling for nanoparticle-based radiation therapy are dependent on the code type and its algorithm for electron transport as well as exploited cross-section libraries. https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/view/472 https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/download/472/319

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies 2345-5837 10 3 2023 06 01 259 267 Golshan Mohmoudi School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran Ali Bahrami School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran Nima Rostampour Department of Medical Physics, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran Reza Maskani School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran Farzaneh Joukar School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran Ali Hosseinzadeh Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran 2022 06 11 2022 07 26 Purpose: Radiology examinations are growing significantly every year. Analysis of the CT scan reports can highlight defects and is a good way to develop safety in healthcare. This study aimed to evaluate the rate of normal head Computed Tomography (CT) scans at a hospital radiology department in Shahroud and estimate the cancer risk associated with these normal CT scans. Materials and Methods: In total, the data of 400 patients referred to the emergency radiology center of Imam Hossein hospital in Shahroud from November 23 to December 10, 2021, were collected. CT scan reports were categorized into three groups according to the interpretation of the radiologist. The BEIR VII model was used to estimate the radiation cancer risk. Results: Among the 400 patients, 248 (62%) were males and the average age of the patients was 49.05 ± 22.60 years. CT scans in 270 (67.5%) cases were reported normal. The average age of the patients with normal, and abnormal CT scans were 41.86 ± 20.27, and 63.03 ± 20.27 years, respectively and the difference was significant (p-value <0.001). The average effective dose was obtained 1.72±0.09, 1.31±0.11, and 0.87±0.09 mSv for different age groups of 1-5, 5-10, >10-year-old. The average risks of all solid cancers were 7.82 cases per 100,000 patients, while the average risk of leukemia was 0.71 cases per 100,000 patients. Conclusion: A large percentage of CT examinations are normal in our country which leads to many public health issues in the future years. Therefore, efforts should be made to establish predictor clinical factors to reduce unnecessary radiology examinations. https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/view/503 https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/download/503/275

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies 2345-5837 10 3 2023 06 01 268 276 Zahra Alijani Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran Kourosh Ebrahimnejad Gorji Department of Medical Physics Radiobiology and Radiation Protection, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran Ali Shabestani Monfared Cancer Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran Abbas Rahimi Alisaraee Department of Radiotherapy, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran Ali Esmaeeli Department of Physics, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran Fatemeh Niksirat Department of Medical Physics Radiobiology and Radiation Protection, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran 2022 04 25 2022 08 03 parameters for left-sided Whole-Breast Irradiation (WBI) in three different radiotherapy techniques, including Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT), Field-In-Field (FIF), and Conventional Wedge (CW). Materials and Methods: Computed Tomography (CT) images of 10 female patients with early-stage left-sided breast cancer were used to simulate different radiotherapy techniques (IMRT, FIF, and CW). The dosimetric parameters; Conformity Index (CI), Homogeneity Index (HI), the dose received by at least 95% (D95%) of Planning Tumor Volume (PTV), the volume of lung and heart that respectively received at least 20% (V20%) and 40% (V40%) of the prescribed dose, as well as, the radiobiologic parameters, including Tumor Control Probability (TCP) and Normal Tissue Complication Probability (NTCP) were assessed for setup errors in patients. The setup errors were assessed by shifting the isocenters and gantry angles of the treatment plans. Results: The D95% of the PTV for an isocenter misplacement plan in the posterior direction decreased by 66.99 (IMRT), 71.86 (CW), and 68.25% (FIF). The TCP of the PTV was reduced by 26.66, 39.16, and 36.97% for IMRT, CW, and FIF techniques, respectively. Increasing gantry angfferent hemoglobin concentrations, the intensities of transmitted light were found to be 3.14 mW, 2.26 mW, and 1.22 mW for normal, twice, and four times the concentration of hemoglobin in turn. Furthermore, when the test was conducted using CdSe@Ag2S QDs, the intensities of transmitted light were 1.83 mW, 2.52 mW, and 3.31 mW for the same hemoglobin concentrations, respectively. Conclusion: This study concludes that the combination of different hemoglobin concentrations with QDs enables the differentiation between healthy and cancerous blood, enabling the early detection of breast cancer during its initial stages of development. Early detection of breast cancer has significant potential for improving treatment outcomes in the field of oncology. https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/view/958 https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/download/958/392

