Synthesis and characterization of reinforced PMMA by sol-gel derived functionalized nano-porous silica via in-situ heat polymerization method for denture applications
Abstract
Purpose: Polymethyl methacrylate resins are a class of materials used widely in dental practices. However, reinforcement of PMMA resins is the most important issue for the fabrication of overdentures/dentures with long-term durability. In the current study, the mechanical properties (in terms of tensile, bending, and impact properties) and applicability of the heat-polymerized Polymethyl methacrylate denture base materials were investigated by incorporating the synthesized sol-gel derived nano-porous silica aerogel.
Materials and Methods: Polymethyl methacrylate overdenture base materials were prepared by direct mixing of liquid MMA component with the desired weight contents of the synthesized sol-gel derived silica aerogel (i.e., 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 wt%) followed by thermal polymerization. The mechanical properties of the prepared nano-composites were investigated in terms of tensile, impact, and bending strength, and the experimental results were also compared with those commercial Triplex Hot acrylic base overdenture resin.
Results: The experimental results revealed that there is a meaningful correlation (P<0.05) between silica aerogel weight content and mechanical properties of the as-prepared silica aerogel- Poly-methyl methacrylate composites. Compared with commercial Triplex Hot base composite, fabricated Poly-methyl methacrylate base denture composites containing only 7.5 wt% of silica aerogel show higher mechanical properties. At optimum concentration, the bending, impact, and flexural properties of the composites reached 16.3 MPa, 22.9 MPa, and 38.1 Kj. m-2, respectively.
Conclusion: The experimental results revealed that nano-porous silica aerogel is a promising alternative candidate to be used as an efficient filler in the fabrication of overdentures. Fabricated nano-composites using silica aerogel show higher mechanical properties, compared to fabricated commercial base composites. Furthermore, denture/overdentures had better fracture toughness by using nano-porous silica aerogel, and no more space is needed.
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6- Rajan Choudhary, Senthil Kumar Venkatraman, Inna Bulygina, Fedor Senatov, Sergey Kaloshkin, and Sasikumar Swamiappan, "Designing of porous PMMA/diopside bone cement for non-load bearing applications." Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies, Vol. 8 (No. 3), pp. 862–72, (2020).
7- Ban Ali Sabri, Meenaloshini Satgunam, NM Abreeza, and Abdulrahman N. Abed, "A review on enhancements of PMMA denture base material with different nano-fillers." Cogent Engineering, Vol. 8 (No. 1), p. 1875968, (2021).
8- Mohamed Ashour Ahmed, M El-Shennawy, Yousef M Althomali, and Adel A Omar, "Effect of titanium dioxide nano particles incorporation on mechanical and physical properties on two different types of acrylic resin denture base." World Journal of Nano Science and Engineering, Vol. 6 (No. 3), pp. 111–19, (2016).
9- Touraj Nejatian, Neil Nathwani, Louise Taylor, and Farshid Sefat, "Denture base composites: Effect of surface modified nano-and micro-particulates on mechanical properties of polymethyl methacrylate." Materials, Vol. 13 (No. 2), p. 307, (2020).
10- Pornpot Jiangkongkho, Mansuang Arksornnukit, and Hidekazu Takahashi, "The synthesis, modification, and application of nanosilica in polymethyl methacrylate denture base." Dental materials journal, Vol. 37 (No. 4), pp. 582–91, (2018).
11- Maneerat Songpanit et al., "Self-cleaning SiO2/TiO2/PMMA nanocomposite films fabricated by spin coating technique: Effect of different spin speed and film layers." Journal of Materials Science and Applied Energy, Vol. 12 (No. 3), pp. 252043–43, (2023).
12- Manal A Awad, Awatif A Hendi, Khalid MO Ortashi, Amnah B Alanazi, Batool A ALZahrani, and Dina A Soliman, "Greener Synthesis, Characterization, and Antimicrobiological Effects of Helba Silver Nanoparticle‐PMMA Nanocomposite." International Journal of Polymer Science, Vol. 2019 (No. 1), p. 4379507, (2019).
