Effect of Nanohydroxyapatite Incorporation in Hydrogen Peroxide Bleaching agent on Color, Microhardness and Microscopical Features of Dental Enamel
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Abstract
Purpose: The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of incorporating of nanohydroxyapatite in to hydrogen peroxide bleaching material on color, microhardness and morphological features of dental enamel.
Materials and Methods: 33 sound maxillary first premolar were used for the study. Enamel blocks (7mm× 5mm×3mm) were prepared from the middle third of buccal halves of each tooth. Each dental block was embedded in self-curing acrylic resin with exterior enamel surface exposed for various applications. The dental blocks were randomly divided into three groups (n=11) according to the bleaching technique. The groups were designed as follows: control; hydrogen peroxide (HP) and hydrogen peroxide with nanohydroxyapatite (HP-nHAp) groups. Color measurements and microhardness tests were conducted before and after treatment. one sample represented each group was selected for morphological analysis.
Results: The results showed that both HP and HP-nHAp groups induced color changing. Enamel microhardness loss of HP group was significantly higher than that of HP-nHAp and control groups. The enamel morphological changes was only observed in HP group.
Conclusion: nHAp could significantly reduce the enamel microharness loss caused by HP while preserving enamel surface morphological features without affecting bleaching efficacy.
1- Sara H Mostafa, Wedad M Etman, and Mirvat M Salama, "Effect of frequent bleaching modalities on color stability of enamel." Tanta Dental Journal, Vol. 17 (No. 3), pp. 106-13, (2020).
2- R Basheer, RF Mohamed, Faten Kamel, and R Mosallam, "Effect of nano-hydroxyapatite bleaching on human enamel surface." Int Arch Med, Vol. 7pp. 1-13 ,(2020).
3- Isabele Vieira, Waldemir-Francisco Vieira-Junior, Maria-Cibelle Pauli, Jéssica-Dias Theobaldo, and Gislaine-Ricci Leonardi, "Effect of in-office bleaching gels with calcium or fluoride on color, roughness, and enamel microhardness." Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dentistry, Vol. 12 (No. 2), p. e116 ,(2020).
4- Carlos RG Torres, Rayssa Ferreira Zanatta, Tatiane Josefa Silva, and Alessandra B Borges, "Effect of calcium and fluoride addition to hydrogen peroxide bleaching gel on tooth diffusion, color, and microhardness." Operative dentistry, Vol. 44 (No. 4), pp. 424-32, (2019).
5- FT Rodrigues, AP Serro, M Polido, A Ramalho, and CG Figueiredo-Pina, "Effect of bleaching teeth with hydrogen peroxide on the morphology, hydrophilicity, and mechanical and tribological properties of the enamel." Wear, Vol. 374pp. 21-28, (2017).
6- Lidiane M Louzada et al., "Anti‐inflammatory potential of a carvedilol gel in the pulpal tissue of rats after dental bleaching: A histopathological evaluation." Journal of investigative and clinical dentistry, Vol. 10 (No. 2), p. e12401, (2019).
7- Hanife Altınışık, Sinem Akgül, Merve Nezir, Suat Özcan, and Esra Özyurt, "The effect of in-office bleaching with different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide on enamel color, roughness, and color stability." Materials, Vol. 16 (No. 4), p. 1389, (2023).
8- Rusul Jafar Hadi and NM AL-Ghaban, "Histological evaluation of pulp response to in-office bleaching technique in rats." Biochem. Cell. Arch, Vol. 20 (No. 2), pp. 6095-100, (2020).
9- Ioana Roxana Bordea et al., "Nano-hydroxyapatite use in dentistry: A systematic review." Drug metabolism reviews, Vol. 52 (No. 2), pp. 319-32, (2020).
10- Sylwia Kuśnieruk, Jacek Wojnarowicz, Agnieszka Chodara, Tadeusz Chudoba, Stanislaw Gierlotka, and Witold Lojkowski, "Influence of hydrothermal synthesis parameters on the properties of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles." Beilstein journal of nanotechnology, Vol. 7 (No. 1), pp. 1586-601, (2016).
11- J Shanti Swarup and Arathi Rao, "Enamel surface remineralization: Using synthetic nanohydroxyapatite." Contemporary clinical dentistry, Vol. 3 (No. 4), pp. 433-36, (2012).
12- Dhuha H Almarsomy, Fadia A Al-Khayat, and Lamis A Al-Taee, "The preventive/therapeutic effect of CO2 laser and MI Paste Plus® on intact and demineralized enamel against Streptococcus mutans (In Vitro Study)." Heliyon, Vol. 9 (No. 10), (2023).
