Tips and Tricks in Molecular Imaging: A practical Approach
,
Abstract
A variety of imaging modalities include X-ray-based Computed Tomography (CT) scan, Ultrasound (US), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Nuclear Medical Imaging (NMI), and Optical Imaging (OI) are used to help diagnose and treat diseases through anatomical, physiological, and functional representation. With the advent of molecular imaging using nanoparticles, detailed information about properties is provided and facilitates early detection of malignancies. Now, novel approaches in nanoparticle designing, the development of hybrid imaging modalities, and improvements in the sensitivity of instruments have raised the level of disease diagnosis.
Regarding the fact that the molecular imaging fundamentals and basis of materials as contrast agents are different from each other, we have updated the brief synopsis of basic principles of imaging technique containing important points in detail with a practical approach.
1- I. Dumic, T. Nordin, M. Jecmenica, M. Stojkovic Lalosevic, T. Milosavljevic, and T. Milovanovic, "Gastrointestinal tract disorders in older age," Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, vol. 2019, 2019.
2- S. K. Zhou et al., "A review of deep learning in medical imaging: Imaging traits, technology trends, case studies with progress highlights, and future promises," Proceedings of the IEEE, 2021.
3- S. Sikdar, K. Ganguly, S. Guha, S. Bag, and H. Barman, "Molecular Imaging Technology: A Promising Frontier of Interventional Radiology," Available at SSRN 3515891, 2020.
4- C. Davatzikos et al., "Cancer imaging phenomics toolkit: quantitative imaging analytics for precision diagnostics and predictive modeling of clinical outcome," Journal of medical imaging, vol. 5, no. 1, p. 011018, 2018.
5- E. Nerad et al., "MRI for local staging of colon cancer: can MRI become the optimal staging modality for patients with colon cancer?," Diseases of the Colon & Rectum, vol. 60, no. 4, pp. 385-392, 2017.
6- T. Alnabelsi, A. Thakkar, A. I. Ahmed, Y. Han, and M. H. Al-Mallah, "PET/CT Myocardial Perfusion Imaging Acquisition and Processing: Ten Tips and Tricks to Help You Succeed," Current Cardiology Reports, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 1-9, 2021.
7- Z. Lucia et al., "Overview and recent advances in PET/CT imaging in Lymphoma and Multiple Myeloma," European Journal of Radiology, p. 109793, 2021.
8- R. Cheheltani, J. Kim, P. C. Naha, and D. P. Cormode, "Nanoparticle Contrast Agents for Medical Imaging," in Nanobiotechnology: CRC Press, 2018, pp. 219-250.
9- M. A. Averkiou, M. F. Bruce, J. E. Powers, P. S. Sheeran, and P. N. Burns, "Imaging Methods for Ultrasound Contrast Agents," Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 498-517, 2020.
10- K. Zhang, X. Du, K. Yu, K. Zhang, and Y. Zhou, "Application of novel targeting nanoparticles contrast agent combined with contrast‑enhanced computed tomography during screening for early‑phase gastric carcinoma," Experimental and therapeutic medicine, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 47-54, 2018.
11- L.-Q. Zhou, L. Pan, X.-W. Cui, and C. F. Dietrich, "Ultrasound nanotheranostics in fighting cancer: Advances and prospects," Cancer Letters, 2019.
12- P. Siminzar, Y. Omidi, A. Golchin, A. Aghanejad, and J. Barar, "Targeted delivery of doxorubicin by magnetic mesoporous silica nanoparticles armed with mucin-1 aptamer," J. Drug Targeting, Article vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 92-101, 2020, doi: 10.1080/1061186X.2019.1616745.
13- S. M. Schlicht, "Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Techniques," in Sarcoma: Springer, 2021, pp. 43-58.
14- A. A. Borran, A. Aghanejad, A. Farajollahi, J. Barar, and Y. Omidi, "Gold nanoparticles for radiosensitizing and imaging of cancer cells," Radiation Physics and Chemistry, Review vol. 152, pp. 137-144, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2018.08.010.
15- A. Aghanejad, H. Babamiri, K. Adibkia, J. Barar, and Y. Omidi, "Mucin-1 aptamer-armed superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for targeted delivery of doxorubicin to breast cancer cells," BioImpacts, Article vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 117-127, 2018, doi: 10.15171/bi.2018.14.
16- M. F. Kircher and J. K. Willmann, "Molecular body imaging: MR imaging, CT, and US. part I. principles," Radiology, vol. 263, no. 3, pp. 633-643, 2012.
17- G. F. Tadesse et al., "Molecular imaging approaches in the diagnosis of breast cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis," Iranian Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 1-13, 2020.
18- A. Rahmim and H. Zaidi, "PET versus SPECT: strengths, limitations and challenges," Nuclear medicine communications, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 193-207, 2008.
19- Y. Yaraghi, I. Jabbari, A. Akhavan, P. Ghaffarian, S. Monadi, and M. Saeb, "Comparison of PET/CT and CT-based tumor delineation and its effects on the radiation treatment planning for non-small cell lung cancer," Iranian Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 9-15, 2018.
20- M. M. Otero-García et al., "Role of MRI in staging and follow-up of endometrial and cervical cancer: pitfalls and mimickers," Insights into imaging, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 19, 2019.
21- I. Shiri et al., "HiResPET: high resolution PET image generation using deep convolution encoder decoder network," Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol. 60, no. supplement 1, pp. 1368-1368, 2019.
22- M. R. Ay and N. Ghazanfari, "Pet/Ct," in Handbook of Small Animal Imaging: CRC Press, 2018, pp. 187-203.
