The Relationship between Cellphone Usage and Sleep Quality among Hospital Staff
-
Majid Jadidi
,
Morteza IsaAbadi Bozcheloei
,
Majid Mirmohammadkhani
,
Abbas Ziari
,
Fatemeh Paknazar
Abstract
Purpose: Despite the two decades of using cell phones, there are still considerable controversies about the biological effects of the Electromagnetic Fields (EMFs) produced by cell phones. Sleep disorder among hospital staff is an important issue for the health care system not only due to the health of its employees but also to the reduction of the staff performance quality and the increase in medical errors. This study aimed to explore factors that may affect the sleep quality of hospital staff and to examine the association between sleep quality and cell phone usage.
Materials and Methods: In this study, participants consisted of 288 employees (35.51 ± 8.42 years old) of two hospitals, and their sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh sleep quality index.
Results: Sixty-six percent of participants had good sleep quality and nearly 68% of the employees worked in shifts. The cell phone use among participants averaged 10.74 ± 3.03 years, and less than half of the staff stated that call durations of their cell phones were less than 5 h/day. More than 90% of the staff mentioned no use of hands-free. There were no statistically significant differences between job characteristics, sleep quality, and items related to cell phones, except the use of hands-free.
Conclusion: In our study, using hands-free during phone calls was associated with poor quality sleep. Different factors, such as decreased levels of electromagnetic fields reaching the brain, can be involved in this effect. These results must be interpreted with caution due to the low number of subjects and the limitations of our study.
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3- Park E, Lee HY, Park CS. "Association between sleep quality and nurse productivity among Korean clinical nurses." J NursManag, 26(8): 1051-1058, (2018).
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5- Aggarwal KK. "Twenty-six Percent Doctors Suffer from Severe Mobile Phone-induced Anxiety: Excessive use of Mobile Phone can be Injurious to your Health.", Indian Journal of Clinical Practice, 24(1); 7-9, (2013).
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8- Oftedal G, Wilen J, Sandstrom M, Mild KH. "Symptoms experienced in connection with mobile phone use." Occup Med; 50: 237-45, (2000).
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10- Borbely AA, Huber R, Graf T, Fuchs B, Gallmann E, Achermann P. "Pulsed high-frequency electromagnetic field affects human sleep and sleep electroencephalogram." Neurosci let; 275: 207-10, (1999).
11- Jech R, Sonka K, Ruzicka E, Nebuzelsky A, Jukilickova M, Nevsimalova S. "Electromagnetic field of mobile phones affects visual event related potential in patients with narcolepsy.", Bioelectromagnetics; 22: 519-28, (2001).
12- Thomée S, Härenstam A, Hagberg M. "Mobile phone use and stress, sleep disturbances, and symptoms of depression among young adults-a prospective cohort study.", BMCpublic health; 11: 66, (2011).
13- Mann K, and Roschke J. "Effects of pulsed high-frequency electromagnetic fields on human sleep.", Neuropsychology; 33: 41-7, (1996).
14- Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ. "The Pittsburgh sleep quality index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research.", Psychiatry Res;28(2):193-213, (1989).
15- Heidari AR, Ehteshamzadeh P, Marashi M. "The Relationship between insomnia intensity, sleep quality, sleepness and mental health disorder with educational performance in female adolescences of Ahwaz city." WOMAN AND CULTURE;1(4):65-76, (2010).
16- Chien PL, Su HF, Hsieh PC, Siao RY, Ling PY, Jou HJ. "Sleep Quality among Female Hospital Staff Nurses." Sleep Disorders; (2013). ID: 283490, 1-7. doi.org/10.1155/2013/283490.
17- Liu H, Chen G, Pan Y, Chen Z, Jin W, Sun C, Chen C, Dong X, Chen K, Xu Z. "Occupational electromagnetic field exposures associated with sleep quality: a cross-sectional study." PloS one; 9: e110825, (2014).
18- Ma Y, Wei F, Nie G, Zhang L, Qin J, Peng S, Xiong F, Zhang Z, Yang X, Peng X, Wang M, Zou Y. "Relationship between shift work schedule and self-reported sleep quality in Chinese employees." Chronobiol Int; 35(2): 9-16, (2018).
19- McDowall K, Murphy E, Anderson K. "The impact of shift work on sleep quality among nurses." Occup med (Lond); 67(8): 621-25, (2017.(
20- Wagner P, Röschke J, Mann K, Hiller W, Frank C. "Human sleep under the influence of pulsed radiofrequency electromagnetic fields: a polysomnographic study using standardized conditions." Bioelectromagnetics;19: 199-202, (1998).
