Photodynamic Therapy as a New Technology for Inactivation of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)
Abstract
Purpose: Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) could be an emerging disease with a severe acute respiratory infection, and its epidemiology and unique medicinal properties are perpetually increasing. Regarding the lack of COVID-19 controls, this needs current technical events to worsen and treat. Antiviral Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT) could also be effective in reducing and inhibiting the coronavirus. aPDT with various photosensitizers is a very favorable procedure to manage viral infections.
Materials and Methods: A total of 37 articles related to the publication of this review manuscript were mentioned. Several scientific databases such as Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science (ISI), and Google Scholar have checked the key phrases of COVID-19, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), photodynamic therapy, and antiviral photodynamic therapy. All 50 main studies were found, and 37 related studies were deemed suitable for this study after review.
Results: Studies have shown that aPDT with different photosensitizers can be used to treat viral lung complications caused by infectious pathogens such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), SARS-CoV-2, and influenza. Recent studies have shown that aPDT-mediated Methylene Blue (MB) can help control and eradicate coronavirus. In general, more research is needed to use antiviral photodynamic therapy to control COVID-19.
Conclusion: Regarding the lack of treatment for COVID-19, MB-mediated aPDT can help reduce the impact of COVID-19. More evidence is needed to support aPDT as a treatment (SARS-CoV-2).
1- https://www.google.com/search?sxsrf=ALeKk00XyUNoEBRt_ljWEeDP0rv30pot4w%3A1586803658269&ei=yrOUXtb4D8O2kwWw_6WQBQ&q=https%3A%2F%2F www.worldometers.info%2Fcoronavirus.
2- Mahmoudi H. "Bacterial co-infections and antibiotic resistance in patients with COVID-19." GMS Hyg Infect Control; 15:16, (2020).
3- C.-C. Lai, T.-P. Shih, W.-C. Ko, H.-J. Tang, P.-R. Hsueh, "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): the epidemic and the challenges." Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents; 55: 105924, (2020).
4- L. Costa, M.A. Faustino, M.G. Neves, A. Cunha, A. Almeida, "Photodynamic Inactivation of Mammalian Viruses and Bacteriophages." Viruses; 4(7): 1034–1074, (2012).
5- Svyatchenko VA, Nikonov SD, Mayorov AP, Gelfond ML, Loktev VB. "Antiviral photodynamic therapy: Inactivation and inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro using methylene blue and Radachlorin." Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy; 33:102112, (2021).
6- Ramires MCCH, Mattia MB, Tateno RY, Palma LF, Campos L. "A combination of phototherapy modalities for extensive lip lesions in a patient with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection." Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy; 33:102196, (2021).
7- Dias LD, Blanco KC, Bagnato VS. "COVID-19: Beyond the virus. The use of photodynamic therapy for the treatment of infections in the respiratory tract." Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy, (2020).
8- Jin C, Yu B, Zhang J, Wu H, Zhou X, Yao H, et al. "Methylene blue photochemical treatment as a reliable SARS-CoV-2 plasma virus inactivation method for blood safety and convalescent plasma therapy for COVID-19." BMC Infectious Diseases;21(1):1-8, (2021).
9- Gendrot M, Andreani J, Duflot I, Boxberger M, Le Bideau M, Mosnier J, et al. "Methylene blue inhibits replication of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro." International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents;56(6):106202, (2020).
10- Mathieu Gendrot, Julien Andreani, Isabelle Duflot, Manon Boxberger, Marion Le Bideau, et al., "Methylene blue inhibits the replication of SARS-Cov-2 in vitro." International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, (2020). doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106202.
11- S. Rywkin, E. Ben-Hur, Z. Malik, A.M. Prince, Y.S. Li, M.E. Kenney, N.L. Oleinick, B. Horowitz, "New phthalocynanines for photodynamic virus inactivation in red blood cell concentrates.", Photochem. Photobiol.; 60:165–170, (1994).
12- Käsermann F, Kempf C. "Inactivation of enveloped viruses by singlet oxygen thermally generated from a polymeric naphthalene derivative." Antiviral research;38(1):55-62, (1998).
