Measurement of Radiation Exposure to Caregivers of Patients with Thyroid Diseases Treated with Iodine-131: A Review
-
Ali Abdulhasan Kadhim
,
Peyman Sheikhzadeh
,
Saeed Farzanefar
,
Shima Yavari
,
Majdi Mousa Jber
,
Mohammad Reza Ay
Abstract
This review paper aimed to examine radiation safety issues related to relatives as well as caregivers of patients with thyroid diseases treated with radioiodine (I-131). During I-131 therapy for thyroid disorders such as hyperthyroidism, patients receiving I-131 doses (200-800 MBq) emit radioactive radiations which pose a prospective risk to other people. Critical groups are patients’ visitors and families, especially children. Following the updated international guidelines, the doses received by members of the public as a proportion of the therapy of a patient have been decreased. The public annual dose limits are 1 mSv, although higher doses are permitted for adults in the patient’s family, provided that the maximum 5 mSv is not surpassed for 5 years. Without compliance with the current recommendations, extended hospitalizations for patients are essential. Family members should therefore limit close interactions with an individual for some duration following thyroid therapy with I-131.
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3- National Cancer Institute calculator for thyroid cancer risk as a result of I-131 intake after nuclear testing before 1971 in Nevada. Ntsi131.nci.nih.gov.
4- Guiraud-Vitaux F, Elbast M, Colas-Linhart N, Hindie E. Thyroid cancer after Chernobyl: is iodine 131 the only culprit? Impact on clinical practice. Bulletin du cancer, vol. 95, no. 2, pp. 191-5, 2008.
5- Davis S, Kopecky KJ, Hamilton TE. Hanford thyroid disease study; final report. 2002.
6- Alexander EK, Larsen PR. High dose 131I therapy for the treatment of hyperthyroidism caused by Graves’ disease. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 87, no. 3, pp. 1073-7, 2002.
7- Werner SC, Ingbar SH, Braverman LE, Utiger RD, editors. Werner & Ingbar's the Thyroid: A Fundamental and Clinical Text. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005.
8- Sisson JC. Applying the radioactive eraser: I-131 to ablate normal thyroid tissue in patients from whom thyroid cancer has been resected. Journal of nuclear medicine, vol. 24, no. 8, pp. 743-5, 1983.
9- Schlumberger MJ. Papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma. N Engl J Med, vol 338, pp. 297–306, 1998.
10- Harbert JC. Radioiodine therapy of differentiated thyroid carcinoma. In: Harbert JC, Eckelman WC, Neumann RD, eds. Nuclear Medicine: Diagnosis and Therapy. New York, NY: Thieme Medical, pp. 975–1020. 1996.
11- Maxon HR, Smith HS. Radioiodine-131 in the diagnosis and treatment of metastatic ell differentiated thyroid cancer. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am, vol. 19 pp. 685–719, 1990.
12- Hermus AR, Huysmans DA. Treatment of benign nodular thyroid disease. N Engl J Med, vol. 338, pp. 1438–1447, 1998.
13- De Klerk JMH, van Isselt JW, van Dijk A, et al. Iodine-131 therapy in sporadic non-toxic goiter. J Nucl Med. vol. 38, pp. 372–376, 1997.
14- Harbert JC. Radioiodine therapy of hyperthyroidism. In: Harbert JC, Eckelman WC, Neumann RD, eds. Nuclear Medicine: Diagnosis and Therapy. New York, NY: Thieme Medical. vol. 951–973, 1996.
15- International Atomic Energy Agency. International Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against Ionizing Radiation and for the Safety of Radiation Sources. Safety Series No.115.Vienna: IAEA; 1996.
16- Equopean Commission. Radiation protection following iodine-131 therapy (exposures due to out-patients or discharged in-patients). Directorate General Environment Nuclear Safety and Civil Protection. 1998.
17- International Commission On Radiological Protection, Recommendations of the ICRP, Publication 103, Elsevier, Oxford. 2008.
18- International Commission On Radiological Protection, Release of Patients After Radionuclide Therapy with Unsealed Radionuclides, Publication 94, Elsevier, Oxford. 2004.