13- Shahad S Rahee and Rasha H Jehad, "Comparing the effectiveness of using three different re-mineralizing pastes on remineralisation of artificially induced white spot lesion." Journal of Baghdad College of Dentistry, Vol. 35 (No. 4), pp. 35-45, (2023).
14- Giulia Orilisi et al., "ATR-FTIR, EDS and SEM evaluations of enamel structure after treatment with hydrogen peroxide bleaching agents loaded with nano-hydroxyapatite particles." PeerJ, Vol. 9p. e10606, (2021).
15- Maryam Khoroushi, Farinaz Shirban, Sara Kaveh, and Samaneh Doustfateme, "Effect of three nanobiomaterials on microhardness of bleached enamel." Restorative dentistry & endodontics, Vol. 41 (No. 3), p. 196, (2016).
16- Zainab R Hasan, Noor R Al-Hasani, and Osamah Malallah, "Color stability of nano resin-modified glass Ionomer restorative cement after acidic and basic medications challenge." Journal of Baghdad College of Dentistry, Vol. 35 (No. 4), pp. 10-19, (2023).
17- Zeynep B Kutuk, Esra Ergin, Filiz Y Cakir, and Sevil Gurgan, "Effects of in-office bleaching agent combined with different desensitizing agents on enamel." Journal of Applied Oral Science, Vol. 27p. e20180233, (2018).
18- Mina MG Chabuk and Abdulla MW Al-Shamma, "Surface roughness and microhardness of enamel white spot lesions treated with different treatment methods." Heliyon, Vol. 9 (No. 7) , (2023).
19- Riccardo Monterubbianesi et al., "A comparative evaluation of nanohydroxyapatite-enriched hydrogen peroxide home bleaching system on color, hardness and microstructure of dental enamel." Materials, Vol. 14 (No. 11), p. 3072, (2021).
20- Charisma Thimmaiah, Priya Shetty, Sowmya B Shetty, Srikant Natarajan, and Nithya-Annie Thomas, "Comparative analysis of the remineralization potential of CPP–ACP with Fluoride, Tri-Calcium Phosphate and Nano Hydroxyapatite using SEM/EDX–An in vitro study." Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dentistry, Vol. 11 (No. 12), p. e1120, (2019).
21- Fadi AL Farawati, Shu-Min Hsu, Edgar O’Neill, Dan Neal, Arthur Clark, and Josephine Esquivel-Upshaw, "Effect of carbamide peroxide bleaching on enamel characteristics and susceptibility to further discoloration." The Journal of prosthetic dentistry, Vol. 121 (No. 2), pp. 340-46, (2019).
22- Kelly Fernanda Barbosa Vilhena et al., "Dental enamel bleached for a prolonged and excessive time: Morphological changes." PLoS ONE, Vol. 14 (No. 4), p. e0214948, (2019).
23- Farhad Tabatabaian, Elaheh Beyabanaki, Parisa Alirezaei, and Saied Epakchi, "Visual and digital tooth shade selection methods, related effective factors and conditions, and their accuracy and precision: A literature review." Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry, Vol. 33 (No. 8), pp. 1084-104, (2021).
24- Elham Kheradmand, Alirea Daneshkazemi, Abdolrahim Davari, Maede Kave, and Solmaz Ghanbarnejad, "Effect of hydrogen peroxide and its combination with nano-hydroxyapatite or nano-bioactive glass on the enamel demineralization and tooth color: An in vitro study." Dental Research Journal, Vol. 20 (No. 1), p. 85, (2023).
25- Carmen Llena, Irene Esteve, and Leopoldo Forner, "Effect of hydrogen and carbamide peroxide in bleaching, enamel morphology, and mineral composition: in vitro study." J Contemp Dent Pract, Vol. 18 (No. 7), pp. 576-82, (2017).
26- PAULO CÉSAR VENÂNCIO, FRANCISCO CARLOS GROPPO, GLÁUCIA MARIA BOVI AMBROSANO, and GISELLEM MARCHI, "Effect of 7.5% hydrogen peroxide containing remineralizing agents on hardness, color change, roughness and micromorphology of human enamel." American journal of dentistry, Vol. 28 (No. 5), (2015).
27- Laura Nobre Ferraz, Waldemir Francisco Vieira Júnior, Gláucia Maria Bovi Ambrosano, Maria Cecília Caldas Giorgi, Flávio Henrique Baggio Aguiar, and Débora Alves Nunes Leite Lima, "Effect of different concentrations of nanohydroxyapatite on tooth bleaching effectiveness and enamel bond strength." Brazilian Dental Science, Vol. 21 (No. 1), pp. 17-25, (2018).