23- A. Afaq et al., "Pitfalls on PET/MRI," in Seminars in Nuclear Medicine, 2021: Elsevier.
24- Y. Zhang et al., "Multifunctional tumor-targeted PLGA nanoparticles delivering Pt (IV)/siBIRC5 for US/MRI imaging and overcoming ovarian cancer resistance," Biomaterials, p. 120478, 2020.
25- S. Dadashi, R. Poursalehi, and H. Delavari, "Optical and structural properties of oxidation resistant colloidal bismuth/gold nanocomposite: an efficient nanoparticles based contrast agent for X-ray computed tomography," Journal of Molecular Liquids, vol. 254, pp. 12-19, 2018.
26- M. Wu and J. Shu, "Multimodal Molecular Imaging: Current Status and Future Directions," Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging, vol. 2018, 2018.
27- L. Feng et al., "Fluorescent probes for the detection and imaging of Cytochrome P450," Coordination Chemistry Reviews, vol. 437, p. 213740, 2021.
28- M. Saberian, H. Hamzeiy, A. Aghanejad, and D. Asgari, "Aptamer-based nanosensors: Juglone as an attached-redox molecule for detection of small molecules," BioImpacts, Article vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 31-36, 2011, doi: 10.5681/bi.2011.005.
29- C. J. Brambila, J. Lux, R. F. Mattrey, D. Boyd, M. A. Borden, and C. de Gracia Lux, "Bubble Inflation Using Phase-Change Perfluorocarbon Nanodroplets as a Strategy for Enhanced Ultrasound Imaging and Therapy," Langmuir, vol. 36, no. 11, pp. 2954-2965, 2020.
30- J. Zhu et al., "Polydopamine-Encapsulated Perfluorocarbon for Ultrasound Contrast Imaging and Photothermal Therapy," Molecular Pharmaceutics, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 817-826, 2020.
31- S. Khademi, A. Shakeri‐Zadeh, R. Solgi, H. Azimian, and H. Ghadiri, "Observation of targeted gold nanoparticles in nasopharyngeal tumour nude mice model through dual‐energy computed tomography," IET Nanobiotechnology, 2021.
32- E. Najafzadeh, P. Farnia, A. Ahmadian, and H. Ghadiri, "Light-Emitting Diode Based Photoacoustic Imaging System," Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 200-204, 2020.
33- S. Khademi et al., "Dual-energy CT imaging of nasopharyngeal cancer cells using multifunctional gold nanoparticles," IET nanobiotechnology, vol. 13, no. 9, pp. 957-961, 2019.
34- M. Applegate, R. Istfan, S. Spink, A. Tank, and D. Roblyer, "Recent advances in high speed diffuse optical imaging in biomedicine," APL Photonics, vol. 5, no. 4, p. 040802, 2020.
35- A. Aghanejad, A. R. Jalilian, S. Maus, H. Yousefnia, P. Geramifar, and D. Beiki, "Optimized production and quality control of 68Ga-DOTATATE," Iranian Journal of Nuclear Medicine, Article vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 29-36, 2016.
36- A. Aghanejad et al., "Synthesis and evaluation of [67Ga]-AMD3100: A novel imaging agent for targeting the chemokine receptor CXCR4," Sci. Pharm., Article vol. 82, no. 1, pp. 29-42, 2014, doi: 10.3797/scipharm.1305-18.
37- A. Mirzaei et al., "Preparation and Evaluation of 68Ga-ECC as a PET Renal Imaging Agent," Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Article vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 208-216, 2015, doi: 10.1007/s13139-015-0323-7.
38- Z. Fan, X. Tan, X. Ou, P. Camelliti, D. Pavlovic, and M. Lei, "A Protocol for Transverse Cardiac Slicing and Optical Mapping in Murine Heart," Optogenetics: An Emerging Approach in Cardiac Electrophysiology, 2020.
39- M. M. Koç, N. Aslan, A. P. Kao, and A. H. Barber, "Evaluation of X‐ray tomography contrast agents: A review of production, protocols, and biological applications," Microscopy research and technique, vol. 82, no. 6, pp. 812-848, 2019.
40- T. Sera, "Computed tomography," in Transparency in Biology: Springer, 2021, pp. 167-187.
41- S. Khademi et al., "Evaluation of multifunctional targeted gold nanoparticles on X-ray attenuation in nasopharyngeal cancer cells by X-ray imaging," Iranian Journal of Medical Physics, vol. 15, pp. 355-355, 2018.
42- S. Khademi et al., "Targeted gold nanoparticles enable molecular CT imaging of head and neck cancer: an in vivo study," The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology, vol. 114, p. 105554, 2019.
43- J. W. Lambert et al., "An intravascular tantalum oxide–based CT contrast agent: Preclinical evaluation emulating overweight and obese patient size," Radiology, vol. 289, no. 1, pp. 103-110, 2018.
44- A. L. Bernstein et al., "Improved sensitivity of computed tomography towards iodine and gold nanoparticle contrast agents via iterative reconstruction methods," Scientific reports, vol. 6, p. 26177, 2016.
45- S. Badrigilan, B. Shaabani, N. Gharehaghaji, and A. Mesbahi, "Iron oxide/bismuth oxide nanocomposites coated by graphene quantum dots:“Three-in-one” theranostic agents for simultaneous CT/MR imaging-guided in vitro photothermal therapy," Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy, 2018.
46- T. M. Buzug, "Computed tomography," in Springer handbook of medical technology: Springer, 2011, pp. 311-342.