19- International Atomic Energy Agency, Safety Report Series No. 63. Release of Patients after radionuclide Therapy with contribution from the ICRP, Vienna, IAEA. 2009.
20- Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Release of Patients Administered Radioactive Materials, Regulatory Guide No. 8.39, US Govt Printing Office, Washington, DC. 1997.
21- Cappelen T, Unhjem JF, Amundsen AL, Kravdal G, Følling I. Radiation exposure to family members of patients with thyrotoxicosis treated with iodine-131. European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 81-6, 2006.
22- Mulazimoglu M, Edis N, Tamam MO, Uyanik E, Ozpacaci T. The evaluation of the external dose measurement of the patients treated with radioiodine therapy. Radiation protection dosimetry, vol 141, no. 3 pp. 233-8, 2010.
23- D’Alessio D, Giliberti C, Benassi M, Strigari L. Potential third-party radiation exposure from patients undergoing therapy with 131I for thyroid cancer or metastases. Health physics, vol. 108, no. 3, pp. 319-25, 2015.
24- Barrington SF, Anderson P, Kettle AG, Gadd R, Thomson WH, Batchelor S, Mountford PJ, Harding LK, O’Doherty MJ. Measurement of the internal dose to families of outpatients treated with 131 I for hyperthyroidism. European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging, vol. 35, no. 11, pp. 2097-104, 2008.
25- Kazzi Z, Buzzell J, Bertelli L, Christensen D. Emergency department management of patients internally contaminated with radioactive material. Emergency Medicine Clinics, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 179-96, 2015.
26- Directive EC, Commun OJ. Health protection of individuals against the dangers of ionising radiation in relation to medical exposure. EU Directivem, vol. 43, 1997.
27- Salman K, Wagieh S, Bakhsh A, Al-Monshy T, Talaat O, Al-Malki M, Al-Ezzi M, Fouda A, Hamid G. Measurement of cumulative radiation exposure to children and adolescents in contact with outpatients treated with low dose radioactive iodine (131 I). Journal of the Egyptian National Cancer Institute, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 2, 2020.
28- Fucic A, Brunborg G, Lasan R, Jezek D, Knudsen LE, Merlo DF. Genomic damage in children accidentally exposed to ionizing radiation: a review of the literature. Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research, vol. 658, no. 1-2, pp. 111-23, 2008.
29- Panzegrau B, Gordon L, Goudy GH. Outpatient therapeutic 131I for thyroid cancer. Journal of nuclear medicine technology, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 28-30, 2005.
30- Kwon TE, Park M, Kang JK, Cho M, Jang S, Kim KM, Ha WH, Jin YW. Internal Dose Assessment after 131I-Iodide Misadministration in a Patient With Incompletely Blocked Thyroid Uptake: Personalized Internal Dose Assessment by Estimating Individual-Specific Biokinetics. Health physics, vol. 116, no. 6, pp. 760-70, 2019.
31- Memon SA, Laghari NA, Qureshi ST, Ahmad F, Masood A, Iqbal S. Exposure rate patterns in 131I therapy inpatients at NIMRA Jamshoro: an 8-year study. P JNM, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 29, 2013.
32- IAEA. Application of the concepts of exclusion, exemption and clearance. Safety Standards Series No. RS-G-1.7. 2004.
33- Barrington SF, O’Doherty MJ, Kettle AG, Thomson WH, Mountford PJ, Burrell DN, Farrell RJ, Batchelor S, Seed P, Harding LK. Radiation exposure of the families of outpatients treated with radioiodine (iodine-131) for hyperthyroidism. European journal of nuclear medicine, vol. 26, no. 7, pp. 686-92, 1999.
34- Yeyin N, Abuqbeitah M, Çavdar İ, Sönmezoğlu K, Demİr M. The Evaluation of Dose Rate Measurements and Patients Discharge In Radionuclide Therapy. İstanbul Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 80, no. 1, pp. 1-6, 2017.
35- Mountford PJ, O'Doherty MJ. Restrictions following iodine-131 treatment a time for change or more data required? European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, vol. 21, no. 9, pp. 903-5, 1994.
36- Culver CM, Dworkin HJ. Radiation safety considerations for post-iodine-131 hyperthyroid therapy. Journal of nuclear medicine: official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 169-73, 1991.