13- Nikolaeva-Glomb L, Mukova L, Nikolova N, Kussovski V, Doumanova L, Mantareva V, et al. "Photodynamic Effect of some Phthalocyanines on Enveloped and Naked Viruses." Acta virologica;61(3):341-6, (2017).
14- Bachmann B, Knüver‐Hopf J, Lambrecht B, Mohr H. "Target structures for HIV‐1 inactivation by methylene blue and light." Journal of medical virology;47(2):172-8, (1995).
15- M.R. Hamblin, T. Hasan, "Photodynamic therapy: a new antimicrobial approach to infectious disease?" Photochem. Photobiol. Sci;5: 436–450, (2004).
16- Victor A., Sergey D. Nikonov, Alexander P., Mark L., Valery B. "Antiviral photodynamic therapy: Inactivation and inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro using methylene blue and Radachlorin." Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy; 33:102112, (2021).
17- Costa L, Esteves AC, Correia A, Moreirinha C, Delgadillo I, Cunha Â, et al. "SDS-PAGE and IR spectroscopy to evaluate modifications in the viral protein profile induced by a cationic porphyrinic photosensitizer." Journal of virological methods; 209:103-9, (2014).
18- Mahmoudi H, Bahador A, Pourhajibagher M, Alikhani MY. "Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy: an effective alternative approach to control bacterial infections." Journal of lasers in medical sciences;9(3):154, (2018).
19- Almeida A, Faustino MAF, Neves MG. "Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy in the Control of COVID-19." Antibiotics;9(6):320, (2020).
20- Dias LD, Blanco KC, Bagnato VS. "COVID-19: Beyond the virus. The use of Photodynamic Therapy for the Treatment of Infections in the Respiratory Tract.", Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther, (2020).
21- Opel DR, Hagstrom E, Pace AK, Sisto K, Hirano-ALi SA, Desai S, et al. "Light-emitting diodes: a brief review and clinical experience." The Journal of clinical and aesthetic dermatology;8(6):36, (2015).
22- Calderhead RG. "The photobiological basics behind light-emitting diode (LED) phototherapy." Laser Therapy;16(2):97-108, (2007).
23- Almeida A, Cunha A, Faustino M, Tomé A, Neves M. "Porphyrins as antimicrobial photosensitizing agents." Photodynamic inactivation of microbial pathogens: medical and environmental applications; 11:83-160, (2011).
24- J. Betsy. "Can photodynamic therapy be repurposed to treat oral lesions of COVID-19?", Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy; 33: 102175, (2021).
25- Felber TD. "Photodynamic inactivation of herpes simplex." JAMA; 223-289, (1973).
26- A. Almeida, M.A.F. Faustino, M.G.P.M.S. Neves, "Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in the control of COVID-19." Antibiotics Basel (Basel) 9, E320, (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9060320.
27- L.D. Dias, K.C. Blanco, V.S. Bagnato. "COVID-19: beyond the virus. The use of photodynamic therapy for the treatment of infections in the respiratory tract." Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther; 31: 101804, (2020).
28- Helfritz FA, Bojkova D, Wanders V, Kuklinski N, Westhaus S, von Horn C, et al. "Methylene blue treatment of grafts during cold ischemia time reduces the risk of hepatitis C virus transmission." J Infect Dis; 218:1711-21, (2018).
29- Kampf G, Todt D, Pfaender S, Steinmann E. "Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents." Journal of Hospital Infection;104(3):246-51, (2020).
30- R Mentel' RS, A Kevich, R S Dreĭzin, I Shmidt. "Virus inactivation by hydrogen peroxide." Vopr Virusol; 6:731-3, (1977).
31- Dembinski JL, Hungnes O, Hauge AG, Kristoffersen A-C, Haneberg B, Mjaaland S. "Hydrogen peroxide inactivation of influenza virus preserves antigenic structure and immunogenicity." Journal of virological methods; 207:232-7, (2014).
32- Montazeri N, Manuel C, Moorman E, Khatiwada JR, Williams LL, Jaykus L-A. "Virucidal activity of fogged chlorine dioxide-and hydrogen peroxide-based disinfectants against human norovirus and its surrogate, feline calicivirus, on hard-to-reach surfaces." Frontiers in microbiology; 8:1031, (2017).