13- Sonali B Jadhavar, Rajaram S Sutar, Sanjay S Latthe, and RS Vhatkar, "Preparation of superhydrophobic coating using silica–pmma nanocomposite." in Macromolecular Symposia, (2020), Vol. 393 (No. 1): Wiley Online Library, p. 2000161.
14- Mi Tian et al., "Nanoporous polymer-based composites for enhanced hydrogen storage." Adsorption, Vol. 25pp. 889–901, (2019).
15- Pinar Cay-Durgun and Mary Laura Lind, "Nanoporous materials in polymeric membranes for desalination." Current opinion in chemical engineering, Vol. 20pp. 19–27, (2018).
16- Saeed Salimian, Ali Zadhoush, and Zahra Talebi, "Interpenetrating organic–inorganic network: A short review on aerogel as a nanoporous filler in epoxy nanocomposite." Material Design & Processing Communications, Vol. 1 (No. 6), p. e107, (2019).
17- Jinlong Tan et al., "Influence of the Addition of Nano-porous Graphite/Parafffin Additive on the Wear Properties of Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin Composites." Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part B, Vol. 58 (No. 1), pp. 88–98, (2019).
18- Steven J McNeil and Honey Gupta, "Emerging applications of aerogels in textiles." Polymer Testing, Vol. 106p. 107426, (2022).
19- Ying Du and Hee-Eun Kim, "Research trends of the application of aerogel materials in clothing." Fashion and Textiles, Vol. 9 (No. 1), p. 23, (2022).
20- HPS Abdul Khalil et al., "Biopolymers based aerogels: A review on revolutionary solutions for smart therapeutics delivery." Progress in Materials Science, Vol. 131p. 101014, (2023).
21- Mohammad Oves, Mohd Ahmar Rauf, Mohinuddin Khan Warsi, Fohad Mabood Husain, Mohammad Omaish Ansari, and Iqbal MI Ismail, "Aerogels as microbial disinfectant." in Advances in Aerogel Composites for Environmental Remediation: Elsevier, (2021), pp. 201–15.
22- Wenxian Lian, Jie Zhang, Weixin Liu, Kun Liu, and Shaokun Tang, "Monolithic chitosan-silica composite aerogel with comprehensive performances prepared by SBG-FD method." Ceramics International, Vol. 49 (No. 13), pp. 21947–56, (2023).
23- Hajar Maleki and Nicola Huesing, "Silica-silk fibroin hybrid (bio) aerogels: two-step versus one-step hybridization." Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology, Vol. 98pp. 430–38, (2021).
24- Andrea Kuttor et al., "Preparation and application of highly porous aerogel-based bioactive materials in dentistry." Frontiers of Materials Science, Vol. 8pp. 46–52, (2014).
25- Sapna B Jadhav, Arwa Makki, Dina Hajjar, and Pradip B Sarawade, "Synthesis of light weight recron fiber-reinforced sodium silicate based silica aerogel blankets at an ambient pressure for thermal protection." Journal of Porous Materials, Vol. 29 (No. 4), pp. 957–69, (2022).
26- Ha-Yoon Nah et al., "Silylation of sodium silicate-based silica aerogel using trimethylethoxysilane as alternative surface modification agent." Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology, Vol. 87pp. 319–30, (2018).
27- Oznur Kaya Cakmak, Khalil T Hassan, Jiabin Wang, Xiao Han, and Lidija Šiller, "Synthesis of sodium silicate-based silica aerogels with graphene oxide by ambient pressure drying." Journal of Porous Materials, Vol. 28 (No. 5), pp. 1545–52, (2021).
28- Bartosz Babiarczuk et al., "Mechanical properties of silica aerogels controlled by synthesis parameters." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, Vol. 606p. 122171, (2023).
29- Seyed Saeed Mirzaee, Esmaeil Salahi, and Ali Khanlarkhani, "Modelling and optimisation of sodium silicate based silica aerogel synthesis using response surface methodology." Micro & Nano Letters, Vol. 13 (No. 6), pp. 853–56, (2018).