37- O'Doherty MJ, Kettle AG, Eustance CN, Mountford PJ, Coakley AJ. Radiation dose rates from adult patients receiving 131I therapy for thyrotoxicosis. Nuclear medicine communications, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 160-8, 1993.
38- Demir M, Kabasakal L, Onsel C. Evaluation of external radiation exposure rate from radioiodine-treated hyperthyroid patients and radiation safety considerations. Nuclear medicine communications, vol. 17, no. 8, pp. 692-5, 1996.
39- Liu B, Peng W, Huang R, Tian R, Zeng Y, Kuang A. Thyroid cancer: radiation safety precautions in 131I therapy based on actual biokinetic measurements. Radiology, vol. 273, no. 1, pp. 211-9, 2014.
40- Demir M, Abuqbeitah M, Uslu-Beşli L, Yıldırım Ö, Yeyin N, Çavdar İ, Vatankulu B, Gündüz H, Kabasakal L. Evaluation of radiation safety in 177Lu-PSMA therapy and development of outpatient treatment protocol. Journal of Radiological Protection, vol. 36, no 2, pp. 269, 2016.
41- Tabei F, Neshandar Asli I, Azizmohammadi Z, Javadi H, Assadi M. Assessment of radioiodine clearance in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. Radiation protection dosimetry, vol. 152, no. 4, pp. 323-7, 2012.
42- Liu B, Peng W, Huang R, Tian R, Zeng Y, Kuang A. Thyroid cancer: radiation safety precautions in 131I therapy based on actual biokinetic measurements. Radiology, vol. 273, no. 1, pp. 211-9, 2014.
43- Pant GS, Sharma SK, Bal CS, Kumar R, Rath GK. Radiation dose to family members of hyperthyroidism and thyroid cancer patients treated with 131I. Radiat Protect Dosim, vol. 118, pp. 22-27, 2006.
44- Carvalho J, Sapienza M, Ono C, Watanabe T, Guimaraes M, Gutterres R. Could the treatment of differentiated thyroid carcinoma with 3.7 and 5.55 GBq of (131I) NaI, on an outpatient basis, be safe? Nucl Med Commun, vol. 30, pp. 533-541, 2009.
45- Tonnonchiang S, Sritongkul N, Chaudakshetrin P, Tuntawiroon M. Radiation Exposure to Relatives of Patients Treated with Iodine-131 for Thyroid Cancer at Siriraj Hospital. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand=Chotmaihet thangphaet, vol 99, no. 2, pp. 220, 2016.
46- Jeong KH, Jung JW, Kim CB, Ahn BC, Lee HK, Yoo SJ, Day O, Lee JK. Estimation of external radiation dose to caregivers of patients treated with radioiodine after thyroidectomy. Health physics, vol. 106, no. 4, pp. 466, 2014.
47- Lee HK, Hong SJ, Jeong KH, Jung JW, Kim SM, Kang YH, Han MS. An engagement factor for caregiver radiation dose assessment with radioiodine treatment. Radiation protection dosimetry, vol. 163, no. 4, pp. 499-508, 2015.
48- Ebrahimi M, Kardan MR, Changizi V, Pooya SM, Geramifar P. Prediction of dose to the relatives of patients treated with radioiodine-131 using neural networks. Journal of Radiological Protection, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 422, 2018.
49- Commission, U.N.R., Release of patients administered radioactive materials. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1997.
50- Leslie WD, Havelock J, Palser R, Abrams DN. Large-body radiation doses following radioiodine therapy. Nuclear medicine communications, vol 23, no. 11, pp. 1091-7, 2002.
51- Ebrahimi M, Changizi V, Kardan MR, Pooya SM, Geramifar P. Experimental and analytical dose assessment of patient’s family members treated with I-131. Physica Medica, vol. 3, no. 32, pp. 292, 2016.
52- Siegel JA, Kroll S, Regan D, Kaminski MS, Wahl RL. A practical methodology for patient release after tositumomab and 131I-tositumomab therapy. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol 43, no. 3, pp. 354-63, 2002.