33- Ortega KL, Rech BdO, Ferreira Costa AL, Perez Sayans M, Braz‐Silva PH. "Is 0.5% hydrogen peroxide effective against SARS‐CoV‐2?" Oral Diseases, (2020).
34- ASGHARI A. "The inactivation of bacteria and viruses by hydrogen peroxide.", (1993).
35- Costa L, Faustino MAF, Neves MGP, Cunha Â, Almeida A. "Photodynamic inactivation of mammalian viruses and bacteriophages." Viruses;4(7):1034-74, (2012).
36- Alves E, Santos N, Melo T, Maciel E, Dória ML, Faustino MA, et al. "Photodynamic oxidation of Escherichia coli membrane phospholipids: new insights based on lipidomics." Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry;27(23):2717-28, (2013).
37- K. Khorsandi, S. Fekrazad, F. Vahdatinia, A. Farmany & R. Fekrazad. "Nano Antiviral Photodynamic Therapy: a Probable Biophysicochemical Management Modality in SARS-CoV-2", Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery; 1-8, (2020).
38- Mahmoudi H, Pourhajibagher M, Alikhani MY, Bahador A. "The effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy on the expression of biofilm associated genes in Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from wound infections in burn patients.", Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy; 25:406-13, (2019).
39- Hamblin MR, Hasan T. "Photodynamic therapy: a new antimicrobial approach to infectious disease?" Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences;3(5):436-50, (2004).
40- Ghahestani SM, Shahab E, Karimi S, Madani MH. "Methylene blue may have a role in the treatment of COVID-19." Medical Hypotheses; 144:110163, (2020).
41- Gao J, Tian Z, Yang X. "Breakthrough: Chloroquine phosphate has shown apparent efficacy in treatment of COVID-19 associated pneumonia in clinical studies." Bioscience trends, (2020).
42- Lentini G, Cavalluzzi MM, Habtemariam S. "COVID-19, chloroquine repurposing, and cardiac safety concern: Chirality might help." Molecules;25(8):1834, (2020).
43- Henry M, Summa M, Patrick L, Schwartz L. "A cohort of cancer patients with no reported cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection: the possible preventive role of Methylene Blue." Substantia-888, Vol. 4 No. 1 Suppl. 1., (2020)
44- V. Cagno, C. Medaglia, A. Cerny, T. Cerny, C. Tapparel, E. Cerny, "Methylene Blue Has a Potent Antiviral Activity Against SARS-CoV-2 in the Absence of UV-activation in Vitro." BioRxiv, (2020). https://doi.org/10.1101/ 2020.08.14.251090.
45- Fu Y, Cheng Y, Wu Y. "Understanding SARS-CoV-2-mediated inflammatory responses: from mechanisms to potential therapeutic tools." Virol Sin; 35:266–271, (2020).
46- Fryk JJ, Marks DC, Hobson-Peters J, Prow NA, Watterson D, Hall RA, et al. "Dengue and chikungunya viruses in plasma are effectively inactivated after treatment with methylene blue and visible light." Transfusion; 56:2278-85, (2016).
47- Faddy HM, Fryk JJ, Hal RA, Young PR, Reichenberg S, Tolksdorf F, et al. "Inactivation of yellow fever virus in plasma after treatment with methylene blue and visible light and in platelet concentrates following treatment with ultraviolet C light." Transfusion; 59:2223-7, (2019).
48- Wang Y, Ren K, Liao X, Luo G, Kumthip K, Leetrakool N, et al. "Inactivation of Zika virus in plasma and derivatives by four different methods." J Med Virol; 91:2059-65, (2019).
49- Eickmann M, Gravemann U, Handke W, Tolksdorf F, Reichenberg S, Müller TH, et al. "Inactivation of Ebola virus and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in platelet concentrates and plasma by ultraviolet C light and methylene blue plus visible light, respectively." Transfusion; 58:2202-7, (2018).
50- T.D. Felber, E.B. Smith, J.M. Knox, C. Wallis, J.L. Melnick, "Photodynamic inactivation of herpes simplex: report of a clinical trial." J. Am. Med. Assoc 92, 223–289, (1973).
