Skyshine Dose Estimations for an 18 MeV Photon Beam Using MCNPX Code: A Comparison of Flattened and Flattening Filter-Free Beam
Abstract
Purpose: The current study aimed to estimate photon skyshine dose rate from a Varian linac equippedwith a Flattening Filter (FF) and its FF-Free (FFF) mode. The skyshine photons from a Linac bunker can influence the radiation dose received by personnel and the public in radiation therapy centers.
Materials and Methods: In the current study skyshine dose from the conventional flattened beam and the flattening-free beam were compared. The MCNPX Monte Carlo code was used to model an18 MeV photon beam of Varian linac. The skyshine radiation was calculated for FF and FFF linac photon beams at the control room, parking, sidewalk, and corridor around the linac room.
Results: For the conventional beam, the skyshine dose rates of 0.53, 0.42, 0.45, and 0.50 mSv/h were estimated for the control room, corridor, sidewalk, and parking, respectively. While for the FFF beam, dose rates of 0.21, 0.20, 0.20, and 0.23 mSv/h were estimated for the same positions, respectively. The results indicated that the empirical method of NCRP 151 can not distinguish between FF and FFF beams in skyshine dose calculations. Our results found a 50% lower level dose rate from the FFF beam at distant and nearby locations.
Conclusion: The findings of current can be helpful in the radiation dose calculations and the radiation protection designation of radiation therapy bunkers.
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14-M. S. Gossman, P. H. McGinley, M. B. Rising, and A. J. Pahikkala, "Radiation skyshine from a 6 MeV medical accelerator," J Appl Clin Med Phys, 11, 259-264, 2010.
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17-John Meyer, "IMRT, IGRT, SBRT: Advances in the Treatment Planning and Delivery of Radiotherapy," Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers, 2011.
18-Joo-Hee O, Nam-Suk J, Hee-Seock L, and Seung-Kook K. "New estimation method of neutron skyshine for a high-energy particle accelerator." Journal of the Korean Physical Society, 69, 1057-1064, 2016.
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22-P. N. McDermott, "Photon skyshine from medical linear accelerators," J Appl Clin Med Phys, 2020/03/01, 108-114, 2020.
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24-McDorrmot. "Photon skyshine from medical linear accelerators." Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics, 21[3], 108-114, 2020.
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26-McGinley PH, "Shielding Techniques for Radiation Oncology Facilities," Madison, WI: Medical Physics Publishing; 2002.
27-McGinley PH, "Special Topics," pp. 1-182, 2002.
28-"NCRP. Radiation Protection Design Guidelines for 0.1-100 MeV Particles Accelerator Faciilies; 51." National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, 1977.
29-"NCRP. Structual Shielding Design for Medical X-Ray Imaging Facilities.", National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. 147, 2005.
30-Patrick N.McDermott. "Photon skyshine from medical linear accelerators." RADIATION ONCOLOGY PHYSICS, 2020.
31-Quianquian Xu et al. "Time and frequency to observe fiducial markers in MLC-modulated fields during prostate IMRT/VMAT beam delivery.", Physica Medica, 79, 142-149, 2020.
32-Ren-DihSheu RD, Chui CS, and Jiang SH. "The integral first collision kernel method for gamma-ray skyshine analysis." Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 68[5], 727-744, 2003.
33-Rindi A and Thomas RH. "Skyshine-A Paper TIGER?" Particle Accelerators, 7, 23-39, 1975.
34-Rostampour N, Jafari S, Saeb M, Keshtkar M, Shokrani P, and Almasi T. "Assessment of skyshine photon dose rates from 9 and 18 MV medical linear accelerators." International Journal of Radiation Research, 16, 499-503, 2018.
35-Matthew A, Hamilton IS., "RADIATION STREAMING AND SKYSHINE EVALUATION FOR A PROPOSED LOW-LEVEL RADIOACTIVE WASTE ASSURED ISOLATION FACILITY," Health Physics, 85, 494-499, 2003.
36-Shultis JK, FAW RE, and DENG X, "Improved Response Functions for Gamma-Ray Skyshine Analyses," Sandia National Laboratories, 1992.
37-Shultis JK, FAW RE, and Khan FA. "SKYNEUT: A Code for Neutron Skyshine Calculations Using the Integral Line Beam Method 9503." Institute for Computational Research in Engineering and Science, Kansas State University, CCC-6460SKYSHINE-KSU, Radiation Shielding Information Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1995.
38-Sitti Yanni and et al. "EGSnrc application for IMRT planning." Report of Practical Oncology and Radiotherapy, 25[2], 217-226, 2020.
39-Vassiliev ON, Titt U, Kry SF, Mohan R, and Gillin MT. "Radiation safety survey on a flattening filter-free medical accelerator." Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 124[2], 187-189, 2007.