53- Nantajit D, Saengsuda S, NaNakorn P, Saengsuda Y. High-dose radioiodine outpatient treatment: An initial experience in Thailand. Asia Oceania Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Biology, vol. 3, no.1, pp. 66, 2015.
54- Salman KH, Wagih S, Munshi T, Almalki M, Zatari S, Zahid KH, El-Morsy S, Abd-Al Moety D, Al-Ezzi M. Measurement of radiation exposure to household contacts of patients with Graves’ disease treated with low dose radioactive iodine (131I) on outpatient basis. The Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 1125-30, 2018.
55- Kuo SF, Ho TY, Liou MJ, Lin KJ, Cheng RC, Chan SC, Huang BY, Ng SC, Liu FH, Chang HY, Hsieh SH. Higher body weight and distant metastasis are associated with higher radiation exposure to the household environment from patients with thyroid cancer after radioactive iodine therapy. Medicine, vol. 96, no. 35, e7942, 2017.
56- Martin R, Silva F, Colon AM, Román D, González B. Evaluation of household radiation exposure and safety after ambulatory radioiodine ablation therapy. Journal of thyroid cancer, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 35, 2016.
57- Al-Maskery I, Bererhi H. Radiation exposure levels in family members of Omani patients with thyrotoxicosis treated with radioiodine (131I) as outpatients. Sultan Qaboos University medical journal, vol. 9, no 2, pp. 148, 2009.
58- Stefanoyiannis, AP. Radiation exposure to caregivers from patients undergoing common radionuclide therapies: a review. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, vol. 167, no 4, pp. 542-551, 2015.
59- Sisson TA, Freitas J, McDougall IR, Dauer LT, Hurley JR, Brierley JD, Edinboro CH, Rosenthal D, Thomas MJ, Wexler JA, Asamoah E. Radiation safety in the treatment of patients with thyroid diseases by radioiodine I-131: practice recommendations of the American Thyroid Association. Thyroid, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 335-346, 2011.
60- Rutar FJ, Augustine SC, Colcher D, Siegel JA, Jacobson DA, Tempero MA, Dukat VJ, Hohenstein MA, Gobar LS, Vose JM. Outpatient treatment with I-131-anti-B1 antibody: radiation exposure to family members. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 907-915, 2001.
2- Simon SL, Bouville A, Land CE. Fallout from nuclear weapons tests and cancer risks: exposures 50 years ago still have health implications today that will continue into the future. American Scientist, vol. 94, no. 1, pp. 48-57, 2006.
3- National Cancer Institute calculator for thyroid cancer risk as a result of I-131 intake after nuclear testing before 1971 in Nevada. Ntsi131.nci.nih.gov.
4- Guiraud-Vitaux F, Elbast M, Colas-Linhart N, Hindie E. Thyroid cancer after Chernobyl: is iodine 131 the only culprit? Impact on clinical practice. Bulletin du cancer, vol. 95, no. 2, pp. 191-5, 2008.
5- Davis S, Kopecky KJ, Hamilton TE. Hanford thyroid disease study; final report. 2002.
6- Alexander EK, Larsen PR. High dose 131I therapy for the treatment of hyperthyroidism caused by Graves’ disease. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 87, no. 3, pp. 1073-7, 2002.
7- Werner SC, Ingbar SH, Braverman LE, Utiger RD, editors. Werner & Ingbar's the Thyroid: A Fundamental and Clinical Text. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005.
8- Sisson JC. Applying the radioactive eraser: I-131 to ablate normal thyroid tissue in patients from whom thyroid cancer has been resected. Journal of nuclear medicine, vol. 24, no. 8, pp. 743-5, 1983.
9- Schlumberger MJ. Papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma. N Engl J Med, vol 338, pp. 297–306, 1998.
10- Harbert JC. Radioiodine therapy of differentiated thyroid carcinoma. In: Harbert JC, Eckelman WC, Neumann RD, eds. Nuclear Medicine: Diagnosis and Therapy. New York, NY: Thieme Medical, pp. 975–1020. 1996.
11- Maxon HR, Smith HS. Radioiodine-131 in the diagnosis and treatment of metastatic ell differentiated thyroid cancer. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am, vol. 19 pp. 685–719, 1990.