30- Qais M Al-Bataineh, Ahmad A Ahmad, AM Alsaad, and Ahmad D Telfah, "Optical characterizations of PMMA/metal oxide nanoparticles thin films: bandgap engineering using a novel derived model." Heliyon, Vol. 7 (No. 1), (2021).
31- Pablo Aguilar-Rodríguez, Sandra Zetina, Adrián Mejía-González, and Nuria Esturau-Escofet, "Microanalytical Characterization of an Innovative Modern Mural Painting Technique by SEM-EDS, NMR and Micro-ATR-FTIR among Others." Molecules, Vol. 28 (No. 2), p. 564, (2023).
32- Francisco Javier GAYTÁN-LARA, ZÁRRAGA–NUÑEZ Ramón, and Rosario GALINDO-GONZÁLEZ, "Synthesis and incorporation of ZnO/TiO2 in PMMA to study its thermal properties." Volume 7, Issue 12–January–June–2020, p. 17, (2020).
33- Leila Mohammadi Amirabad, Mohammadreza Tahriri, Payam Zarrintaj, Reza Ghaffari, and Lobat Tayebi, "Preparation and characterization of TiO2‐coated polymerization of methyl methacrylate (PMMA) for biomedical applications: In vitro study." Asia‐Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering, Vol. 17 (No. 3), p. e2761, (2022).
34- Fatoş Koç, Selay Sert Çok, Nilay Gizli, F Koc, S Sert Cok, and N Gizli, "Tuning the properties of silica aerogels through pH controlled sol-gel processes." Research on Engineering Structures and Materials, Vol. 6 (No. 3), pp. 257–69, (2020).
35- Debabrata Panda and Krunal M Gangawane, "Superhydrophobic hybrid silica-cellulose aerogel for enhanced thermal, acoustic, and oil absorption characteristics." Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 57 (No. 28), pp. 13385–402, (2022).
36- Gulcihan Guzel Kaya, Elif Yilmaz, and Huseyin Deveci, "Synthesis of sustainable silica xerogels/aerogels using inexpensive steel slag and bean pod ash: A comparison study." Advanced Powder Technology, Vol. 31 (No. 3), pp. 926–36, (2020).
37- Fa-Ai Zhang, Dong-Keun Lee, and Thomas J Pinnavaia, "PMMA–mesocellular foam silica nanocomposites prepared through batch emulsion polymerization and compression molding." Polymer, Vol. 50 (No. 20), pp. 4768–74, (2009).
38- Stéphane Cros, Alain Burr, André Dubault, and Jean Louis Halary, "Upgrading of the fracture properties of multi-layered PMMA-nanosilica materials by interface modification." Composite Interfaces, Vol. 14 (No. 2), pp. 85–98, (2007).
39- Sebastian Baloš, Branka Pilić, Djordje Petrović, Branislava Petronijević, and Ivan Šarčev, "Flexural strength and modulus of autopolimerized poly (methyl methacrylate) with nanosilica." Vojnosanitetski pregled, Vol. 75 (No. 6), (2018).
40- D Stojanovic, A Orlovic, S Markovic, V Radmilovic, Petar S Uskokovic, and R Aleksic, "Nanosilica/PMMA composites obtained by the modification of silica nanoparticles in a supercritical carbon dioxide–ethanol mixture." Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 44 (No. 23), pp. 6223–32, (2009).
41- Hafsa Naznin, Abul K Mallik, Khandker S Hossain, MD Shahruzzaman, Papia Haque, and Mohammed Mizanur Rahman, "Enhancement of thermal and mechanical properties of PMMA composites by incorporating mesoporous micro-silica and GO." Results in Materials, Vol. 11p. 100203, (2021).
42- Hakki Cenker Kucukesmen and Mehmet Fahri Sarac, "Preparation and characterization of fumed silica added PMMA denture base materials." International Journal of Polymer Analysis and Characterization, pp. 1–10, (2024).