47- M. Algethami, A. Blencowe, B. Feltis, and M. Geso, "Bismuth Sulfide Nanoparticles as a Complement to Traditional Iodinated Contrast Agents at Various X-Ray Computed Tomography Tube Potentials. J Nanomater Mol Nanotechnol 6: 4," of, vol. 9, pp. 25-28, 2017.
48- H. Ghadiri, M. R. Ay, M. Shiran, H. Soltanian-Zadeh, and H. Zaidi, "K-edge ratio method for identification of multiple nanoparticulate contrast agents by spectral CT imaging," The British journal of radiology, vol. 86, no. 1029, p. 20130308, 2013.
49- J. R. Ashton, J. L. West, and C. T. Badea, "In vivo small animal micro-CT using nanoparticle contrast agents," Frontiers in pharmacology, vol. 6, p. 256, 2015.
50- A. Emami, H. Ghadiri, A. Rahmim, and M. Ay, "A novel dual energy method for enhanced quantitative computed tomography," Journal of Instrumentation, vol. 13, no. 01, p. P01030, 2018.
51- M.-R. Fouladi, K. Gholami, and H. Ghadiri, "LOTUS-inVivo Micro Computed Tomography System for Imaging of Small Animals and Ex-Vivo Biological Samples," Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 134-137, 2020.
52- G. Mahmoudi, M. Fouladi, M. Ay, A. Rahmim, and H. Ghadiri, "Sparse-view statistical image reconstruction with improved total variation regularization for X-ray micro-CT imaging," Journal of Instrumentation, vol. 14, no. 08, p. P08023, 2019.
53- A. Tarighatnia, L. Pourafkari, A. Farajollahi, A. Mohammadalian, M. Ghojazadeh, and N. Nader, "Operator radiation exposure during transradial coronary angiography," Herz, vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 535-542, 2018.
54- A. Tabari et al., "Reducing radiation dose and contrast medium volume with application of dual-energy CT in children and young adults," American Journal of Roentgenology, vol. 214, no. 6, pp. 1199-1205, 2020.
55- A. Tarighatnia et al., "Radiation exposure levels according to vascular access sites during PCI," Herz, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 330-335, 2019.
56- A. Tarighatnia, A. Mesbahi, A. H. M. Alian, E. Koleini, and N. Nader, "An analysis of operating physician and patient radiation exposure during radial coronary angioplasties," Radiation protection dosimetry, vol. 182, no. 2, pp. 200-207, 2018.
57- G. Mahmoudi, M. R. Ay, A. Rahmim, and H. Ghadiri, "Computationally efficient system matrix calculation techniques in computed tomography iterative reconstruction," Journal of medical signals and sensors, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 1, 2020.
58- Z. S. Mojabi, H. Ghadiri, M. Bakhshayeshkaram, and M. R. Ay, "Development of low dose CT protocols with acceptable CT image quality for CTAC of PET data: Phantom Study," 2017.
59- H. Harun et al., "The influence of iterative reconstruction level on image quality and radiation dose in CT pulmonary angiography examinations," Radiation Physics and Chemistry, vol. 178, p. 108989, 2021.
60- M. Habibzadeh, M. R. Ay, A. K. Asl, H. Ghadiri, and H. Zaidi, "Impact of miscentering on patient dose and image noise in x-ray CT imaging: phantom and clinical studies," Physica Medica, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 191-199, 2012.
61- Q. Chen, H. Song, J. Yu, and K. Kim, "Current development and applications of super-resolution ultrasound imaging," Sensors, vol. 21, no. 7, p. 2417, 2021.
62- U. Goncin, N. Ton, A. Reddy, A. El Kaffas, M. Brinkmann, and S. Machtaler, "Contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging for assessing organ perfusion in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)," Science of The Total Environment, vol. 750, p. 141231, 2021.
63- A. Zlitni and S. S. Gambhir, "Molecular imaging agents for ultrasound," Current opinion in chemical biology, vol. 45, pp. 113-120, 2018.
64- L. Abou-Elkacem, S. V. Bachawal, and J. K. Willmann, "Ultrasound molecular imaging: Moving toward clinical translation," European journal of radiology, vol. 84, no. 9, pp. 1685-1693, 2015.
65- C. Lau, M. Rivas, J. Dinalo, K. King, and V. Duddalwar, "Scoping Review of Targeted Ultrasound Contrast Agents in the Detection of Angiogenesis," Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 19-28, 2020.
66- J. A. Valera-Calero, J. L. Arias-Buría, C. Fernández-de-Las-Peñas, J. A. Cleland, G. M. Gallego-Sendarrubias, and E. Cimadevilla-Fernández-Pola, "Echo-intensity and fatty infiltration ultrasound imaging measurement of cervical multifidus and short rotators in healthy people: A reliability study," Musculoskeletal Science and Practice, p. 102335, 2021.
67- W. Cao, X. An, L. Cong, C. Lyu, Q. Zhou, and R. Guo, "Application of Deep Learning in Quantitative Analysis of 2‐Dimensional Ultrasound Imaging of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease," Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 51-59, 2020.
68- A. Kosareva, L. Abou-Elkacem, S. Chowdhury, J. R. Lindner, and B. A. Kaufmann, "Seeing the Invisible—Ultrasound Molecular Imaging," Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology, 2019.
69- S. Turco et al., "Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound Quantification: From Kinetic Modeling to Machine Learning," Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology, 2020.
70- B. M. Dale, M. A. Brown, and R. C. Semelka, "MRI: basic principles and applications," 2015.
71- J. Nadel, J. S. McNally, A. DiGiorgio, and R. Grandhi, "Emerging utility of applied magnetic resonance imaging in the management of traumatic brain injury," Medical Sciences, vol. 9, no. 1, p. 10, 2021.