12- Hermus AR, Huysmans DA. Treatment of benign nodular thyroid disease. N Engl J Med, vol. 338, pp. 1438–1447, 1998.
13- De Klerk JMH, van Isselt JW, van Dijk A, et al. Iodine-131 therapy in sporadic non-toxic goiter. J Nucl Med. vol. 38, pp. 372–376, 1997.
14- Harbert JC. Radioiodine therapy of hyperthyroidism. In: Harbert JC, Eckelman WC, Neumann RD, eds. Nuclear Medicine: Diagnosis and Therapy. New York, NY: Thieme Medical. vol. 951–973, 1996.
15- International Atomic Energy Agency. International Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against Ionizing Radiation and for the Safety of Radiation Sources. Safety Series No.115.Vienna: IAEA; 1996.
16- Equopean Commission. Radiation protection following iodine-131 therapy (exposures due to out-patients or discharged in-patients). Directorate General Environment Nuclear Safety and Civil Protection. 1998.
17- International Commission On Radiological Protection, Recommendations of the ICRP, Publication 103, Elsevier, Oxford. 2008.
18- International Commission On Radiological Protection, Release of Patients After Radionuclide Therapy with Unsealed Radionuclides, Publication 94, Elsevier, Oxford. 2004.
19- International Atomic Energy Agency, Safety Report Series No. 63. Release of Patients after radionuclide Therapy with contribution from the ICRP, Vienna, IAEA. 2009.
20- Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Release of Patients Administered Radioactive Materials, Regulatory Guide No. 8.39, US Govt Printing Office, Washington, DC. 1997.
21- Cappelen T, Unhjem JF, Amundsen AL, Kravdal G, Følling I. Radiation exposure to family members of patients with thyrotoxicosis treated with iodine-131. European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 81-6, 2006.
22- Mulazimoglu M, Edis N, Tamam MO, Uyanik E, Ozpacaci T. The evaluation of the external dose measurement of the patients treated with radioiodine therapy. Radiation protection dosimetry, vol 141, no. 3 pp. 233-8, 2010.
23- D’Alessio D, Giliberti C, Benassi M, Strigari L. Potential third-party radiation exposure from patients undergoing therapy with 131I for thyroid cancer or metastases. Health physics, vol. 108, no. 3, pp. 319-25, 2015.
24- Barrington SF, Anderson P, Kettle AG, Gadd R, Thomson WH, Batchelor S, Mountford PJ, Harding LK, O’Doherty MJ. Measurement of the internal dose to families of outpatients treated with 131 I for hyperthyroidism. European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging, vol. 35, no. 11, pp. 2097-104, 2008.
25- Kazzi Z, Buzzell J, Bertelli L, Christensen D. Emergency department management of patients internally contaminated with radioactive material. Emergency Medicine Clinics, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 179-96, 2015.
26- Directive EC, Commun OJ. Health protection of individuals against the dangers of ionising radiation in relation to medical exposure. EU Directivem, vol. 43, 1997.
27- Salman K, Wagieh S, Bakhsh A, Al-Monshy T, Talaat O, Al-Malki M, Al-Ezzi M, Fouda A, Hamid G. Measurement of cumulative radiation exposure to children and adolescents in contact with outpatients treated with low dose radioactive iodine (131 I). Journal of the Egyptian National Cancer Institute, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 2, 2020.
28- Fucic A, Brunborg G, Lasan R, Jezek D, Knudsen LE, Merlo DF. Genomic damage in children accidentally exposed to ionizing radiation: a review of the literature. Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research, vol. 658, no. 1-2, pp. 111-23, 2008.
29- Panzegrau B, Gordon L, Goudy GH. Outpatient therapeutic 131I for thyroid cancer. Journal of nuclear medicine technology, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 28-30, 2005.
30- Kwon TE, Park M, Kang JK, Cho M, Jang S, Kim KM, Ha WH, Jin YW. Internal Dose Assessment after 131I-Iodide Misadministration in a Patient With Incompletely Blocked Thyroid Uptake: Personalized Internal Dose Assessment by Estimating Individual-Specific Biokinetics. Health physics, vol. 116, no. 6, pp. 760-70, 2019.