43- Sihama I Salih, Jawad K Oleiwi, and Qahtan A Hamad, "Studying the tensile properties and morphology test for the self cured PMMA resin of prosthetic complete denture." The Iraqi Journal For Mechanical And Material Engineering, Special Vol., Part II, pp. 508–22, (2015).
2- Harini Sosiati, Arif Muhammad Rizky, Aldi Lukman Maulana Latief, Rahmad Kuncoro Adi, and Sinin Hamdan, "The mechanical and physical properties of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC)/sisal/PMMA hybrid composites for dental applications." Materials Research Express, Vol. 10 (No. 3), p. 035301, (2023).
3- Ilaria Roato et al., "mechanical and biological characterization of PMMA/Al2O3 composites for dental implant abutments." Polymers, Vol. 15 (No. 15), p. 3186, (2023).
4- Bo Cao, Peng Wu, Wenxiang Zhang, Shumei Liu, and Jianqing Zhao, "The Fabrication of High-Hardness and Transparent PMMA-Based Composites by an Interface Engineering Strategy." Molecules, Vol. 28 (No. 1), p. 304, (2022).
5- Moe Kubota et al., "Setting behaviour, mechanical properties and heat generation under alternate current magnetic fields of Fe3O4/TiO2/PMMA composite bone cement." Medical Devices & Sensors, Vol. 3 (No. 6), p. e10114, (2020).
6- Rajan Choudhary, Senthil Kumar Venkatraman, Inna Bulygina, Fedor Senatov, Sergey Kaloshkin, and Sasikumar Swamiappan, "Designing of porous PMMA/diopside bone cement for non-load bearing applications." Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies, Vol. 8 (No. 3), pp. 862–72, (2020).
7- Ban Ali Sabri, Meenaloshini Satgunam, NM Abreeza, and Abdulrahman N. Abed, "A review on enhancements of PMMA denture base material with different nano-fillers." Cogent Engineering, Vol. 8 (No. 1), p. 1875968, (2021).
8- Mohamed Ashour Ahmed, M El-Shennawy, Yousef M Althomali, and Adel A Omar, "Effect of titanium dioxide nano particles incorporation on mechanical and physical properties on two different types of acrylic resin denture base." World Journal of Nano Science and Engineering, Vol. 6 (No. 3), pp. 111–19, (2016).
9- Touraj Nejatian, Neil Nathwani, Louise Taylor, and Farshid Sefat, "Denture base composites: Effect of surface modified nano-and micro-particulates on mechanical properties of polymethyl methacrylate." Materials, Vol. 13 (No. 2), p. 307, (2020).
10- Pornpot Jiangkongkho, Mansuang Arksornnukit, and Hidekazu Takahashi, "The synthesis, modification, and application of nanosilica in polymethyl methacrylate denture base." Dental materials journal, Vol. 37 (No. 4), pp. 582–91, (2018).
11- Maneerat Songpanit et al., "Self-cleaning SiO2/TiO2/PMMA nanocomposite films fabricated by spin coating technique: Effect of different spin speed and film layers." Journal of Materials Science and Applied Energy, Vol. 12 (No. 3), pp. 252043–43, (2023).
12- Manal A Awad, Awatif A Hendi, Khalid MO Ortashi, Amnah B Alanazi, Batool A ALZahrani, and Dina A Soliman, "Greener Synthesis, Characterization, and Antimicrobiological Effects of Helba Silver Nanoparticle‐PMMA Nanocomposite." International Journal of Polymer Science, Vol. 2019 (No. 1), p. 4379507, (2019).
13- Sonali B Jadhavar, Rajaram S Sutar, Sanjay S Latthe, and RS Vhatkar, "Preparation of superhydrophobic coating using silica–pmma nanocomposite." in Macromolecular Symposia, (2020), Vol. 393 (No. 1): Wiley Online Library, p. 2000161.
14- Mi Tian et al., "Nanoporous polymer-based composites for enhanced hydrogen storage." Adsorption, Vol. 25pp. 889–901, (2019).
15- Pinar Cay-Durgun and Mary Laura Lind, "Nanoporous materials in polymeric membranes for desalination." Current opinion in chemical engineering, Vol. 20pp. 19–27, (2018).