21- Sahin S, Ozdemir K, Unsal A, Temiz N. "Evaluation of mobile phone addiction level and sleep quality in university students." Pak J Med Sci;29(4): 913-918, (2013).
22- Liu R, Zee PC, Chervin RD, Arguelles LM, Birne J, Zhang S, Christoffel KK, Brickman WJ, Zimmerman D, Wang B. "Short sleep duration is associated with insulin resistance independent of adiposity in Chinese adult twins." Sleep medicine; 12: 914-9, (2011).
23- Lee JE, Jang S-I, ju YJ, Kim W, Lee HJ, Park E-C. "Relationship between Mobile Phone Addiction and the Incidence of Poor and Short Sleep among Korean Adolescents: a Longitudinal Study of the Korean Children & Youth Panel Survey." J Korean Med Sci; 32: 1166-1172, (2017). https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2017.32.7.1166
24- Abelin T, Altpeter E, Roosli M. "Sleep disturbances in the vicinity of the short-wave broadcast transmitter Schwarzenburg." Somnologie; 9 (4): 203-9, (2005).
25- He J-w, Tu Z-h, Xiao L, Su T, Tang Y-x. "Effect of restricting bedtime mobile phone use on sleep, arousal, mood, and working memory: A randomized pilot trial." PLoS One;15(2): 1-13, (2002).
26- Forouharmajd F, Ebrahimi H, Pourabdian S. "Mobile phone distance from head and temperature changes of radio frequency waves on brain tissue." Int J Prev Med; 9(61): 1-5, (2018).
27- AboulEzz HS, Khadrawy YA, Ahmed NA, Radwan NM, El Bakry MM. "The effect of pulsed electromagnetic radiation from mobile phone on the levels of monoamine neurotransmitters in four different areas of rat brain." Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci;17:1782-8, (2013).
28- Lewczuk B, Redlarski G, Zak A, ZióBkowska N, Przybylska-Gornowicz B, Krawczuk M. "Influence of Electric, Magnetic, and Electromagnetic Fields on the Circadian System: Current Stage of Knowledge." Biomed Res Int; 169459: 1-14, (2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/169459.
29- Burch JB, Reif JS, Noonan CW, Ichinose T, Bachand AM, Koleber TL, Yost MG. "Melatonin metabolite excretion among cellular telephone users." Int J Radiat Biol;78(11):1029-1036, (2002).
30- Kesari KK, Kumar S, Behari J. "900-MHz microwave radiation promotes oxidation in rat brain." ElectromagnBiol Med;30(4): 219-234, (2011).
31- Qin F, Zhang J, Cao Hm Yi C, Li JX, Nie J, Chen LL, Wang J, Tong J. Effects of 1800-MHz radiofrequency fields on circadian rhythm of plasma melatonin and testosterone in male rats. J Toxicol Environ Health A;75(18): 1120-128, (2012).
32- Kim JH, Lee C-H, Kim H-G, Kim HR. "Decreased dopamine in striatum and difficult locomotor recovery from MPTP insult after exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields." Scientific Reports;9(1201):1-13, (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-37874-z.
33- Ismail SA, Ali RFM, Hassan HMM, Abd El-Rahman D. "Effect of Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields (EMFs) on Monoamine Neurotransmitters of Newborn Rats. Biochem Physiol; 4:1-17, (2015). doi: 10.4172/2168-9652.1000156.
34- Radon K, Parera D, Rose DM, Jung D, Vollrath L. "No effects of pulsed radio frequency electromagnetic fields on melatonin, cortisol, and selected markers of the immune system in man." Bioelectromagnetics;22(4):280-7, (2001).
35- Koyu A., Ozguner F, Cesur G, Gokalp O, Mollaoglu H, Caliskan S, Delibas N. "No effects of 900MHz and 1800MHz electromagnetic field emitted from cellular phone on nocturnal serum melatonin levels in rats." ToxicolInd Health; 21(1-2): 27-31, (2005).
36- Lerchl A., Kruger H, Niehaus M, Streckert JR, Bitz AK, Hansen V. "Effects of mobile phone electromagnetic fields at nonthermal SAR values on melatonin and body weight of Djungarian hamsters (Phodopussungorus)." J Pineal Res; 44(3): 267-272, (2008).
37- Warille AA, Altun G, Elamin AA, Kaplan AA, Mohamed H, Yurt KK, El Elhaj A. "Skeptical approaches concerning the effect of exposure to electromagnetic fields on brain hormones and enzyme activities." J Micros Ultrastruct; 5: 177-184, (2017).