31- Memon SA, Laghari NA, Qureshi ST, Ahmad F, Masood A, Iqbal S. Exposure rate patterns in 131I therapy inpatients at NIMRA Jamshoro: an 8-year study. P JNM, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 29, 2013.
32- IAEA. Application of the concepts of exclusion, exemption and clearance. Safety Standards Series No. RS-G-1.7. 2004.
33- Barrington SF, O’Doherty MJ, Kettle AG, Thomson WH, Mountford PJ, Burrell DN, Farrell RJ, Batchelor S, Seed P, Harding LK. Radiation exposure of the families of outpatients treated with radioiodine (iodine-131) for hyperthyroidism. European journal of nuclear medicine, vol. 26, no. 7, pp. 686-92, 1999.
34- Yeyin N, Abuqbeitah M, Çavdar İ, Sönmezoğlu K, Demİr M. The Evaluation of Dose Rate Measurements and Patients Discharge In Radionuclide Therapy. İstanbul Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 80, no. 1, pp. 1-6, 2017.
35- Mountford PJ, O'Doherty MJ. Restrictions following iodine-131 treatment a time for change or more data required? European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, vol. 21, no. 9, pp. 903-5, 1994.
36- Culver CM, Dworkin HJ. Radiation safety considerations for post-iodine-131 hyperthyroid therapy. Journal of nuclear medicine: official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 169-73, 1991.
37- O'Doherty MJ, Kettle AG, Eustance CN, Mountford PJ, Coakley AJ. Radiation dose rates from adult patients receiving 131I therapy for thyrotoxicosis. Nuclear medicine communications, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 160-8, 1993.
38- Demir M, Kabasakal L, Onsel C. Evaluation of external radiation exposure rate from radioiodine-treated hyperthyroid patients and radiation safety considerations. Nuclear medicine communications, vol. 17, no. 8, pp. 692-5, 1996.
39- Liu B, Peng W, Huang R, Tian R, Zeng Y, Kuang A. Thyroid cancer: radiation safety precautions in 131I therapy based on actual biokinetic measurements. Radiology, vol. 273, no. 1, pp. 211-9, 2014.
40- Demir M, Abuqbeitah M, Uslu-Beşli L, Yıldırım Ö, Yeyin N, Çavdar İ, Vatankulu B, Gündüz H, Kabasakal L. Evaluation of radiation safety in 177Lu-PSMA therapy and development of outpatient treatment protocol. Journal of Radiological Protection, vol. 36, no 2, pp. 269, 2016.
41- Tabei F, Neshandar Asli I, Azizmohammadi Z, Javadi H, Assadi M. Assessment of radioiodine clearance in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. Radiation protection dosimetry, vol. 152, no. 4, pp. 323-7, 2012.
42- Liu B, Peng W, Huang R, Tian R, Zeng Y, Kuang A. Thyroid cancer: radiation safety precautions in 131I therapy based on actual biokinetic measurements. Radiology, vol. 273, no. 1, pp. 211-9, 2014.
43- Pant GS, Sharma SK, Bal CS, Kumar R, Rath GK. Radiation dose to family members of hyperthyroidism and thyroid cancer patients treated with 131I. Radiat Protect Dosim, vol. 118, pp. 22-27, 2006.
44- Carvalho J, Sapienza M, Ono C, Watanabe T, Guimaraes M, Gutterres R. Could the treatment of differentiated thyroid carcinoma with 3.7 and 5.55 GBq of (131I) NaI, on an outpatient basis, be safe? Nucl Med Commun, vol. 30, pp. 533-541, 2009.
45- Tonnonchiang S, Sritongkul N, Chaudakshetrin P, Tuntawiroon M. Radiation Exposure to Relatives of Patients Treated with Iodine-131 for Thyroid Cancer at Siriraj Hospital. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand=Chotmaihet thangphaet, vol 99, no. 2, pp. 220, 2016.
46- Jeong KH, Jung JW, Kim CB, Ahn BC, Lee HK, Yoo SJ, Day O, Lee JK. Estimation of external radiation dose to caregivers of patients treated with radioiodine after thyroidectomy. Health physics, vol. 106, no. 4, pp. 466, 2014.