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies 2345-5837 12 4 2025 10 01 722 733 Mehdi Dehghani NPC Index Research Company, Tehran, Iran Vahid Asayesh NPCindex research company Majid Torabi Nikjeh NPC Index Research Company, Tehran, Iran Sepideh Akhtari Khosroshahi NPC Index Research Company, Tehran, Iran 2022 09 22 2023 01 29 Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the potential of non-linear electroencephalography-based features in depression detection. Materials and Methods: First, the Electroencephalography (EEG) signal was recorded from 25 normal and 25 depressed subjects. After preprocessing these signals, non-linear features including the Sum of Logarithmic (SL) and second-order spectral Moment (2M) of the amplitudes of diagonal elements in the bispectrum, the normalized Entropy (En) of bispectrum in beta and gamma frequency bands, Katz Fractal Dimension (KFD), and Lempel-Ziv Complexity (LZC) are extracted from them. Then, the ability of these features in depression detection was investigated using Mann-Whitney statistical test. Also, the classification performance of significant features was evaluated using a support vector machine (SVM) classifier. Results: The results of the statistical analysis demonstrate that bispectral 2M, SL, and KFD features show significant differences between depressed and healthy groups in the Eyes-Closed (EC) condition. Also, bispectral 2M and SL in the gamma frequency band show significant differences between the two groups in parietal and temporal regions in the EC condition and only in the temporal region in the Eyes-Open (EO) condition. Bispectral En does not show a significant difference in the whole 19 channel, but it shows significant differences in the frontal region and beta frequency band. Between these features, gamma bispectral 2M in the temporal region and EO condition shows the highest classification result with 78.6±7.2% accuracy. Conclusion: Findings confirm that bispectral 2M in the gamma frequency band and EO condition can classify depression and healthy subjects. https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/view/554 https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/download/554/531

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies 2345-5837 12 4 2025 10 01 734 741 EN Shaima Jabbar Babylon Technical Institute, Al Furat Al Awsat Technical University, Kufa, Iraq Abathar Aladi Babylon Health Directory Mirjan Teaching Hospital, Babylon, Iraq Heidar Abed Biomedical Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Technologies, Al-Mustaqbal University, Hillah 51001, Babil, Iraq 2023 04 24 2024 04 19 Purpose: The concrete construction of the musculoskeletal modeling is efficiently performed using information obtained from patients rather than collected from cadavers. In this study, we have endeavored to propose an automated technique that calculates the skeletal muscle pennation angle of patient ultrasound images and compares it with manual evaluations of the same images. Materials and Methods: The proposed technique consists of three steps after the process of collecting the data from 30 volunteers of different muscles of the upper and lower limb. The first step is to improve the contrast in the image and identify the important details in the image through the use of two methods that depend on a fuzzy inference system, and this step is considered essential to prepare the image in the next step. The Hough Transform was used to follow the muscle fibers and draw them as lines, this is the second step. The third step is to calculate the angle and compare it with the manual evaluation that was done depending on the ultrasound machine options. Results: The results reveal that there is a slightly difference between manual and automated evaluations of pennation angle for biceps (upper limb muscle) and gastrocnemius (lower limb muscle) as 8.6% and 0.45% respectively. Furthermore, the manual assignment of pennation angles is significantly slower, taking minutes, while the automated approach takes only a few seconds. Automated measurements take 85% more time compared to manual measurements. Conclusion: There is no significant difference between measurements based on t-test. In future work, we aspire to a wider application of this technique to other muscles in the body and to activate it as an option available in the ultrasound device. https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/view/689 https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/download/689/458