16- Saeed Salimian, Ali Zadhoush, and Zahra Talebi, "Interpenetrating organic–inorganic network: A short review on aerogel as a nanoporous filler in epoxy nanocomposite." Material Design & Processing Communications, Vol. 1 (No. 6), p. e107, (2019).
17- Jinlong Tan et al., "Influence of the Addition of Nano-porous Graphite/Parafffin Additive on the Wear Properties of Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin Composites." Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part B, Vol. 58 (No. 1), pp. 88–98, (2019).
18- Steven J McNeil and Honey Gupta, "Emerging applications of aerogels in textiles." Polymer Testing, Vol. 106p. 107426, (2022).
19- Ying Du and Hee-Eun Kim, "Research trends of the application of aerogel materials in clothing." Fashion and Textiles, Vol. 9 (No. 1), p. 23, (2022).
20- HPS Abdul Khalil et al., "Biopolymers based aerogels: A review on revolutionary solutions for smart therapeutics delivery." Progress in Materials Science, Vol. 131p. 101014, (2023).
21- Mohammad Oves, Mohd Ahmar Rauf, Mohinuddin Khan Warsi, Fohad Mabood Husain, Mohammad Omaish Ansari, and Iqbal MI Ismail, "Aerogels as microbial disinfectant." in Advances in Aerogel Composites for Environmental Remediation: Elsevier, (2021), pp. 201–15.
22- Wenxian Lian, Jie Zhang, Weixin Liu, Kun Liu, and Shaokun Tang, "Monolithic chitosan-silica composite aerogel with comprehensive performances prepared by SBG-FD method." Ceramics International, Vol. 49 (No. 13), pp. 21947–56, (2023).
23- Hajar Maleki and Nicola Huesing, "Silica-silk fibroin hybrid (bio) aerogels: two-step versus one-step hybridization." Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology, Vol. 98pp. 430–38, (2021).
24- Andrea Kuttor et al., "Preparation and application of highly porous aerogel-based bioactive materials in dentistry." Frontiers of Materials Science, Vol. 8pp. 46–52, (2014).
25- Sapna B Jadhav, Arwa Makki, Dina Hajjar, and Pradip B Sarawade, "Synthesis of light weight recron fiber-reinforced sodium silicate based silica aerogel blankets at an ambient pressure for thermal protection." Journal of Porous Materials, Vol. 29 (No. 4), pp. 957–69, (2022).
26- Ha-Yoon Nah et al., "Silylation of sodium silicate-based silica aerogel using trimethylethoxysilane as alternative surface modification agent." Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology, Vol. 87pp. 319–30, (2018).
27- Oznur Kaya Cakmak, Khalil T Hassan, Jiabin Wang, Xiao Han, and Lidija Šiller, "Synthesis of sodium silicate-based silica aerogels with graphene oxide by ambient pressure drying." Journal of Porous Materials, Vol. 28 (No. 5), pp. 1545–52, (2021).
28- Bartosz Babiarczuk et al., "Mechanical properties of silica aerogels controlled by synthesis parameters." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, Vol. 606p. 122171, (2023).
29- Seyed Saeed Mirzaee, Esmaeil Salahi, and Ali Khanlarkhani, "Modelling and optimisation of sodium silicate based silica aerogel synthesis using response surface methodology." Micro & Nano Letters, Vol. 13 (No. 6), pp. 853–56, (2018).
30- Qais M Al-Bataineh, Ahmad A Ahmad, AM Alsaad, and Ahmad D Telfah, "Optical characterizations of PMMA/metal oxide nanoparticles thin films: bandgap engineering using a novel derived model." Heliyon, Vol. 7 (No. 1), (2021).
31- Pablo Aguilar-Rodríguez, Sandra Zetina, Adrián Mejía-González, and Nuria Esturau-Escofet, "Microanalytical Characterization of an Innovative Modern Mural Painting Technique by SEM-EDS, NMR and Micro-ATR-FTIR among Others." Molecules, Vol. 28 (No. 2), p. 564, (2023).