72- S. Baroni et al., "A Novel Class of 1H‐MRI Contrast Agents Based on the Relaxation Enhancement Induced on Water Protons by 14N‐Containing Imidazole Moieties," Angewandte Chemie, vol. 133, no. 8, pp. 4254-4260, 2021.
73- S. Shuvaev, E. Akam, and P. Caravan, "Molecular MR contrast agents," Investigative Radiology, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 20-34, 2021.
74- S. A. Huettel, A. W. Song, and G. McCarthy, Functional magnetic resonance imaging. Sinauer Associates Sunderland, MA, 2004.
75- C. Westbrook and J. Talbot, MRI in Practice. John Wiley & Sons, 2018.
76- D. Liu et al., "Ultrasmall Fe@ Fe3O4 nanoparticles as T1–T2 dual-mode MRI contrast agents for targeted tumor imaging," Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine, vol. 32, p. 102335, 2021.
77- A. Avasthi, C. Caro, E. Pozo-Torres, M. P. Leal, and M. L. García-Martín, "Magnetic nanoparticles as MRI contrast agents," Topics in Current Chemistry, vol. 378, pp. 1-43, 2020.
78- O. Perlman, I. S. Weitz, and H. Azhari, "Copper oxide nanoparticles as contrast agents for MRI and ultrasound dual-modality imaging," Physics in Medicine & Biology, vol. 60, no. 15, p. 5767, 2015.
79- P. C. Naha et al., "Dextran coated bismuth–iron oxide nanohybrid contrast agents for computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging," Journal of Materials Chemistry B, vol. 2, no. 46, pp. 8239-8248, 2014.
80- Y. Lu, J. Huang, N. V. Neverova, and K.-L. Nguyen, "USPIOs as targeted contrast agents in cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging," Current cardiovascular imaging reports, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 1-10, 2021.
81- S. H. Patel et al., "3D fast low-angle shot (FLASH) technique for 3T contrast-enhanced brain MRI in the inpatient and emergency setting: comparison with 3D magnetization-prepared rapid gradient echo (MPRAGE) technique," Neuroradiology, pp. 1-8, 2020.
82- T. Zhang et al., "A Novel Approach for Imaging of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Using Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Angiography (CE-MRA), Short Inversion Time Inversion Recovery Sampling Perfection with Application-Optimized Contrasts Using Different Flip Angle Evolutions (T2-STIR-SPACE), and Volumetric Interpolated Breath-Hold Examination (VIBE)," Medical science monitor: international medical journal of experimental and clinical research, vol. 25, p. 7617, 2019.
83- Q. Fu, Q. Cheng, X. Kong, H. Ma, and Z. Lei, "Diagnostic accuracy of true fast imaging with steady‑state precession, MR pulmonary angiography and volume‑interpolated body examination for pulmonary embolism compared with CT pulmonary angiography," Experimental and therapeutic medicine, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 1-1, 2021.
84- S. Y. Yun et al., "Inorganic-Polymer Core-Shell with Gadolinium Complex for Switching on/off CT/MRI Dual Detection System of Cancer Cells upon pH Change," Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, vol. 95, pp. 28-36, 2021.
85- A. Yuan et al., "Ultrasmall MoS2 nanodots-wrapped perfluorohexane nanodroplets for dual-modal imaging and enhanced photothermal therapy," Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, p. 111880, 2021.
86- M. Khalilnejad, T. Mortezazadeh, and R. Ghasemi Shayan, "Application of Manganese Oxide (MnO) nanoparticles in multimodal molecular imaging and cancer therapy: A review," Nanomedicine Journal, 2021.
87- A. A. Khan and R. T. de Rosales, "Radiolabelling of Extracellular Vesicles for PET and SPECT imaging," Nanotheranostics, vol. 5, no. 3, p. 256, 2021.
88- L. Livieratos, "Basic principles of SPECT and PET imaging," in Radionuclide and Hybrid Bone Imaging: Springer, 2012, pp. 345-359.
89- E. E. Kim, M.-C. Lee, T. Inoue, and W.-H. Wong, Clinical PET: principles and applications. Springer Science & Business Media, 2013.
90- N. Vahidfar, M. Fallahpoor, S. Farzanehfar, G. Divband, and H. Ahmadzadehfar, "Historical review of pharmacological development and dosimetry of PSMA-based theranostics for prostate cancer," Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, vol. 322, no. 2, pp. 237-248, 2019.
91- N. Gillings et al., "Guideline on current good radiopharmacy practice (cGRPP) for the small-scale preparation of radiopharmaceuticals," EJNMMI Radiopharmacy and Chemistry, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1-22, 2021.
92- A. C. Civelek and F. C. Wong, "Radionuclide Cancer Therapy: Unsealed Alpha-and Beta-Emitters," in Locoregional Radionuclide Cancer Therapy: Springer, 2021, pp. 61-87.
93- N. Vahidfar, A. Aghanejad, H. Ahmadzadehfar, S. Farzanehfar, and E. Eppard, "Theranostic advances in breast cancer in nuclear medicine," Int. J. Mol. Sci., Review vol. 22, no. 9, 2021, Art no. 4597, doi: 10.3390/ijms22094597.
94- Z. Ritter et al., "In situ lymphoma imaging in a spontaneous mouse model using the Cerenkov Luminescence of F-18 and Ga-67 isotopes," 2021.
95- A. Aghanejad, A. R. Jalilian, Y. Fazaeli, D. Beiki, B. Fateh, and A. Khalaj, "Radiosynthesis and biodistribution studies of [62Zn/ 62Cu]-plerixafor complex as a novel in vivo PET generator for chemokine receptor imaging," Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, Article vol. 299, no. 3, pp. 1635-1644, 2014, doi: 10.1007/s10967-013-2822-2.