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies 2345-5837 12 4 2025 10 01 742 756 Arooj Nissar National Institute of Technology Srinagar, J&K A H Mir National Institute of Technology Srinagar, J&K 2023 09 02 2024 05 15 Lung cancer is a deadly disease which has high occurrence and death rates, worldwide. Computed Tomography (CT) imaging is being widely used by clinicians for detection of lung cancer. Radiomics extracted from medical images together with Machine Learning (ML) platform has given encouraging results in lung cancer diagnosis. Therefore, this study is proposed with the aim to efficiently apply and evaluate radiomics and ML techniques to classify pulmonary nodules in CT images. Lung Image Data Consortium is utilized in which nodules are given malignancy score 1 through 5 i.e. benign through malignant. Three scenarios are created randomly using these groups: G54 Vs G12, G543 Vs G12, and G54 Vs G123. Radiomics are extracted using Shape, Gray Level Co-occurrence Method, Gray Level Difference Method, and Gray Level Run Length Matrix along with Wavelet Packet Transform. To select a relevant set of features, four techniques i.e. Chi-square test, Analysis of variance, boosted ensemble classification tree and bagged ensemble classification tree are applied. The classification of nodule into benign or malignant is evaluated by using six models of Support vector machine. The results, in Scenario 1, show that MGSVM+Chi-square yields the best outcome compared to rest of the models with 75.3% accuracy, 77.9% sensitivity and 71.5% specificity. In Scenario 2, QSVM+Chi-square yields the best outcome compared to rest of the models with 74.7% accuracy, 70.3% sensitivity and 77.4% specificity. And in Scenario 3, CSVM+BACET yields comparatively better results with70.3% accuracy, 70.6% sensitivity and 62.1% specificity. https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/view/814 https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/download/814/434

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies 2345-5837 12 4 2025 10 01 757 763 Hiba Al-Hameed Physics Department, College of Science for Women, Baghdad University, Baghdad, Iraq Zainab Raad Salman Physics Department, College of Science for Women, Baghdad University, Baghdad, Iraq Hayder Kadhim Essa Ministry of Health, Al-Rusafa Health Directorate, Alywia Hospital for Children, Baghdad, Iraq Mustafa Ibrahim Ahmed Aldulaimy Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq Hiyam A. Altaii Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq 2024 12 12 2025 03 10 Purpose: Adrenal adenomas are best detected and understood using a Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (PET/CT) scanner. When doing PET scans, the acquisition time of 18-Fluorodeoxyglucose (18FDG) absorption is crucial as it determines the diagnostic accuracy and quality of the images. This study aimed to investigate the effects of various acquisition periods to assess the efficacy of PET/CT in identifying adrenal adenomas (1.5 vs. 3 minutes). Materials and Methods: The research included 30 patients who were thought to have adrenal adenomas. Following the 18FDG injection, PET/CT imaging was performed on each patient using one of two distinct acquisition times: 1.5 or 3 minutes. The image quality was objectively evaluated using a 5-point Likert scale. Experienced nuclear medicine professionals used consensus reading to assess diagnostic performance for adrenal adenoma identification. Results: The preliminary findings showed that compared to the 1.5-minute acquisition technique, PET/CT imaging with a 3-minute duration after 18FDG injection produced considerably superior image quality (p < 0.05). In addition, the longer acquisition time significantly increased the chance of detecting the lesion more precisely, improving the visualisation and characterisation of adrenal adenomas. With greater sensitivity and specificity, the 3-minute acquisition methodology showed better diagnostic accuracy for adrenal adenoma identification than the 1.5-minute approach. Conclusion: The study suggests that extending the acquisition time to 3 minutes improves image quality and diagnostic performance for adrenal adenoma detection, potentially improving patient care by facilitating accurate diagnosis and treatment planning. https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/view/1176 https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/download/1176/504

