Tehran University of Medical Sciences Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies 2345-5837 2 3 2015 09 30 118 127 EN Alireza Khorrami Moghaddam Radiology Department, Allied Faculty, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences (MazUMS), Sary, Mazandaran, Iran. Amir Hakimi Health Physics and Dosimetry Research Laboratory, Department of Energy Engineering and Physics, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran. Alireza Mardanshahi Radiology Department, Allied Faculty, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences (MazUMS), Sary, Mazandaran, Iran. Amir R. Jalilian Radiopharmaceutical Research and Development Lab (RRDL), Tehran, Iran. Hossein Amirfakhrian Radiology Department, Allied Faculty, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences (MazUMS), Sary, Mazandaran, Iran. Hossein Mousavi Anijdan Radiology Department, Allied Faculty, Babol University of Medical Sciences (BUMS), Babol, Mazandaran, Iran. 2015 12 09 2015 12 09 Purpose- The main aim of this study was to develop the pharmacokinetic model for the colorectal cancer’s complex 166Ho-DOTA-Bevacizumab in normal and tumoral rats to analyze of behavior as a new composition for diagnosing and treatment. The use of compartmental analysis allows a mathematical separation of tissues and organs to determine the concentration of activity in each fraction of interest. Biodistribution studies are expensive and difficult to carry out in humans, but such data can be obtained easily in rodents and rat. Methods- We have developed a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for scaling up activity concentration in each organ versus time. The mathematical model uses physiological parameters including organ volumes, blood flow rates, and vascular permeability. The compartments (organs) are connected anatomically. This allows the use of scale-up techniques to predict the new complex distribution in humans in each organ. Results- The concentration of the new complex was measured in various organs at the different times. The behavior of the complex (166Ho-DOTA-Bevacizumab) was modeled as a function of time in various organs. These data was diagrammed as a time function in the separated graph for each organ between 2-96 hours after injection. Conclusion- The variation of integrated uptake in organs is described with summationof 6-9 exponential terms and it approximated experimental data with 1-2 %precision. As shown in the diagram the mathematical model and biodistribution data in an experiment has a good joint and coincidence and it is a good sign to save time and cost in the next other researches. https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/view/55 https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/download/55/50

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies 2345-5837 2 3 2015 09 30 128 136 EN Morteza MoradiAmin Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran. Nasser Samadzadehaghdam Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences(TUMS), Tehran, Iran. Saeed Kermani Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Medical Technology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences,Isfahan, Iran. Ardeshir Talebi Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. 2015 12 09 2015 12 09 Purpose- Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common form of pediatric cancer of white blood cells which is categorized into three types of L1, L2, and L3. It is usually detected through screening of blood and bone marrow smears by pathologists. Since manual detection is time-consuming and boring, computer-based systems are preferred for convenient detection. The rigorous similarity between morphology of ALL types and that of normal, reactive and atypical lymphocytes, makes the automatic recognition a challenging problem. In this paper, we tried to improve the sensitivity of detection based on principle component analysis (PCA). Methods- After segmenting cell nucleus using fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm, several geometric and statistical features are extracted. Then the feature space dimensionality is reduced based on (PCA). The first 8 components of the feature space are applied to support vector machine (SVM) classifier. Then the cancerous and lymphocyte cells are classified into their subtypes. Results- For evaluating the proposed method, we used an expert pathologist’s classification as a reference. Classification was evaluated by three parameters: sensitivity, specificity and accuracy. A comparison with our previous work showed that using dimensionality reduced feature space based on PCA, instead of using individually selected features, improved the average sensitivity and precision of classification more than 10%. Conclusion- The results show that proposed algorithm performs better than our previous work. Its acceptable performance for the diagnosis of ALL and its subtypes as well as other lymphocyte types makes it an assistant diagnostic tool for pathologists. https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/view/56 https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/download/56/51