96- N. Vahidfar et al., "Development of radiolanthanide labeled porphyrin complexes as possible therapeutic agents in beast carcinoma xenografts," Radiochim. Acta, Article vol. 102, no. 7, pp. 659-668, 2014, doi: 10.1515/ract-2014-2167.
97- I. Shiri, A. Rahmim, P. Ghaffarian, P. Geramifar, H. Abdollahi, and A. Bitarafan-Rajabi, "The impact of image reconstruction settings on 18F-FDG PET radiomic features: multi-scanner phantom and patient studies," European radiology, vol. 27, no. 11, pp. 4498-4509, 2017.
98- S. Katal, S. Azam, E. Bombardieri, M. Picchio, and A. Gholamrezanezhad, "Reopening the country: Recommendations for nuclear medicine departments," World Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol. 20, no. 1, p. 1, 2021.
99- H. Son et al., "PET/CT evaluation of cervical cancer: spectrum of disease," Radiographics, vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 1251-1268, 2010.
100- S. Suárez-García et al., "Hybrid Metal–Phenol Nanoparticles with Polydopamine-like Coating for PET/SPECT/CT Imaging," ACS applied materials & interfaces, vol. 13, no. 9, pp. 10705-10718, 2021.
101- Y. Watanabe, "PET/SPECT/MRI/fMRI studies in the myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome," in PET and SPECT in Psychiatry: Springer, 2021, pp. 985-1001.
102- P. N. Nabi, N. Vahidfar, M. R. Tohidkia, A. A. Hamidi, Y. Omidi, and A. Aghanejad, "Mucin-1 conjugated polyamidoamine-based nanoparticles for image-guided delivery of gefitinib to breast cancer," Int. J. Biol. Macromol., Article vol. 174, pp. 185-197, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.170.
103- H. Xing et al., "A NaYbF4: Tm3+ nanoprobe for CT and NIR-to-NIR fluorescent bimodal imaging," Biomaterials, vol. 33, no. 21, pp. 5384-5393, 2012.
104- C. W. Merkle et al., "High-resolution, depth-resolved vascular leakage measurements using contrast-enhanced, correlation-gated optical coherence tomography in mice," Biomedical optics express, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 1774-1791, 2021.
105- C. Wang et al., "Optical molecular imaging for tumor detection and image-guided surgery," Biomaterials, vol. 157, pp. 62-75, 2018.
106- Y. Gao et al., "Facilitating in vivo tumor localization by principal component analysis based on dynamic fluorescence molecular imaging," Journal of biomedical optics, vol. 22, no. 9, p. 096010, 2017.
107- Z. Chu et al., "Ultrasmall Au-Ag Alloy Nanoparticles: Protein-directed Synthesis, Biocompatibility and X-ray Computed Tomography Imaging," ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering, 2019.
108- H. Chen, "Towards the development of the dual modal contrast agent for computed tomography and ultrasound," ed, 2016.
2- S. K. Zhou et al., "A review of deep learning in medical imaging: Imaging traits, technology trends, case studies with progress highlights, and future promises," Proceedings of the IEEE, 2021.
3- S. Sikdar, K. Ganguly, S. Guha, S. Bag, and H. Barman, "Molecular Imaging Technology: A Promising Frontier of Interventional Radiology," Available at SSRN 3515891, 2020.
4- C. Davatzikos et al., "Cancer imaging phenomics toolkit: quantitative imaging analytics for precision diagnostics and predictive modeling of clinical outcome," Journal of medical imaging, vol. 5, no. 1, p. 011018, 2018.
5- E. Nerad et al., "MRI for local staging of colon cancer: can MRI become the optimal staging modality for patients with colon cancer?," Diseases of the Colon & Rectum, vol. 60, no. 4, pp. 385-392, 2017.
6- T. Alnabelsi, A. Thakkar, A. I. Ahmed, Y. Han, and M. H. Al-Mallah, "PET/CT Myocardial Perfusion Imaging Acquisition and Processing: Ten Tips and Tricks to Help You Succeed," Current Cardiology Reports, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 1-9, 2021.
7- Z. Lucia et al., "Overview and recent advances in PET/CT imaging in Lymphoma and Multiple Myeloma," European Journal of Radiology, p. 109793, 2021.
8- R. Cheheltani, J. Kim, P. C. Naha, and D. P. Cormode, "Nanoparticle Contrast Agents for Medical Imaging," in Nanobiotechnology: CRC Press, 2018, pp. 219-250.
9- M. A. Averkiou, M. F. Bruce, J. E. Powers, P. S. Sheeran, and P. N. Burns, "Imaging Methods for Ultrasound Contrast Agents," Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 498-517, 2020.
10- K. Zhang, X. Du, K. Yu, K. Zhang, and Y. Zhou, "Application of novel targeting nanoparticles contrast agent combined with contrast‑enhanced computed tomography during screening for early‑phase gastric carcinoma," Experimental and therapeutic medicine, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 47-54, 2018.
11- L.-Q. Zhou, L. Pan, X.-W. Cui, and C. F. Dietrich, "Ultrasound nanotheranostics in fighting cancer: Advances and prospects," Cancer Letters, 2019.
12- P. Siminzar, Y. Omidi, A. Golchin, A. Aghanejad, and J. Barar, "Targeted delivery of doxorubicin by magnetic mesoporous silica nanoparticles armed with mucin-1 aptamer," J. Drug Targeting, Article vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 92-101, 2020, doi: 10.1080/1061186X.2019.1616745.