40-Vassiliev ON, Titt U, Ponisch F, Kry SF, Mohan R, and Gillin MT. "Dosimetric properties of photon beams from a flattening filter free clinical accelerator." Physics in Medicine and Biology, 51[7], 1907-1917, 2006.
41-Vassiliev ON, Vassiliev ON, Titt U, Kry SF, Mohan R, and Gillin MT. "Radiation safety survey on a flattening filter-free medical accelerator." Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 124[2], 187-190, 2007.
42-Ying Xiao and et al. "Flattening filter-free accelerators: a report from the AAPM Therapy Emerging Technology Assessment Work Group." Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics, 16[3], 12-27, 2015.
43-Zefkili S, Kappas C, and Rosenwald JC. "On-axis and off-axis primary dose component in high energy photon beams." Medical Physics, 21[6], 799-808, 1994.
44-Zeghari A, Saaidi, and R.C Moursli. "Monte Carlo Study of A Free Flattening Filter To Increase Surface Dose on 12 Mv Photon Beam." International Journal of Radiation Research, 18[2], 307-313. 2020.
2-Bethesda, MD. "Structural Shielding Design and Evaluation for Megavoltage X- and Gamma Ray Radiotherapy Facilities." NCRP, 151, 1-257, 2005.
3-Choi CH, Park SY, Park JM, Chun M, and Kim JI. "Monte Carlo simulation of neutron dose equivalent by photoneutron production inside the primary barriers of a radiotherapy vault." Medical Physics, 48, 1-5. 2018.
4-E. de Paiva and L. A. R. da Rosa, "Skyshine photon doses from 6 and 10 MV medical linear accelerators," J Appl Clin Med Phys, 13, 3671, 2012.
5-dePiva Elderado. "A Comment On The Photon Skyshine Radiation In The Vicinities Of Radiotherapy Facilities Rooms." International Journal of Engineering Inventions, 7(4), 28-13, 2018.
6-dePaiva E and da Rosa LAR. "Skyshine photon doses from 6 and 10 MV medical linear accelerators." Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics, 13, 215-219, 2012.
7-Dowlatabadi H, Mowlavi A A, and Ghorbani M. "Monte Carlo Simulation of Siemens Primus plus Linac for 6 and 18 MV Photon Beams." J o Biomedical Physics and Enginering, 7[4], 333-346, 2017.
8-Eduardo De Paiva. "A Comment On The Photon Skyshine Radiation In The Vicinities Of Radiotherapy Facilities Rooms." International Journal of Engineering Inventions, 7[4], 28-32, 2018.
9-Elder DH, Harmon JF, and Borak TB. "Skyshine radiation resulting from 6 MV and 10 MV photon beams from a medical accelerator." Health Physics, 99[1], 17-25, 2010.
10-Elder DH, Harmon JF, and Borak TB. "Skyshine radiation resulting from 6 MV and 10 MV photon beams from a medical accelerator." Health Physics, 99, 17-25, 2010.
11-H. Ghiasi and A. Mesbahi, "Monte Carlo characterization of photoneutrons in the radiation therapy with high energy photons: a Comparison between simplified and full Monte Carlo models," Int J Radiat Res, 8, 187-193, 2010.
12-Gossman MS, McGinley PH, Rising MB, and Pahikkala AJ. "Radiation skyshine from a 6 MeV medical accelerator." Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics, 11, 259-264, 2011.
13-Gossman MS, Pahikkala AJ, Rising MB, and McGinley PH. "Providing solid angle formalism for skyshine calculations." Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics, 11, 278-282. 2010.
14-M. S. Gossman, P. H. McGinley, M. B. Rising, and A. J. Pahikkala, "Radiation skyshine from a 6 MeV medical accelerator," J Appl Clin Med Phys, 11, 259-264, 2010.
15-GUI AA, hultis JK, and AW RE. "Neutron Skyshine Calculations with the Integral Line-Beam Method." NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING, 127, 230-237, 1997.
16-Hertel NE, Sweezy JE, Shultis JK, Warkentin JK, and Rose ZJ. "A comparison of skyshine computational methods." Radiat Prot Dosimetry. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 116[1-4], 525-533, 2005.
17-John Meyer, "IMRT, IGRT, SBRT: Advances in the Treatment Planning and Delivery of Radiotherapy," Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers, 2011.
18-Joo-Hee O, Nam-Suk J, Hee-Seock L, and Seung-Kook K. "New estimation method of neutron skyshine for a high-energy particle accelerator." Journal of the Korean Physical Society, 69, 1057-1064, 2016.
19-Kong C, Quanfeng L, Huaibi C, and et al. "Monte Carlo method for calculating the radiation skyshine produced by electron accelerators." NuclInstr Methods Phys Res, B. 234, 269-274, 2005.
20-M. LADU, M PELLICCIONI, P. PICCHI and G., "A CONTRIBUTION TO THE SKYSHINE STUDY." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 62, 51-56, 1968.