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies 2345-5837 2 3 2015 09 30 137 145 EN Sahar Ahangari 1- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2- Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Pardis Ghafarian Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD),Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran4- PET/CT and Cyclotron Center, Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mahnaz Shekari 1- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2- Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Hossein Ghadiri Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran2- Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mehrdad Bakhshayeshkaram Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD),Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran4- PET/CT and Cyclotron Center, Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Reza Ay Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran2- Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 12 18 2015 12 18 Purpose- In this study, we investigated the impact of PSF reconstruction  acquisition time would compromise the accuracy of quantitative measures using PSF algorithm. Methods- Both phantom and patient images were evaluated. A complete set of experiments were performed using an image quality phantom containing 6 inserts with 4:1 lesion to background ratio. Whole-body FDG PET/CT scan of 17 patients with different primary cancers were used in this study. All hantom images reconstructed with 3 iterations, 24 subsets for 180, 150, 120, 90, and 60 s acquisition time per bed position. Post-smoothing filters with FWHM of 5 and 4 mm applied to HD and HD+PSF images respectively. Clinical PET images reconstructed with 3 iterations and 18 subsets. Quantitative analysis performed by CV%, SNR, RC, and SUVmax. Results- By incorporating PSF algorithm, CV decreased 11.1% and 17.01% 0.92% for both phantom and clinical images. In addition, better edge detection achieved specially for smaller focal points. It was shown by reconstructing images with PSF algorithm, acquisition time can be reduced 33.3% with no significant changes of image quality and quantitative accuracy (P-value<0.05). Conclusion- It can be concluded that using PSF algorithm improves the image quality, lesion detection, and quantitative accuracy. Besides, by incorporating this algorithm, the acquisition time can be reduced with no loss of image quality and quantitative accuracy where it is possible to have higher patient throughout with the same image quality. https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/view/62 https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/download/62/53

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies 2345-5837 2 3 2015 09 30 146 154 EN Mahnaz Shekari 1- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2- Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Pardis Ghafarian Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD),Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.4- PET/CT and Cyclotron Center, Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Sahar Ahangari 1- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2- Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Hossein Ghadiri Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.2- Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mehrdad Bakhshayeshkaram Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD),Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.4- PET/CT and Cyclotron Center, Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Reza Ay Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.2- Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 12 19 2015 12 19 Purpose- The aim of this study was to determine optimal reconstruction parameters in relation to the image quality and quantitative accuracy for advanced reconstruction algorithms by phantom study. Methods- A house-made image quality phantom, including 6 cylindrical inserts, was filled with an 18F-FDG solution with a 4:1 radioactivity ratio compared to the background. All emission data was acquired in 3D list-mode. The PET data reconstructed with TOF only and TOF+PSF algorithms. The reconstructed images were post-filtered with Gaussian filters with varying FWHM (0 to 10 mm with 0.5 mm increment). All images were reconstructed with different product of iterations and subsets (It×SS) ranging from 3 to 144. Optimal image reconstruction parameters were determined by calculating quantitative parameters including noise, signal to noise ratio (SNR), and recovery coefficient (RC). Results- Our results showed that Gaussian filtering with FWHM greater than 5 mm for TOF and greater than 3.5 mm for TOF+PSF algorithms led to an acceptable clinical noise level (<10%). By considering signal to noise ratio of the 10 mm insert (SNR10 mm) and quantitative accuracy of tracer concentration, optimum FWHM of Gaussian filter was 5-6.5 mm for TOF only reconstruction and 3.5-5 mm for TOF+PSF reconstruction. In terms of It×SS, SNR10 mm was maximized for 28 to 48 It×SS. In addition, there was no significant enhancement in RC for It×SS greater than 48. Conclusion- Image quality and quantitative accuracy are strongly influenced by reconstruction parameters. Our findings indicate that the optimization of the reconstruction parameters is necessary to obtain the best performance. Optimal FWHM range was 5-6.5 mm for TOF only reconstruction, and 3.5-5 mm for TOF+PSF reconstruction. Additionally, due to intensifying signal of the focal point by incorporating TOF information, faster SNR convergence can be achieved. Hence smaller It×SS can be applied while using TOF algorithm for image reconstruction. https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/view/63 https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/download/63/54

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies 2345-5837 2 3 2015 09 30 155 162 EN Keyvan Jabbari Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Nima Rostampour Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. 2015 12 27 2015 12 27 Purpose- The setup verification is one of the important issues in radiation therapy. In this study, an experienced physicist evaluated the setup of the patients during treatments where many unexpected errors were observed. Methods- The physicist spent few hours a week in the treatment room and recorded any error that happened in the treatment setup from the physicist’s point of view. In some errors, a follow up dosimetry was performed to evaluate the effect of a specific error. Results- The errors were divided into a few categories. Out of 1000 patients in a 3 years period, various minor and major errors were observed for 115 patients. Most of the errors were in treatment field’s shape and size. There were also few mistakes made by technicians due to the lack of conceptual understanding particularly when the electron shield was placed too far from the skin. Results of film dosimetry revealed that this can cause a severe underdose of the tumor and an overdose of the shielded area. Conclusion- Many of the recorded setup errors in this study were related to the setup protocols for a particular center. However, there are many mistakes such as mistakes of the technicians and physicists that can be prevented with proper trainings. https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/view/64 https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/download/64/55