2- Shao MF, Chou YC, Yeh MY, Tzeng WC. "Sleep quality and quality of life in female shift‐working nurses." J AdvNurs; 66: 1565-72, (2010).
3- Park E, Lee HY, Park CS. "Association between sleep quality and nurse productivity among Korean clinical nurses." J NursManag, 26(8): 1051-1058, (2018).
4- Weinberger Z, and Richter ED. "Cellular telephones and effects on the brain: The head as an antenna and brain tissue as a radio receiver.", Med Hypotheses; 59(6):703-705, (2002).
5- Aggarwal KK. "Twenty-six Percent Doctors Suffer from Severe Mobile Phone-induced Anxiety: Excessive use of Mobile Phone can be Injurious to your Health.", Indian Journal of Clinical Practice, 24(1); 7-9, (2013).
6- Hocking B, and Westerman R. "Neurological abnormalities associated with CDMA exposure." Occup Med, 5: 410-13, (2001).
7- Sandstrom M, Wilen J, Oftedal G, Hansson Mild K. "Mobile phone use and subject symptoms.Comparision of symptoms experienced by users of analogue and digital mobile phones.", Occup Med; 51: 25-35, (2001).
8- Oftedal G, Wilen J, Sandstrom M, Mild KH. "Symptoms experienced in connection with mobile phone use." Occup Med; 50: 237-45, (2000).
9- Yioultsis TV, Kosmanias TI, Kosmidou EP, Zygiridis TT, Kantartzis NV, Xenos TD, Tsiboukis TD. "A comparative study of the biological effects of various mobile phone and wireless LAN antennas." IEEE Transaction on Magnetic; 38: 777-80, (2002.(
10- Borbely AA, Huber R, Graf T, Fuchs B, Gallmann E, Achermann P. "Pulsed high-frequency electromagnetic field affects human sleep and sleep electroencephalogram." Neurosci let; 275: 207-10, (1999).
11- Jech R, Sonka K, Ruzicka E, Nebuzelsky A, Jukilickova M, Nevsimalova S. "Electromagnetic field of mobile phones affects visual event related potential in patients with narcolepsy.", Bioelectromagnetics; 22: 519-28, (2001).
12- Thomée S, Härenstam A, Hagberg M. "Mobile phone use and stress, sleep disturbances, and symptoms of depression among young adults-a prospective cohort study.", BMCpublic health; 11: 66, (2011).
13- Mann K, and Roschke J. "Effects of pulsed high-frequency electromagnetic fields on human sleep.", Neuropsychology; 33: 41-7, (1996).
14- Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ. "The Pittsburgh sleep quality index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research.", Psychiatry Res;28(2):193-213, (1989).
15- Heidari AR, Ehteshamzadeh P, Marashi M. "The Relationship between insomnia intensity, sleep quality, sleepness and mental health disorder with educational performance in female adolescences of Ahwaz city." WOMAN AND CULTURE;1(4):65-76, (2010).
16- Chien PL, Su HF, Hsieh PC, Siao RY, Ling PY, Jou HJ. "Sleep Quality among Female Hospital Staff Nurses." Sleep Disorders; (2013). ID: 283490, 1-7. doi.org/10.1155/2013/283490.
17- Liu H, Chen G, Pan Y, Chen Z, Jin W, Sun C, Chen C, Dong X, Chen K, Xu Z. "Occupational electromagnetic field exposures associated with sleep quality: a cross-sectional study." PloS one; 9: e110825, (2014).
18- Ma Y, Wei F, Nie G, Zhang L, Qin J, Peng S, Xiong F, Zhang Z, Yang X, Peng X, Wang M, Zou Y. "Relationship between shift work schedule and self-reported sleep quality in Chinese employees." Chronobiol Int; 35(2): 9-16, (2018).
19- McDowall K, Murphy E, Anderson K. "The impact of shift work on sleep quality among nurses." Occup med (Lond); 67(8): 621-25, (2017.(
20- Wagner P, Röschke J, Mann K, Hiller W, Frank C. "Human sleep under the influence of pulsed radiofrequency electromagnetic fields: a polysomnographic study using standardized conditions." Bioelectromagnetics;19: 199-202, (1998).
21- Sahin S, Ozdemir K, Unsal A, Temiz N. "Evaluation of mobile phone addiction level and sleep quality in university students." Pak J Med Sci;29(4): 913-918, (2013).
22- Liu R, Zee PC, Chervin RD, Arguelles LM, Birne J, Zhang S, Christoffel KK, Brickman WJ, Zimmerman D, Wang B. "Short sleep duration is associated with insulin resistance independent of adiposity in Chinese adult twins." Sleep medicine; 12: 914-9, (2011).