21-C. Kong, Q. Li, H. Chen, T. Du, C. Cheng, C. Tang, L. Zhu, H. Zhang, Z. Pei, and S. Ming, "Monte Carlo method for calculating the radiation skyshine produced by electron accelerators," Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 234, 269-274, 2005.
22-P. N. McDermott, "Photon skyshine from medical linear accelerators," J Appl Clin Med Phys, 2020/03/01, 108-114, 2020.
23-P. N. McDermott, "Photon skyshine from medical linear accelerators." J Appl Clin Med Phys, 2020/03/01, 108-114 2020.
24-McDorrmot. "Photon skyshine from medical linear accelerators." Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics, 21[3], 108-114, 2020.
25-McGinley PH. "Radiation skyshine produced by an 18 MeV medical accelerator." Rad Prot Mgmt, 10[5], 59-64, 1993.
26-McGinley PH, "Shielding Techniques for Radiation Oncology Facilities," Madison, WI: Medical Physics Publishing; 2002.
27-McGinley PH, "Special Topics," pp. 1-182, 2002.
28-"NCRP. Radiation Protection Design Guidelines for 0.1-100 MeV Particles Accelerator Faciilies; 51." National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, 1977.
29-"NCRP. Structual Shielding Design for Medical X-Ray Imaging Facilities.", National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. 147, 2005.
30-Patrick N.McDermott. "Photon skyshine from medical linear accelerators." RADIATION ONCOLOGY PHYSICS, 2020.
31-Quianquian Xu et al. "Time and frequency to observe fiducial markers in MLC-modulated fields during prostate IMRT/VMAT beam delivery.", Physica Medica, 79, 142-149, 2020.
32-Ren-DihSheu RD, Chui CS, and Jiang SH. "The integral first collision kernel method for gamma-ray skyshine analysis." Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 68[5], 727-744, 2003.
33-Rindi A and Thomas RH. "Skyshine-A Paper TIGER?" Particle Accelerators, 7, 23-39, 1975.
34-Rostampour N, Jafari S, Saeb M, Keshtkar M, Shokrani P, and Almasi T. "Assessment of skyshine photon dose rates from 9 and 18 MV medical linear accelerators." International Journal of Radiation Research, 16, 499-503, 2018.
35-Matthew A, Hamilton IS., "RADIATION STREAMING AND SKYSHINE EVALUATION FOR A PROPOSED LOW-LEVEL RADIOACTIVE WASTE ASSURED ISOLATION FACILITY," Health Physics, 85, 494-499, 2003.
36-Shultis JK, FAW RE, and DENG X, "Improved Response Functions for Gamma-Ray Skyshine Analyses," Sandia National Laboratories, 1992.
37-Shultis JK, FAW RE, and Khan FA. "SKYNEUT: A Code for Neutron Skyshine Calculations Using the Integral Line Beam Method 9503." Institute for Computational Research in Engineering and Science, Kansas State University, CCC-6460SKYSHINE-KSU, Radiation Shielding Information Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1995.
38-Sitti Yanni and et al. "EGSnrc application for IMRT planning." Report of Practical Oncology and Radiotherapy, 25[2], 217-226, 2020.
39-Vassiliev ON, Titt U, Kry SF, Mohan R, and Gillin MT. "Radiation safety survey on a flattening filter-free medical accelerator." Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 124[2], 187-189, 2007.
40-Vassiliev ON, Titt U, Ponisch F, Kry SF, Mohan R, and Gillin MT. "Dosimetric properties of photon beams from a flattening filter free clinical accelerator." Physics in Medicine and Biology, 51[7], 1907-1917, 2006.
41-Vassiliev ON, Vassiliev ON, Titt U, Kry SF, Mohan R, and Gillin MT. "Radiation safety survey on a flattening filter-free medical accelerator." Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 124[2], 187-190, 2007.
42-Ying Xiao and et al. "Flattening filter-free accelerators: a report from the AAPM Therapy Emerging Technology Assessment Work Group." Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics, 16[3], 12-27, 2015.
43-Zefkili S, Kappas C, and Rosenwald JC. "On-axis and off-axis primary dose component in high energy photon beams." Medical Physics, 21[6], 799-808, 1994.
44-Zeghari A, Saaidi, and R.C Moursli. "Monte Carlo Study of A Free Flattening Filter To Increase Surface Dose on 12 Mv Photon Beam." International Journal of Radiation Research, 18[2], 307-313. 2020.
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| Issue | Vol 8 No 3 (2021) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/fbt.v8i3.7117 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Photon Skyshine Dose Flattening Filter-Free Radiation Protection Radiotherapy | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Mohammadzadeh M, Ghiasi H. Skyshine Dose Estimations for an 18 MeV Photon Beam Using MCNPX Code: A Comparison of Flattened and Flattening Filter-Free Beam. Frontiers Biomed Technol. 2021;8(3):219-225.