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies 2345-5837 2 3 2015 09 30 163 171 EN Ashraf Fakhari Department of Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Amir R. Jalilian 1- Department of Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2- Radiation Application Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Tehran, Iran. Mahdi Shafiee Ardestani Department of Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Fariba Johari Deha Radiation Application Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Mirzaie Radiation Application Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Tehran, Iran Sedigheh Moradkhan Radiation Application Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Tehran, Iran. Ali Khalaj Department of Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2016 01 01 2016 01 01 Purpose- In order to develop new bone imaging agent based on bisphosphonate moiety, an alendronate based complex was designed and prepared in this study. Methods- A DTPA-conjugated bis-alendronate analog (DTPA-bis-ALN) 3, was prepared for possible bone imaging after radiolabeling with 111In. Radiolabeled DTPA-bis-ALN complex was prepared starting radionuclide in chloride form and DTPA-bis-ALN in 30-90 min at 50-60°C in acetate buffer followed by solid phase purification on C18 Sep-Pak cartridge. RTLC was used for radiochemical purity determination followed by log P determination, stability studies, hydroxyl apatite tests and biodistribution studies in normal rats and imaging. Results- Specific activity 1.1-1.3 TBq/mmmol was obtained for 111In-complex. The log Ps was calculated 0.48 for the complex consistent with water soluble complexes followed by stability test. The biodistribution of the labeled compound in normalrats demonstrated activity uptake in kidneys. Conclusions- The anionic property of poly-dentate complex led to renal excretion instead of bone accumulation. These data showed that the developed complexes are not suitable agents for bone imaging as expected. https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/view/66 https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/download/66/56

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies 2345-5837 2 3 2015 09 30 172 183 EN Hamidreza Hemmati Department of Radiation Medicine Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran Alireza Kamali-Asl Department of Radiation Medicine Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran Reza Haghshenas Department of Radiation Medicine Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran 2016 04 12 2016 04 12 Purpose- Some practical and theoretical efforts have been made to investigate the effects of designing parameters on the performance of anger camera. In this study, the effects of light guide thickness on the accuracy of position estimation, linearity, and uniformity response of a typical gamma camera has assessed using Geant4 Monte Carlo (MC) simulation toolkit. Methods- Three MC simulations are done using T/R values of 0, 0.5, and 1, where T is the thickness of light guide and R is the effective radius of a hexagonal photomultiplier tube. For each T/R value, the accuracy of position estimation was investigated by the analysis of the relations between the true and estimated positions of scintillation events. Also, the differential non-uniformity and average non-linearity maps have been used to assess the effect of light guide thickness on the linearity and uniformity responses, respectively. Results- The results showed that the accuracy of position estimation depends on the depth of scintillation causing erroneous estimated positions for T/R values of 0 and 0.5. For the case T=R, that dependency was eliminated due to the enough broadening of optical photon cones and the position estimation errors were in the range of intrinsic spatial resolution of camera. Conclusions- Lack of a proper thickness of the light guide on the gamma camera can ruin the accuracy of position estimation on the gamma camera. In addition, both linearity and uniformity responses have a strong dependency on the thickness of light guide. https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/view/70 https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/download/70/58

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies 2345-5837 2 3 2015 09 30 184 190 EN Alireza Mirbagheri Research Center for Biomedical Technologies and Robotics (RCBTR), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, IranDepartment of Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences(TUMS), Tehran, Iran Farzam Farahmand Research Center for Biomedical Technologies and Robotics (RCBTR), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran Borna Ghanadi Research Center for Biomedical Technologies and Robotics (RCBTR), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran Keyvan Amini Khoiy Research Center for Biomedical Technologies and Robotics (RCBTR), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran Sina Porsa Research Center for Biomedical Technologies and Robotics (RCBTR), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran Mohammad Javad Shamsollahi Research Center for Biomedical Technologies and Robotics (RCBTR), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran Mohammad Hasan Owlia Research Center for Biomedical Technologies and Robotics (RCBTR), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Faramarz Karimian Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran Karamallah Toulabi Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran 2016 04 12 2016 04 12 Purpose- In this report, technical operation of “RoboLens” as an assistant robot for laparoscopic surgery has been illustrated. Methods- First, the RoboLens® mechanical mechanism and configuration of its linkage, joints and actuators are illustrated. Then, the software and user interfaces of the robot are introduced. Next, its operation from start to end of a surgery has been evaluated. Also, a technical test for its trajectory tracking in a spherical coordinate has been performed using a standard optical tracking system. Finally, an overall report from more than 1000 human clinical trials in 2 hospitals is investigated. Results- The robot was prepared for the operation in less than 30 Sec and started all the commanded movements including up, down, right, left, zoom-in or zoom-out of the screen in real time manner with less than 50 ms delay. Also, the trajectory tracking of the robot end effector on a spherical surface showed less than 1 mm error in the worst case. Conclusion- Results of the evaluation of the RoboLens indicated that it has the appropriate maneuvering capability as a robotic assistant for laparoscopic surgery in real human clinical trials https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/view/71 https://fbt.tums.ac.ir/index.php/fbt/article/download/71/59