32- Francisco Javier GAYTÁN-LARA, ZÁRRAGA–NUÑEZ Ramón, and Rosario GALINDO-GONZÁLEZ, "Synthesis and incorporation of ZnO/TiO2 in PMMA to study its thermal properties." Volume 7, Issue 12–January–June–2020, p. 17, (2020).
33- Leila Mohammadi Amirabad, Mohammadreza Tahriri, Payam Zarrintaj, Reza Ghaffari, and Lobat Tayebi, "Preparation and characterization of TiO2‐coated polymerization of methyl methacrylate (PMMA) for biomedical applications: In vitro study." Asia‐Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering, Vol. 17 (No. 3), p. e2761, (2022).
34- Fatoş Koç, Selay Sert Çok, Nilay Gizli, F Koc, S Sert Cok, and N Gizli, "Tuning the properties of silica aerogels through pH controlled sol-gel processes." Research on Engineering Structures and Materials, Vol. 6 (No. 3), pp. 257–69, (2020).
35- Debabrata Panda and Krunal M Gangawane, "Superhydrophobic hybrid silica-cellulose aerogel for enhanced thermal, acoustic, and oil absorption characteristics." Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 57 (No. 28), pp. 13385–402, (2022).
36- Gulcihan Guzel Kaya, Elif Yilmaz, and Huseyin Deveci, "Synthesis of sustainable silica xerogels/aerogels using inexpensive steel slag and bean pod ash: A comparison study." Advanced Powder Technology, Vol. 31 (No. 3), pp. 926–36, (2020).
37- Fa-Ai Zhang, Dong-Keun Lee, and Thomas J Pinnavaia, "PMMA–mesocellular foam silica nanocomposites prepared through batch emulsion polymerization and compression molding." Polymer, Vol. 50 (No. 20), pp. 4768–74, (2009).
38- Stéphane Cros, Alain Burr, André Dubault, and Jean Louis Halary, "Upgrading of the fracture properties of multi-layered PMMA-nanosilica materials by interface modification." Composite Interfaces, Vol. 14 (No. 2), pp. 85–98, (2007).
39- Sebastian Baloš, Branka Pilić, Djordje Petrović, Branislava Petronijević, and Ivan Šarčev, "Flexural strength and modulus of autopolimerized poly (methyl methacrylate) with nanosilica." Vojnosanitetski pregled, Vol. 75 (No. 6), (2018).
40- D Stojanovic, A Orlovic, S Markovic, V Radmilovic, Petar S Uskokovic, and R Aleksic, "Nanosilica/PMMA composites obtained by the modification of silica nanoparticles in a supercritical carbon dioxide–ethanol mixture." Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 44 (No. 23), pp. 6223–32, (2009).
41- Hafsa Naznin, Abul K Mallik, Khandker S Hossain, MD Shahruzzaman, Papia Haque, and Mohammed Mizanur Rahman, "Enhancement of thermal and mechanical properties of PMMA composites by incorporating mesoporous micro-silica and GO." Results in Materials, Vol. 11p. 100203, (2021).
42- Hakki Cenker Kucukesmen and Mehmet Fahri Sarac, "Preparation and characterization of fumed silica added PMMA denture base materials." International Journal of Polymer Analysis and Characterization, pp. 1–10, (2024).
43- Sihama I Salih, Jawad K Oleiwi, and Qahtan A Hamad, "Studying the tensile properties and morphology test for the self cured PMMA resin of prosthetic complete denture." The Iraqi Journal For Mechanical And Material Engineering, Special Vol., Part II, pp. 508–22, (2015).
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 13 No 3 (2026) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/fbt.v13i3.22744 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Denture Bases Silica Aerogel Polymethyl Methacrylate Nano-composites Biomedical | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Sadeghi S, Abolghasemi Mahani A, Safari S. Synthesis and characterization of reinforced PMMA by sol-gel derived functionalized nano-porous silica via in-situ heat polymerization method for denture applications. Frontiers Biomed Technol. 2026;13(3):720-732.