51- Shafirstein G, Battoo A, Harris K, Baumann H, Gollnick SO, Lindenmann J, et al. "Photodynamic therapy of non–small cell lung cancer. Narrative review and future directions." Annals of the American Thoracic Society.;13(2):265-75, (2016).
52- Fekrazad R. "Photobiomodulation and antiviral photodynamic therapy as a possible novel approach in COVID-19 management." Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers 140 Huguenot Street, 3rd Floor New;38(5):255-257, (2020).
53- "New Technology Reduces Healthcare-Associated Infections and Surgical Site Infections." Available online: https://ondinebio.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/SW9001-Rev-B-Steriwave-Brochure.pdf (accessed on 8 May 2020).
2- Mahmoudi H. "Bacterial co-infections and antibiotic resistance in patients with COVID-19." GMS Hyg Infect Control; 15:16, (2020).
3- C.-C. Lai, T.-P. Shih, W.-C. Ko, H.-J. Tang, P.-R. Hsueh, "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): the epidemic and the challenges." Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents; 55: 105924, (2020).
4- L. Costa, M.A. Faustino, M.G. Neves, A. Cunha, A. Almeida, "Photodynamic Inactivation of Mammalian Viruses and Bacteriophages." Viruses; 4(7): 1034–1074, (2012).
5- Svyatchenko VA, Nikonov SD, Mayorov AP, Gelfond ML, Loktev VB. "Antiviral photodynamic therapy: Inactivation and inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro using methylene blue and Radachlorin." Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy; 33:102112, (2021).
6- Ramires MCCH, Mattia MB, Tateno RY, Palma LF, Campos L. "A combination of phototherapy modalities for extensive lip lesions in a patient with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection." Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy; 33:102196, (2021).
7- Dias LD, Blanco KC, Bagnato VS. "COVID-19: Beyond the virus. The use of photodynamic therapy for the treatment of infections in the respiratory tract." Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy, (2020).
8- Jin C, Yu B, Zhang J, Wu H, Zhou X, Yao H, et al. "Methylene blue photochemical treatment as a reliable SARS-CoV-2 plasma virus inactivation method for blood safety and convalescent plasma therapy for COVID-19." BMC Infectious Diseases;21(1):1-8, (2021).
9- Gendrot M, Andreani J, Duflot I, Boxberger M, Le Bideau M, Mosnier J, et al. "Methylene blue inhibits replication of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro." International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents;56(6):106202, (2020).
10- Mathieu Gendrot, Julien Andreani, Isabelle Duflot, Manon Boxberger, Marion Le Bideau, et al., "Methylene blue inhibits the replication of SARS-Cov-2 in vitro." International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, (2020). doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106202.
11- S. Rywkin, E. Ben-Hur, Z. Malik, A.M. Prince, Y.S. Li, M.E. Kenney, N.L. Oleinick, B. Horowitz, "New phthalocynanines for photodynamic virus inactivation in red blood cell concentrates.", Photochem. Photobiol.; 60:165–170, (1994).
12- Käsermann F, Kempf C. "Inactivation of enveloped viruses by singlet oxygen thermally generated from a polymeric naphthalene derivative." Antiviral research;38(1):55-62, (1998).
13- Nikolaeva-Glomb L, Mukova L, Nikolova N, Kussovski V, Doumanova L, Mantareva V, et al. "Photodynamic Effect of some Phthalocyanines on Enveloped and Naked Viruses." Acta virologica;61(3):341-6, (2017).
14- Bachmann B, Knüver‐Hopf J, Lambrecht B, Mohr H. "Target structures for HIV‐1 inactivation by methylene blue and light." Journal of medical virology;47(2):172-8, (1995).
15- M.R. Hamblin, T. Hasan, "Photodynamic therapy: a new antimicrobial approach to infectious disease?" Photochem. Photobiol. Sci;5: 436–450, (2004).
16- Victor A., Sergey D. Nikonov, Alexander P., Mark L., Valery B. "Antiviral photodynamic therapy: Inactivation and inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro using methylene blue and Radachlorin." Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy; 33:102112, (2021).
17- Costa L, Esteves AC, Correia A, Moreirinha C, Delgadillo I, Cunha Â, et al. "SDS-PAGE and IR spectroscopy to evaluate modifications in the viral protein profile induced by a cationic porphyrinic photosensitizer." Journal of virological methods; 209:103-9, (2014).