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies 2345-5837 12 4 2025 10 01 764 770 Inas Salman Department of prosthetic dentistry, College of Dentistry, Al-Mustansiriyah university. Baghdad, Iraq *Correspondence: Inas Abdul Sattar Salman, Email: inasabdulsattar4@gmail.com , ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4106-9130 2023 09 07 2023 11 14 Purpose: In this study, the fracture resistance of prosthetic screws was tested using abutments made of titanium, zirconia, and Polyether Ether Ketone (PEEK) on dental implants. Materials and Methods: From Easy Implant by easy prod, France, dental implants with specified dimensions and prosthetic screws were purchased. Three different materials (Ti, Zr, and PEEK) were used for abutment preparation. The implant-abutment units were subjected to a constant vertical force using a Universal Testing Machine (UTM) until the prosthetic abutment broke. The force that caused fracture was measured, and one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc tests were used to statistically analyze the data. Results: For Titanium, Zirconia, and PEEK abutments, the mean fracture resistance (±standard deviation) was 727±31 N, 516±21 N, and 289±23 N, respectively. A substantial difference in fracture resistance was found between the various abutment materials according to the one-way ANOVA (p<.001). Zirconia showed much stronger fracture resistance than PEEK (p <0.05) and Titanium abutments demonstrated significantly higher resistance than both Zirconia and PEEK (p <0.01), according to post-hoc tests. Conclusion: The type of the material affects the fracture resistance and fracture pattern of the implant abutment. Titanium, Zirconia, and PEEK abutments show different fracture resistance. Titanium requires more force to be fractured while polyether ether ketone shows less required force. This may affect the prosthetic screw fracture and affect the longevity of the implant. https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/view/824 https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/download/824/409

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies 2345-5837 12 4 2025 10 01 771 783 Maryam Khalid Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mahdi Ghorbani Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Ali Tajik-Mansoury Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti Mohammad Mojahed Medical Physics Department, Radiation Oncology Center, Vali Asr Hospital, Qom, Iran. Mehdi Khosravi Medical Physics Department, Radiation Oncology Center, Vali Asr Hospital, Qom, Iran. Meysam Tavakoli Department of Radiation Oncology, and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA 2023 09 11 2024 08 19 Purpose: Lung cancer treatment often involves radiotherapy, which can lead to an increased risk of secondary cancers in sensitive organs and Organs At Risk (OARs). Understanding this risk is crucial for optimizing treatment strategies and minimizing long-term adverse effects. The objective of this study is to estimate the Secondary Cancer Risks (SCRs) in sensitive organs and OARs using radiation-induced cancer risk prediction models, specifically the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation (BEIR) VII model and the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) model. Materials and Methods: The radiotherapy dosimetric data of 30 lung cancer patients were collected all of whom underwent Computed Tomography (CT) scans. The PCRT-3D Treatment Planning System (TPS) was used for the treatment planning process. The risks were calculated based on the dose distribution in the target volume. The models for Excess Absolute Risk (EAR) and Excess Relative Risk (ERR) values (per 100,000 person-year) were utilized to estimate SCRs in planning target volume, OARs, and sensitive organs. Results: The results indicate that, according to the BEIR VII model, the estimated EAR of cancer per 100,000 person-years was 38.39 in the heart, 35.83 in the esophagus, 5.49 in the contralateral lung, 2.17 in the liver, and 3.41 in the pancreas. Conversely, using the ICRP model, the EAR was calculated to be 58.73 in the heart, 38.78 in the esophagus, 20.48 in the contralateral lung, 3.49 in the liver, and 5.44 in the pancreas. These findings suggest that lung cancer patients treated with 3DCRT exhibit relatively high SCRs in the heart, esophagus, and contralateral lung organs in both models. Conclusion: In this study, SCRs in a range of organs in lung cancer patients treated with 3DCRT were quantified. Our findings revealed that there were comparatively high SCRs in the heart in 3DCRT of lung cancer patients. Based on the findings of the current investigation, the ICRP model SCRs are greater in comparison to the BEIR VII model. These findings underscore the importance of considering SCRs in treatment planning and highlight the need for further research to optimize radiation therapy strategies and minimize long-term risks for lung cancer patients. https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/view/825 https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/download/825/445