13- S. M. Schlicht, "Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Techniques," in Sarcoma: Springer, 2021, pp. 43-58.
14- A. A. Borran, A. Aghanejad, A. Farajollahi, J. Barar, and Y. Omidi, "Gold nanoparticles for radiosensitizing and imaging of cancer cells," Radiation Physics and Chemistry, Review vol. 152, pp. 137-144, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2018.08.010.
15- A. Aghanejad, H. Babamiri, K. Adibkia, J. Barar, and Y. Omidi, "Mucin-1 aptamer-armed superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for targeted delivery of doxorubicin to breast cancer cells," BioImpacts, Article vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 117-127, 2018, doi: 10.15171/bi.2018.14.
16- M. F. Kircher and J. K. Willmann, "Molecular body imaging: MR imaging, CT, and US. part I. principles," Radiology, vol. 263, no. 3, pp. 633-643, 2012.
17- G. F. Tadesse et al., "Molecular imaging approaches in the diagnosis of breast cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis," Iranian Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 1-13, 2020.
18- A. Rahmim and H. Zaidi, "PET versus SPECT: strengths, limitations and challenges," Nuclear medicine communications, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 193-207, 2008.
19- Y. Yaraghi, I. Jabbari, A. Akhavan, P. Ghaffarian, S. Monadi, and M. Saeb, "Comparison of PET/CT and CT-based tumor delineation and its effects on the radiation treatment planning for non-small cell lung cancer," Iranian Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 9-15, 2018.
20- M. M. Otero-García et al., "Role of MRI in staging and follow-up of endometrial and cervical cancer: pitfalls and mimickers," Insights into imaging, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 19, 2019.
21- I. Shiri et al., "HiResPET: high resolution PET image generation using deep convolution encoder decoder network," Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol. 60, no. supplement 1, pp. 1368-1368, 2019.
22- M. R. Ay and N. Ghazanfari, "Pet/Ct," in Handbook of Small Animal Imaging: CRC Press, 2018, pp. 187-203.
23- A. Afaq et al., "Pitfalls on PET/MRI," in Seminars in Nuclear Medicine, 2021: Elsevier.
24- Y. Zhang et al., "Multifunctional tumor-targeted PLGA nanoparticles delivering Pt (IV)/siBIRC5 for US/MRI imaging and overcoming ovarian cancer resistance," Biomaterials, p. 120478, 2020.
25- S. Dadashi, R. Poursalehi, and H. Delavari, "Optical and structural properties of oxidation resistant colloidal bismuth/gold nanocomposite: an efficient nanoparticles based contrast agent for X-ray computed tomography," Journal of Molecular Liquids, vol. 254, pp. 12-19, 2018.
26- M. Wu and J. Shu, "Multimodal Molecular Imaging: Current Status and Future Directions," Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging, vol. 2018, 2018.
27- L. Feng et al., "Fluorescent probes for the detection and imaging of Cytochrome P450," Coordination Chemistry Reviews, vol. 437, p. 213740, 2021.
28- M. Saberian, H. Hamzeiy, A. Aghanejad, and D. Asgari, "Aptamer-based nanosensors: Juglone as an attached-redox molecule for detection of small molecules," BioImpacts, Article vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 31-36, 2011, doi: 10.5681/bi.2011.005.
29- C. J. Brambila, J. Lux, R. F. Mattrey, D. Boyd, M. A. Borden, and C. de Gracia Lux, "Bubble Inflation Using Phase-Change Perfluorocarbon Nanodroplets as a Strategy for Enhanced Ultrasound Imaging and Therapy," Langmuir, vol. 36, no. 11, pp. 2954-2965, 2020.
30- J. Zhu et al., "Polydopamine-Encapsulated Perfluorocarbon for Ultrasound Contrast Imaging and Photothermal Therapy," Molecular Pharmaceutics, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 817-826, 2020.
31- S. Khademi, A. Shakeri‐Zadeh, R. Solgi, H. Azimian, and H. Ghadiri, "Observation of targeted gold nanoparticles in nasopharyngeal tumour nude mice model through dual‐energy computed tomography," IET Nanobiotechnology, 2021.
32- E. Najafzadeh, P. Farnia, A. Ahmadian, and H. Ghadiri, "Light-Emitting Diode Based Photoacoustic Imaging System," Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 200-204, 2020.
33- S. Khademi et al., "Dual-energy CT imaging of nasopharyngeal cancer cells using multifunctional gold nanoparticles," IET nanobiotechnology, vol. 13, no. 9, pp. 957-961, 2019.
34- M. Applegate, R. Istfan, S. Spink, A. Tank, and D. Roblyer, "Recent advances in high speed diffuse optical imaging in biomedicine," APL Photonics, vol. 5, no. 4, p. 040802, 2020.
35- A. Aghanejad, A. R. Jalilian, S. Maus, H. Yousefnia, P. Geramifar, and D. Beiki, "Optimized production and quality control of 68Ga-DOTATATE," Iranian Journal of Nuclear Medicine, Article vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 29-36, 2016.
36- A. Aghanejad et al., "Synthesis and evaluation of [67Ga]-AMD3100: A novel imaging agent for targeting the chemokine receptor CXCR4," Sci. Pharm., Article vol. 82, no. 1, pp. 29-42, 2014, doi: 10.3797/scipharm.1305-18.
37- A. Mirzaei et al., "Preparation and Evaluation of 68Ga-ECC as a PET Renal Imaging Agent," Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Article vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 208-216, 2015, doi: 10.1007/s13139-015-0323-7.