18- Mahmoudi H, Bahador A, Pourhajibagher M, Alikhani MY. "Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy: an effective alternative approach to control bacterial infections." Journal of lasers in medical sciences;9(3):154, (2018).
19- Almeida A, Faustino MAF, Neves MG. "Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy in the Control of COVID-19." Antibiotics;9(6):320, (2020).
20- Dias LD, Blanco KC, Bagnato VS. "COVID-19: Beyond the virus. The use of Photodynamic Therapy for the Treatment of Infections in the Respiratory Tract.", Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther, (2020).
21- Opel DR, Hagstrom E, Pace AK, Sisto K, Hirano-ALi SA, Desai S, et al. "Light-emitting diodes: a brief review and clinical experience." The Journal of clinical and aesthetic dermatology;8(6):36, (2015).
22- Calderhead RG. "The photobiological basics behind light-emitting diode (LED) phototherapy." Laser Therapy;16(2):97-108, (2007).
23- Almeida A, Cunha A, Faustino M, Tomé A, Neves M. "Porphyrins as antimicrobial photosensitizing agents." Photodynamic inactivation of microbial pathogens: medical and environmental applications; 11:83-160, (2011).
24- J. Betsy. "Can photodynamic therapy be repurposed to treat oral lesions of COVID-19?", Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy; 33: 102175, (2021).
25- Felber TD. "Photodynamic inactivation of herpes simplex." JAMA; 223-289, (1973).
26- A. Almeida, M.A.F. Faustino, M.G.P.M.S. Neves, "Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in the control of COVID-19." Antibiotics Basel (Basel) 9, E320, (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9060320.
27- L.D. Dias, K.C. Blanco, V.S. Bagnato. "COVID-19: beyond the virus. The use of photodynamic therapy for the treatment of infections in the respiratory tract." Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther; 31: 101804, (2020).
28- Helfritz FA, Bojkova D, Wanders V, Kuklinski N, Westhaus S, von Horn C, et al. "Methylene blue treatment of grafts during cold ischemia time reduces the risk of hepatitis C virus transmission." J Infect Dis; 218:1711-21, (2018).
29- Kampf G, Todt D, Pfaender S, Steinmann E. "Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents." Journal of Hospital Infection;104(3):246-51, (2020).
30- R Mentel' RS, A Kevich, R S Dreĭzin, I Shmidt. "Virus inactivation by hydrogen peroxide." Vopr Virusol; 6:731-3, (1977).
31- Dembinski JL, Hungnes O, Hauge AG, Kristoffersen A-C, Haneberg B, Mjaaland S. "Hydrogen peroxide inactivation of influenza virus preserves antigenic structure and immunogenicity." Journal of virological methods; 207:232-7, (2014).
32- Montazeri N, Manuel C, Moorman E, Khatiwada JR, Williams LL, Jaykus L-A. "Virucidal activity of fogged chlorine dioxide-and hydrogen peroxide-based disinfectants against human norovirus and its surrogate, feline calicivirus, on hard-to-reach surfaces." Frontiers in microbiology; 8:1031, (2017).
33- Ortega KL, Rech BdO, Ferreira Costa AL, Perez Sayans M, Braz‐Silva PH. "Is 0.5% hydrogen peroxide effective against SARS‐CoV‐2?" Oral Diseases, (2020).
34- ASGHARI A. "The inactivation of bacteria and viruses by hydrogen peroxide.", (1993).
35- Costa L, Faustino MAF, Neves MGP, Cunha Â, Almeida A. "Photodynamic inactivation of mammalian viruses and bacteriophages." Viruses;4(7):1034-74, (2012).
36- Alves E, Santos N, Melo T, Maciel E, Dória ML, Faustino MA, et al. "Photodynamic oxidation of Escherichia coli membrane phospholipids: new insights based on lipidomics." Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry;27(23):2717-28, (2013).
37- K. Khorsandi, S. Fekrazad, F. Vahdatinia, A. Farmany & R. Fekrazad. "Nano Antiviral Photodynamic Therapy: a Probable Biophysicochemical Management Modality in SARS-CoV-2", Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery; 1-8, (2020).