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies 2345-5837 12 4 2025 10 01 784 792 Ali Azizi Ganjgah Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran Payvand Taherparvar Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran 2023 12 23 2024 03 17 Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the biological effects of photon radiation and its potential for cancer treatment through targeted radiation therapy by studying direct and indirect DNA damage induced by 15, 30, and 50 keV photon radiation using Geant4-DNA Monte Carlo simulations. Materials and Methods: Two spherical cells (C and C2) and their cell nucleus were modeled in liquid water. An atomic DNA model constructed in the Geant4-DNA Monte Carlo simulation toolkit, containing 125,000 chromatin fibers, was placed inside the nucleus of the C2 cell. The number of direct and indirect single-strand breaks (SSBs), double-strand breaks (DSBs), and hybrid double-strand breaks (HDSB) in the C2 cell caused by 15, 30, and 50 keV photons were calculated for N2←CS, N2←Cy, N2←C, and N2←N Target←Source combinations, at the distances of 0, 2.5, and 5 μm between two cells. Results: Low energy (15 keV) photons emitted within the cell surface and the cell cytoplasm resulted in the highest DNA damage, producing markedly higher SSBs, DSBs, and HDSBs compared to the whole cell and the nucleus sources across 0-5 μm target distances. Increasing the photon energy to 30 and 50 keV showed 81-96% reduced DNA damage. Additionally, the 2.5 μm target distance decreased DSBs up to 53%. Conclusion: Based on the results, 15 keV photons are more effective for the inhibition or control of cancer cells. https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/view/910 https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/download/910/453

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies 2345-5837 12 4 2025 10 01 793 801 Shaima Jabbar Babylon Technical Institute, Al Furat Al Awsat Technical University, Kufa, Iraq 2024 02 02 2024 07 05 Purpose: Monitoring disease development or viruses that invade our bodies, such as Coronavirus Disease of 2019 (COVID-19), can be effectively carried out using Computed Tomography (CT) imaging tools. However, manual assessment of CT images by consultants is often insufficient for determining the extent of lung damage in COVID-19 patients. Automated evaluation of lung damage addresses this limitation by optimizing healthcare resource utilization. It reduces the workload on radiologists, allowing them to concentrate on more complex cases. Additionally, it ensures accurate and consistent assessments of lung damage, minimizing variability and the potential for human error inherent in manual evaluations. Materials and Methods: In this study, a new approach was presented for improving CT images of the lung and specifying further lesions. This will help calculate the extent of damage without human intervention. The structure of the proposed technique draws upon four phases (data collection, improvement, segmentation and extraction lung damage region and evaluation). Firstly, 100 patients were recruited between September 29 2020 and July 10, 2022, of whom tested positive for COVID-19 and CT images were collected, then composite technique is implemented to extract the percentage of lung damage of COVID-19 patients. Results: The study results demonstrated an efficient method for quickly and practically calculating the percentage of lung damage. There is a clear convergence between manual evaluation, done by radiologists, and automatic evaluation using the proposed method, suggesting its potential as an alternative in the absence of a specialist doctor. The differences in the arithmetic mean between the proposed technique and the radiologists' evaluations were 3.5%, 10%, 18%, and 0.98% for radiologists 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Additionally, the findings indicated that individuals aged 20-60 years are the most affected by COVID-19. Conclusion: This method serves as a potent tool for swiftly and practically assessing the percentage of lung damage caused by COVID-19. By eliminating the need for human intervention, it enables the evaluation of lung damage autonomously. This feature makes it particularly valuable in telemedicine applications and emergency situations where specialist medical expertise may not be readily available. https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/view/931 https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/download/931/457

Tehran University of Medical Sciences</