28- Dina-Wahied El Assal, Ali-Mohamed Saafan, Dina-Hassan Moustafa, and Marwa-Adel Al-Sayed, "The effect of combining laser and nanohydroxy-apatite on the surface properties of enamel with initial defects." Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dentistry, Vol. 10 (No. 5), p. e425, (2018).
29- Matthew Potoski and Elizabeth Elwakeil, "International Organization for Standardization." The Handbook of Transnational Governance: Institutions and Innovations, p. 29, 5, (2011).
30- Renan Aparecido Fernandes, Henrico Badaoui Strazzi-Sahyon, Thaís Yumi Umeda Suzuki, André Luiz Fraga Briso, and Paulo Henrique Dos Santos, "Effect of dental bleaching on the microhardness and surface roughness of sealed composite resins." Restorative dentistry & endodontics, Vol. 45 (No. 1), (2020).
31- Hunida M Elfallah, Luiz E Bertassoni, Nattida Charadram, Catherine Rathsam, and Michael V Swain, "Effect of tooth bleaching agents on protein content and mechanical properties of dental enamel." Acta biomaterialia, Vol. 20pp. 120-28, (2015).
32- Luciana Floriani Thives Freitas Santos, Carlos Rocha Gomes Torres, Taciana Marco Ferraz Caneppele, Ana Carolina Magalhães, and Alessandra Buhler Borges, "Effect of home-bleaching gels modified by calcium and/or fluoride and the application of nano-hydroxyapatite paste on in vitro enamel erosion susceptibility." Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, Vol. 74 (No. 2), pp. 121-26, (2016).
33- Mostafa SM Ata, "Influence of nano-silver fluoride, nano-hydroxyapatite and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate on microhardness of bleached enamel: in-vitro: study." Tanta Dental Journal, Vol. 16 (No. 1), pp. 25-28, (2019).
34- Barbara Cvikl, Adrian Lussi, Andreas Moritz, and Simon Flury, "Enamel surface changes after exposure to bleaching gels containing carbamide peroxide or hydrogen peroxide." Operative dentistry, Vol. 41 (No. 1), pp. E39-E47, (2016).
35- Divya Kunam, Vidhya Sampath, Sujatha Manimaran, and Mahalaxmi Sekar, "Effect of Indigenously Developed Nano-Hydroxyapatite Crystals from Chicken Egg Shell on the Surface Hardness of Bleached Human Enamel: An: In Vitro: Study." Contemporary clinical dentistry, Vol. 10 (No. 3), pp. 489-93, (2019).
36- C Pushpalatha et al., "Nanohydroxyapatite in dentistry: A comprehensive review." The Saudi Dental Journal, (2023).
2- R Basheer, RF Mohamed, Faten Kamel, and R Mosallam, "Effect of nano-hydroxyapatite bleaching on human enamel surface." Int Arch Med, Vol. 7pp. 1-13 ,(2020).
3- Isabele Vieira, Waldemir-Francisco Vieira-Junior, Maria-Cibelle Pauli, Jéssica-Dias Theobaldo, and Gislaine-Ricci Leonardi, "Effect of in-office bleaching gels with calcium or fluoride on color, roughness, and enamel microhardness." Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dentistry, Vol. 12 (No. 2), p. e116 ,(2020).
4- Carlos RG Torres, Rayssa Ferreira Zanatta, Tatiane Josefa Silva, and Alessandra B Borges, "Effect of calcium and fluoride addition to hydrogen peroxide bleaching gel on tooth diffusion, color, and microhardness." Operative dentistry, Vol. 44 (No. 4), pp. 424-32, (2019).
5- FT Rodrigues, AP Serro, M Polido, A Ramalho, and CG Figueiredo-Pina, "Effect of bleaching teeth with hydrogen peroxide on the morphology, hydrophilicity, and mechanical and tribological properties of the enamel." Wear, Vol. 374pp. 21-28, (2017).
6- Lidiane M Louzada et al., "Anti‐inflammatory potential of a carvedilol gel in the pulpal tissue of rats after dental bleaching: A histopathological evaluation." Journal of investigative and clinical dentistry, Vol. 10 (No. 2), p. e12401, (2019).
7- Hanife Altınışık, Sinem Akgül, Merve Nezir, Suat Özcan, and Esra Özyurt, "The effect of in-office bleaching with different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide on enamel color, roughness, and color stability." Materials, Vol. 16 (No. 4), p. 1389, (2023).