38- Mahmoudi H, Pourhajibagher M, Alikhani MY, Bahador A. "The effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy on the expression of biofilm associated genes in Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from wound infections in burn patients.", Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy; 25:406-13, (2019).
39- Hamblin MR, Hasan T. "Photodynamic therapy: a new antimicrobial approach to infectious disease?" Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences;3(5):436-50, (2004).
40- Ghahestani SM, Shahab E, Karimi S, Madani MH. "Methylene blue may have a role in the treatment of COVID-19." Medical Hypotheses; 144:110163, (2020).
41- Gao J, Tian Z, Yang X. "Breakthrough: Chloroquine phosphate has shown apparent efficacy in treatment of COVID-19 associated pneumonia in clinical studies." Bioscience trends, (2020).
42- Lentini G, Cavalluzzi MM, Habtemariam S. "COVID-19, chloroquine repurposing, and cardiac safety concern: Chirality might help." Molecules;25(8):1834, (2020).
43- Henry M, Summa M, Patrick L, Schwartz L. "A cohort of cancer patients with no reported cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection: the possible preventive role of Methylene Blue." Substantia-888, Vol. 4 No. 1 Suppl. 1., (2020)
44- V. Cagno, C. Medaglia, A. Cerny, T. Cerny, C. Tapparel, E. Cerny, "Methylene Blue Has a Potent Antiviral Activity Against SARS-CoV-2 in the Absence of UV-activation in Vitro." BioRxiv, (2020). https://doi.org/10.1101/ 2020.08.14.251090.
45- Fu Y, Cheng Y, Wu Y. "Understanding SARS-CoV-2-mediated inflammatory responses: from mechanisms to potential therapeutic tools." Virol Sin; 35:266–271, (2020).
46- Fryk JJ, Marks DC, Hobson-Peters J, Prow NA, Watterson D, Hall RA, et al. "Dengue and chikungunya viruses in plasma are effectively inactivated after treatment with methylene blue and visible light." Transfusion; 56:2278-85, (2016).
47- Faddy HM, Fryk JJ, Hal RA, Young PR, Reichenberg S, Tolksdorf F, et al. "Inactivation of yellow fever virus in plasma after treatment with methylene blue and visible light and in platelet concentrates following treatment with ultraviolet C light." Transfusion; 59:2223-7, (2019).
48- Wang Y, Ren K, Liao X, Luo G, Kumthip K, Leetrakool N, et al. "Inactivation of Zika virus in plasma and derivatives by four different methods." J Med Virol; 91:2059-65, (2019).
49- Eickmann M, Gravemann U, Handke W, Tolksdorf F, Reichenberg S, Müller TH, et al. "Inactivation of Ebola virus and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in platelet concentrates and plasma by ultraviolet C light and methylene blue plus visible light, respectively." Transfusion; 58:2202-7, (2018).
50- T.D. Felber, E.B. Smith, J.M. Knox, C. Wallis, J.L. Melnick, "Photodynamic inactivation of herpes simplex: report of a clinical trial." J. Am. Med. Assoc 92, 223–289, (1973).
51- Shafirstein G, Battoo A, Harris K, Baumann H, Gollnick SO, Lindenmann J, et al. "Photodynamic therapy of non–small cell lung cancer. Narrative review and future directions." Annals of the American Thoracic Society.;13(2):265-75, (2016).
52- Fekrazad R. "Photobiomodulation and antiviral photodynamic therapy as a possible novel approach in COVID-19 management." Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers 140 Huguenot Street, 3rd Floor New;38(5):255-257, (2020).
53- "New Technology Reduces Healthcare-Associated Infections and Surgical Site Infections." Available online: https://ondinebio.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/SW9001-Rev-B-Steriwave-Brochure.pdf (accessed on 8 May 2020).
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 9 No 1 (2022) | |
| Section | Literature (Narrative) Review(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/fbt.v9i1.8147 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Photodynamic Therapy Respiratory Tract Infections Disease Photosensitizers Viral Infections Coronavirus Disease | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Mahmoudi H. Photodynamic Therapy as a New Technology for Inactivation of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). Frontiers Biomed Technol. 2021;9(1):68-73.