38- Z. Fan, X. Tan, X. Ou, P. Camelliti, D. Pavlovic, and M. Lei, "A Protocol for Transverse Cardiac Slicing and Optical Mapping in Murine Heart," Optogenetics: An Emerging Approach in Cardiac Electrophysiology, 2020.
39- M. M. Koç, N. Aslan, A. P. Kao, and A. H. Barber, "Evaluation of X‐ray tomography contrast agents: A review of production, protocols, and biological applications," Microscopy research and technique, vol. 82, no. 6, pp. 812-848, 2019.
40- T. Sera, "Computed tomography," in Transparency in Biology: Springer, 2021, pp. 167-187.
41- S. Khademi et al., "Evaluation of multifunctional targeted gold nanoparticles on X-ray attenuation in nasopharyngeal cancer cells by X-ray imaging," Iranian Journal of Medical Physics, vol. 15, pp. 355-355, 2018.
42- S. Khademi et al., "Targeted gold nanoparticles enable molecular CT imaging of head and neck cancer: an in vivo study," The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology, vol. 114, p. 105554, 2019.
43- J. W. Lambert et al., "An intravascular tantalum oxide–based CT contrast agent: Preclinical evaluation emulating overweight and obese patient size," Radiology, vol. 289, no. 1, pp. 103-110, 2018.
44- A. L. Bernstein et al., "Improved sensitivity of computed tomography towards iodine and gold nanoparticle contrast agents via iterative reconstruction methods," Scientific reports, vol. 6, p. 26177, 2016.
45- S. Badrigilan, B. Shaabani, N. Gharehaghaji, and A. Mesbahi, "Iron oxide/bismuth oxide nanocomposites coated by graphene quantum dots:“Three-in-one” theranostic agents for simultaneous CT/MR imaging-guided in vitro photothermal therapy," Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy, 2018.
46- T. M. Buzug, "Computed tomography," in Springer handbook of medical technology: Springer, 2011, pp. 311-342.
47- M. Algethami, A. Blencowe, B. Feltis, and M. Geso, "Bismuth Sulfide Nanoparticles as a Complement to Traditional Iodinated Contrast Agents at Various X-Ray Computed Tomography Tube Potentials. J Nanomater Mol Nanotechnol 6: 4," of, vol. 9, pp. 25-28, 2017.
48- H. Ghadiri, M. R. Ay, M. Shiran, H. Soltanian-Zadeh, and H. Zaidi, "K-edge ratio method for identification of multiple nanoparticulate contrast agents by spectral CT imaging," The British journal of radiology, vol. 86, no. 1029, p. 20130308, 2013.
49- J. R. Ashton, J. L. West, and C. T. Badea, "In vivo small animal micro-CT using nanoparticle contrast agents," Frontiers in pharmacology, vol. 6, p. 256, 2015.
50- A. Emami, H. Ghadiri, A. Rahmim, and M. Ay, "A novel dual energy method for enhanced quantitative computed tomography," Journal of Instrumentation, vol. 13, no. 01, p. P01030, 2018.
51- M.-R. Fouladi, K. Gholami, and H. Ghadiri, "LOTUS-inVivo Micro Computed Tomography System for Imaging of Small Animals and Ex-Vivo Biological Samples," Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 134-137, 2020.
52- G. Mahmoudi, M. Fouladi, M. Ay, A. Rahmim, and H. Ghadiri, "Sparse-view statistical image reconstruction with improved total variation regularization for X-ray micro-CT imaging," Journal of Instrumentation, vol. 14, no. 08, p. P08023, 2019.
53- A. Tarighatnia, L. Pourafkari, A. Farajollahi, A. Mohammadalian, M. Ghojazadeh, and N. Nader, "Operator radiation exposure during transradial coronary angiography," Herz, vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 535-542, 2018.
54- A. Tabari et al., "Reducing radiation dose and contrast medium volume with application of dual-energy CT in children and young adults," American Journal of Roentgenology, vol. 214, no. 6, pp. 1199-1205, 2020.
55- A. Tarighatnia et al., "Radiation exposure levels according to vascular access sites during PCI," Herz, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 330-335, 2019.
56- A. Tarighatnia, A. Mesbahi, A. H. M. Alian, E. Koleini, and N. Nader, "An analysis of operating physician and patient radiation exposure during radial coronary angioplasties," Radiation protection dosimetry, vol. 182, no. 2, pp. 200-207, 2018.
57- G. Mahmoudi, M. R. Ay, A. Rahmim, and H. Ghadiri, "Computationally efficient system matrix calculation techniques in computed tomography iterative reconstruction," Journal of medical signals and sensors, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 1, 2020.
58- Z. S. Mojabi, H. Ghadiri, M. Bakhshayeshkaram, and M. R. Ay, "Development of low dose CT protocols with acceptable CT image quality for CTAC of PET data: Phantom Study," 2017.
59- H. Harun et al., "The influence of iterative reconstruction level on image quality and radiation dose in CT pulmonary angiography examinations," Radiation Physics and Chemistry, vol. 178, p. 108989, 2021.
60- M. Habibzadeh, M. R. Ay, A. K. Asl, H. Ghadiri, and H. Zaidi, "Impact of miscentering on patient dose and image noise in x-ray CT imaging: phantom and clinical studies," Physica Medica, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 191-199, 2012.
61- Q. Chen, H. Song, J. Yu, and K. Kim, "Current development and applications of super-resolution ultrasound imaging," Sensors, vol. 21, no. 7, p. 2417, 2021.
62- U. Goncin, N. Ton, A. Reddy, A. El Kaffas, M. Brinkmann, and S. Machtaler, "Contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging for assessing organ perfusion in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)," Science of The Total Environment, vol. 750, p. 141231, 2021.