23- Lee JE, Jang S-I, ju YJ, Kim W, Lee HJ, Park E-C. "Relationship between Mobile Phone Addiction and the Incidence of Poor and Short Sleep among Korean Adolescents: a Longitudinal Study of the Korean Children & Youth Panel Survey." J Korean Med Sci; 32: 1166-1172, (2017). https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2017.32.7.1166
24- Abelin T, Altpeter E, Roosli M. "Sleep disturbances in the vicinity of the short-wave broadcast transmitter Schwarzenburg." Somnologie; 9 (4): 203-9, (2005).
25- He J-w, Tu Z-h, Xiao L, Su T, Tang Y-x. "Effect of restricting bedtime mobile phone use on sleep, arousal, mood, and working memory: A randomized pilot trial." PLoS One;15(2): 1-13, (2002).
26- Forouharmajd F, Ebrahimi H, Pourabdian S. "Mobile phone distance from head and temperature changes of radio frequency waves on brain tissue." Int J Prev Med; 9(61): 1-5, (2018).
27- AboulEzz HS, Khadrawy YA, Ahmed NA, Radwan NM, El Bakry MM. "The effect of pulsed electromagnetic radiation from mobile phone on the levels of monoamine neurotransmitters in four different areas of rat brain." Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci;17:1782-8, (2013).
28- Lewczuk B, Redlarski G, Zak A, ZióBkowska N, Przybylska-Gornowicz B, Krawczuk M. "Influence of Electric, Magnetic, and Electromagnetic Fields on the Circadian System: Current Stage of Knowledge." Biomed Res Int; 169459: 1-14, (2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/169459.
29- Burch JB, Reif JS, Noonan CW, Ichinose T, Bachand AM, Koleber TL, Yost MG. "Melatonin metabolite excretion among cellular telephone users." Int J Radiat Biol;78(11):1029-1036, (2002).
30- Kesari KK, Kumar S, Behari J. "900-MHz microwave radiation promotes oxidation in rat brain." ElectromagnBiol Med;30(4): 219-234, (2011).
31- Qin F, Zhang J, Cao Hm Yi C, Li JX, Nie J, Chen LL, Wang J, Tong J. Effects of 1800-MHz radiofrequency fields on circadian rhythm of plasma melatonin and testosterone in male rats. J Toxicol Environ Health A;75(18): 1120-128, (2012).
32- Kim JH, Lee C-H, Kim H-G, Kim HR. "Decreased dopamine in striatum and difficult locomotor recovery from MPTP insult after exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields." Scientific Reports;9(1201):1-13, (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-37874-z.
33- Ismail SA, Ali RFM, Hassan HMM, Abd El-Rahman D. "Effect of Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields (EMFs) on Monoamine Neurotransmitters of Newborn Rats. Biochem Physiol; 4:1-17, (2015). doi: 10.4172/2168-9652.1000156.
34- Radon K, Parera D, Rose DM, Jung D, Vollrath L. "No effects of pulsed radio frequency electromagnetic fields on melatonin, cortisol, and selected markers of the immune system in man." Bioelectromagnetics;22(4):280-7, (2001).
35- Koyu A., Ozguner F, Cesur G, Gokalp O, Mollaoglu H, Caliskan S, Delibas N. "No effects of 900MHz and 1800MHz electromagnetic field emitted from cellular phone on nocturnal serum melatonin levels in rats." ToxicolInd Health; 21(1-2): 27-31, (2005).
36- Lerchl A., Kruger H, Niehaus M, Streckert JR, Bitz AK, Hansen V. "Effects of mobile phone electromagnetic fields at nonthermal SAR values on melatonin and body weight of Djungarian hamsters (Phodopussungorus)." J Pineal Res; 44(3): 267-272, (2008).
37- Warille AA, Altun G, Elamin AA, Kaplan AA, Mohamed H, Yurt KK, El Elhaj A. "Skeptical approaches concerning the effect of exposure to electromagnetic fields on brain hormones and enzyme activities." J Micros Ultrastruct; 5: 177-184, (2017).
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 9 No 1 (2022) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/fbt.v9i1.8144 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Sleep Quality Hospital Staff Electromagnetic Field Cell Phone Hands-Free | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Jadidi M, IsaAbadi Bozcheloei M, Mirmohammadkhani M, Ziari A, Paknazar F. The Relationship between Cellphone Usage and Sleep Quality among Hospital Staff. Frontiers Biomed Technol. 2021;9(1):45-52.