8- Rusul Jafar Hadi and NM AL-Ghaban, "Histological evaluation of pulp response to in-office bleaching technique in rats." Biochem. Cell. Arch, Vol. 20 (No. 2), pp. 6095-100, (2020).
9- Ioana Roxana Bordea et al., "Nano-hydroxyapatite use in dentistry: A systematic review." Drug metabolism reviews, Vol. 52 (No. 2), pp. 319-32, (2020).
10- Sylwia Kuśnieruk, Jacek Wojnarowicz, Agnieszka Chodara, Tadeusz Chudoba, Stanislaw Gierlotka, and Witold Lojkowski, "Influence of hydrothermal synthesis parameters on the properties of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles." Beilstein journal of nanotechnology, Vol. 7 (No. 1), pp. 1586-601, (2016).
11- J Shanti Swarup and Arathi Rao, "Enamel surface remineralization: Using synthetic nanohydroxyapatite." Contemporary clinical dentistry, Vol. 3 (No. 4), pp. 433-36, (2012).
12- Dhuha H Almarsomy, Fadia A Al-Khayat, and Lamis A Al-Taee, "The preventive/therapeutic effect of CO2 laser and MI Paste Plus® on intact and demineralized enamel against Streptococcus mutans (In Vitro Study)." Heliyon, Vol. 9 (No. 10), (2023).
13- Shahad S Rahee and Rasha H Jehad, "Comparing the effectiveness of using three different re-mineralizing pastes on remineralisation of artificially induced white spot lesion." Journal of Baghdad College of Dentistry, Vol. 35 (No. 4), pp. 35-45, (2023).
14- Giulia Orilisi et al., "ATR-FTIR, EDS and SEM evaluations of enamel structure after treatment with hydrogen peroxide bleaching agents loaded with nano-hydroxyapatite particles." PeerJ, Vol. 9p. e10606, (2021).
15- Maryam Khoroushi, Farinaz Shirban, Sara Kaveh, and Samaneh Doustfateme, "Effect of three nanobiomaterials on microhardness of bleached enamel." Restorative dentistry & endodontics, Vol. 41 (No. 3), p. 196, (2016).
16- Zainab R Hasan, Noor R Al-Hasani, and Osamah Malallah, "Color stability of nano resin-modified glass Ionomer restorative cement after acidic and basic medications challenge." Journal of Baghdad College of Dentistry, Vol. 35 (No. 4), pp. 10-19, (2023).
17- Zeynep B Kutuk, Esra Ergin, Filiz Y Cakir, and Sevil Gurgan, "Effects of in-office bleaching agent combined with different desensitizing agents on enamel." Journal of Applied Oral Science, Vol. 27p. e20180233, (2018).
18- Mina MG Chabuk and Abdulla MW Al-Shamma, "Surface roughness and microhardness of enamel white spot lesions treated with different treatment methods." Heliyon, Vol. 9 (No. 7) , (2023).
19- Riccardo Monterubbianesi et al., "A comparative evaluation of nanohydroxyapatite-enriched hydrogen peroxide home bleaching system on color, hardness and microstructure of dental enamel." Materials, Vol. 14 (No. 11), p. 3072, (2021).
20- Charisma Thimmaiah, Priya Shetty, Sowmya B Shetty, Srikant Natarajan, and Nithya-Annie Thomas, "Comparative analysis of the remineralization potential of CPP–ACP with Fluoride, Tri-Calcium Phosphate and Nano Hydroxyapatite using SEM/EDX–An in vitro study." Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dentistry, Vol. 11 (No. 12), p. e1120, (2019).
21- Fadi AL Farawati, Shu-Min Hsu, Edgar O’Neill, Dan Neal, Arthur Clark, and Josephine Esquivel-Upshaw, "Effect of carbamide peroxide bleaching on enamel characteristics and susceptibility to further discoloration." The Journal of prosthetic dentistry, Vol. 121 (No. 2), pp. 340-46, (2019).
22- Kelly Fernanda Barbosa Vilhena et al., "Dental enamel bleached for a prolonged and excessive time: Morphological changes." PLoS ONE, Vol. 14 (No. 4), p. e0214948, (2019).
23- Farhad Tabatabaian, Elaheh Beyabanaki, Parisa Alirezaei, and Saied Epakchi, "Visual and digital tooth shade selection methods, related effective factors and conditions, and their accuracy and precision: A literature review." Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry, Vol. 33 (No. 8), pp. 1084-104, (2021).