47- Lee HK, Hong SJ, Jeong KH, Jung JW, Kim SM, Kang YH, Han MS. An engagement factor for caregiver radiation dose assessment with radioiodine treatment. Radiation protection dosimetry, vol. 163, no. 4, pp. 499-508, 2015.
48- Ebrahimi M, Kardan MR, Changizi V, Pooya SM, Geramifar P. Prediction of dose to the relatives of patients treated with radioiodine-131 using neural networks. Journal of Radiological Protection, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 422, 2018.
49- Commission, U.N.R., Release of patients administered radioactive materials. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1997.
50- Leslie WD, Havelock J, Palser R, Abrams DN. Large-body radiation doses following radioiodine therapy. Nuclear medicine communications, vol 23, no. 11, pp. 1091-7, 2002.
51- Ebrahimi M, Changizi V, Kardan MR, Pooya SM, Geramifar P. Experimental and analytical dose assessment of patient’s family members treated with I-131. Physica Medica, vol. 3, no. 32, pp. 292, 2016.
52- Siegel JA, Kroll S, Regan D, Kaminski MS, Wahl RL. A practical methodology for patient release after tositumomab and 131I-tositumomab therapy. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol 43, no. 3, pp. 354-63, 2002.
53- Nantajit D, Saengsuda S, NaNakorn P, Saengsuda Y. High-dose radioiodine outpatient treatment: An initial experience in Thailand. Asia Oceania Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Biology, vol. 3, no.1, pp. 66, 2015.
54- Salman KH, Wagih S, Munshi T, Almalki M, Zatari S, Zahid KH, El-Morsy S, Abd-Al Moety D, Al-Ezzi M. Measurement of radiation exposure to household contacts of patients with Graves’ disease treated with low dose radioactive iodine (131I) on outpatient basis. The Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 1125-30, 2018.
55- Kuo SF, Ho TY, Liou MJ, Lin KJ, Cheng RC, Chan SC, Huang BY, Ng SC, Liu FH, Chang HY, Hsieh SH. Higher body weight and distant metastasis are associated with higher radiation exposure to the household environment from patients with thyroid cancer after radioactive iodine therapy. Medicine, vol. 96, no. 35, e7942, 2017.
56- Martin R, Silva F, Colon AM, Román D, González B. Evaluation of household radiation exposure and safety after ambulatory radioiodine ablation therapy. Journal of thyroid cancer, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 35, 2016.
57- Al-Maskery I, Bererhi H. Radiation exposure levels in family members of Omani patients with thyrotoxicosis treated with radioiodine (131I) as outpatients. Sultan Qaboos University medical journal, vol. 9, no 2, pp. 148, 2009.
58- Stefanoyiannis, AP. Radiation exposure to caregivers from patients undergoing common radionuclide therapies: a review. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, vol. 167, no 4, pp. 542-551, 2015.
59- Sisson TA, Freitas J, McDougall IR, Dauer LT, Hurley JR, Brierley JD, Edinboro CH, Rosenthal D, Thomas MJ, Wexler JA, Asamoah E. Radiation safety in the treatment of patients with thyroid diseases by radioiodine I-131: practice recommendations of the American Thyroid Association. Thyroid, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 335-346, 2011.
60- Rutar FJ, Augustine SC, Colcher D, Siegel JA, Jacobson DA, Tempero MA, Dukat VJ, Hohenstein MA, Gobar LS, Vose JM. Outpatient treatment with I-131-anti-B1 antibody: radiation exposure to family members. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 907-915, 2001.
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| Issue | Vol 7 No 3 (2020) | |
| Section | Literature (Narrative) Review(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/fbt.v7i3.4622 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Radioiodine Hyperthyroidism Iodine-131 Thyroid Cancer Treatment Radioactive Radiations | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Abdulhasan Kadhim A, Sheikhzadeh P, Farzanefar S, Yavari S, Mousa Jber M, Ay MR. Measurement of Radiation Exposure to Caregivers of Patients with Thyroid Diseases Treated with Iodine-131: A Review. Frontiers Biomed Technol. 2020;7(3):192-200.