24- Elham Kheradmand, Alirea Daneshkazemi, Abdolrahim Davari, Maede Kave, and Solmaz Ghanbarnejad, "Effect of hydrogen peroxide and its combination with nano-hydroxyapatite or nano-bioactive glass on the enamel demineralization and tooth color: An in vitro study." Dental Research Journal, Vol. 20 (No. 1), p. 85, (2023).
25- Carmen Llena, Irene Esteve, and Leopoldo Forner, "Effect of hydrogen and carbamide peroxide in bleaching, enamel morphology, and mineral composition: in vitro study." J Contemp Dent Pract, Vol. 18 (No. 7), pp. 576-82, (2017).
26- PAULO CÉSAR VENÂNCIO, FRANCISCO CARLOS GROPPO, GLÁUCIA MARIA BOVI AMBROSANO, and GISELLEM MARCHI, "Effect of 7.5% hydrogen peroxide containing remineralizing agents on hardness, color change, roughness and micromorphology of human enamel." American journal of dentistry, Vol. 28 (No. 5), (2015).
27- Laura Nobre Ferraz, Waldemir Francisco Vieira Júnior, Gláucia Maria Bovi Ambrosano, Maria Cecília Caldas Giorgi, Flávio Henrique Baggio Aguiar, and Débora Alves Nunes Leite Lima, "Effect of different concentrations of nanohydroxyapatite on tooth bleaching effectiveness and enamel bond strength." Brazilian Dental Science, Vol. 21 (No. 1), pp. 17-25, (2018).
28- Dina-Wahied El Assal, Ali-Mohamed Saafan, Dina-Hassan Moustafa, and Marwa-Adel Al-Sayed, "The effect of combining laser and nanohydroxy-apatite on the surface properties of enamel with initial defects." Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dentistry, Vol. 10 (No. 5), p. e425, (2018).
29- Matthew Potoski and Elizabeth Elwakeil, "International Organization for Standardization." The Handbook of Transnational Governance: Institutions and Innovations, p. 29, 5, (2011).
30- Renan Aparecido Fernandes, Henrico Badaoui Strazzi-Sahyon, Thaís Yumi Umeda Suzuki, André Luiz Fraga Briso, and Paulo Henrique Dos Santos, "Effect of dental bleaching on the microhardness and surface roughness of sealed composite resins." Restorative dentistry & endodontics, Vol. 45 (No. 1), (2020).
31- Hunida M Elfallah, Luiz E Bertassoni, Nattida Charadram, Catherine Rathsam, and Michael V Swain, "Effect of tooth bleaching agents on protein content and mechanical properties of dental enamel." Acta biomaterialia, Vol. 20pp. 120-28, (2015).
32- Luciana Floriani Thives Freitas Santos, Carlos Rocha Gomes Torres, Taciana Marco Ferraz Caneppele, Ana Carolina Magalhães, and Alessandra Buhler Borges, "Effect of home-bleaching gels modified by calcium and/or fluoride and the application of nano-hydroxyapatite paste on in vitro enamel erosion susceptibility." Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, Vol. 74 (No. 2), pp. 121-26, (2016).
33- Mostafa SM Ata, "Influence of nano-silver fluoride, nano-hydroxyapatite and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate on microhardness of bleached enamel: in-vitro: study." Tanta Dental Journal, Vol. 16 (No. 1), pp. 25-28, (2019).
34- Barbara Cvikl, Adrian Lussi, Andreas Moritz, and Simon Flury, "Enamel surface changes after exposure to bleaching gels containing carbamide peroxide or hydrogen peroxide." Operative dentistry, Vol. 41 (No. 1), pp. E39-E47, (2016).
35- Divya Kunam, Vidhya Sampath, Sujatha Manimaran, and Mahalaxmi Sekar, "Effect of Indigenously Developed Nano-Hydroxyapatite Crystals from Chicken Egg Shell on the Surface Hardness of Bleached Human Enamel: An: In Vitro: Study." Contemporary clinical dentistry, Vol. 10 (No. 3), pp. 489-93, (2019).
36- C Pushpalatha et al., "Nanohydroxyapatite in dentistry: A comprehensive review." The Saudi Dental Journal, (2023).
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 13 No 3 (2026) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/fbt.v13i3.22742 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Bleaching; Enamel; Hydrogen peroxide; Microhardness; Morphological changes; Nanohydroxyapatite. | ||
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Abtan AS, Hoobi NM. Effect of Nanohydroxyapatite Incorporation in Hydrogen Peroxide Bleaching agent on Color, Microhardness and Microscopical Features of Dental Enamel. Frontiers Biomed Technol. 2026;13(3):700-708.