63- A. Zlitni and S. S. Gambhir, "Molecular imaging agents for ultrasound," Current opinion in chemical biology, vol. 45, pp. 113-120, 2018.
64- L. Abou-Elkacem, S. V. Bachawal, and J. K. Willmann, "Ultrasound molecular imaging: Moving toward clinical translation," European journal of radiology, vol. 84, no. 9, pp. 1685-1693, 2015.
65- C. Lau, M. Rivas, J. Dinalo, K. King, and V. Duddalwar, "Scoping Review of Targeted Ultrasound Contrast Agents in the Detection of Angiogenesis," Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 19-28, 2020.
66- J. A. Valera-Calero, J. L. Arias-Buría, C. Fernández-de-Las-Peñas, J. A. Cleland, G. M. Gallego-Sendarrubias, and E. Cimadevilla-Fernández-Pola, "Echo-intensity and fatty infiltration ultrasound imaging measurement of cervical multifidus and short rotators in healthy people: A reliability study," Musculoskeletal Science and Practice, p. 102335, 2021.
67- W. Cao, X. An, L. Cong, C. Lyu, Q. Zhou, and R. Guo, "Application of Deep Learning in Quantitative Analysis of 2‐Dimensional Ultrasound Imaging of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease," Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 51-59, 2020.
68- A. Kosareva, L. Abou-Elkacem, S. Chowdhury, J. R. Lindner, and B. A. Kaufmann, "Seeing the Invisible—Ultrasound Molecular Imaging," Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology, 2019.
69- S. Turco et al., "Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound Quantification: From Kinetic Modeling to Machine Learning," Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology, 2020.
70- B. M. Dale, M. A. Brown, and R. C. Semelka, "MRI: basic principles and applications," 2015.
71- J. Nadel, J. S. McNally, A. DiGiorgio, and R. Grandhi, "Emerging utility of applied magnetic resonance imaging in the management of traumatic brain injury," Medical Sciences, vol. 9, no. 1, p. 10, 2021.
72- S. Baroni et al., "A Novel Class of 1H‐MRI Contrast Agents Based on the Relaxation Enhancement Induced on Water Protons by 14N‐Containing Imidazole Moieties," Angewandte Chemie, vol. 133, no. 8, pp. 4254-4260, 2021.
73- S. Shuvaev, E. Akam, and P. Caravan, "Molecular MR contrast agents," Investigative Radiology, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 20-34, 2021.
74- S. A. Huettel, A. W. Song, and G. McCarthy, Functional magnetic resonance imaging. Sinauer Associates Sunderland, MA, 2004.
75- C. Westbrook and J. Talbot, MRI in Practice. John Wiley & Sons, 2018.
76- D. Liu et al., "Ultrasmall Fe@ Fe3O4 nanoparticles as T1–T2 dual-mode MRI contrast agents for targeted tumor imaging," Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine, vol. 32, p. 102335, 2021.
77- A. Avasthi, C. Caro, E. Pozo-Torres, M. P. Leal, and M. L. García-Martín, "Magnetic nanoparticles as MRI contrast agents," Topics in Current Chemistry, vol. 378, pp. 1-43, 2020.
78- O. Perlman, I. S. Weitz, and H. Azhari, "Copper oxide nanoparticles as contrast agents for MRI and ultrasound dual-modality imaging," Physics in Medicine & Biology, vol. 60, no. 15, p. 5767, 2015.
79- P. C. Naha et al., "Dextran coated bismuth–iron oxide nanohybrid contrast agents for computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging," Journal of Materials Chemistry B, vol. 2, no. 46, pp. 8239-8248, 2014.
80- Y. Lu, J. Huang, N. V. Neverova, and K.-L. Nguyen, "USPIOs as targeted contrast agents in cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging," Current cardiovascular imaging reports, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 1-10, 2021.
81- S. H. Patel et al., "3D fast low-angle shot (FLASH) technique for 3T contrast-enhanced brain MRI in the inpatient and emergency setting: comparison with 3D magnetization-prepared rapid gradient echo (MPRAGE) technique," Neuroradiology, pp. 1-8, 2020.
82- T. Zhang et al., "A Novel Approach for Imaging of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Using Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Angiography (CE-MRA), Short Inversion Time Inversion Recovery Sampling Perfection with Application-Optimized Contrasts Using Different Flip Angle Evolutions (T2-STIR-SPACE), and Volumetric Interpolated Breath-Hold Examination (VIBE)," Medical science monitor: international medical journal of experimental and clinical research, vol. 25, p. 7617, 2019.
83- Q. Fu, Q. Cheng, X. Kong, H. Ma, and Z. Lei, "Diagnostic accuracy of true fast imaging with steady‑state precession, MR pulmonary angiography and volume‑interpolated body examination for pulmonary embolism compared with CT pulmonary angiography," Experimental and therapeutic medicine, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 1-1, 2021.
84- S. Y. Yun et al., "Inorganic-Polymer Core-Shell with Gadolinium Complex for Switching on/off CT/MRI Dual Detection System of Cancer Cells upon pH Change," Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, vol. 95, pp. 28-36, 2021.
85- A. Yuan et al., "Ultrasmall MoS2 nanodots-wrapped perfluorohexane nanodroplets for dual-modal imaging and enhanced photothermal therapy," Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, p. 111880, 2021.
86- M. Khalilnejad, T. Mortezazadeh, and R. Ghasemi Shayan, "Application of Manganese Oxide (MnO) nanoparticles in multimodal molecular imaging and cancer therapy: A review," Nanomedicine Journal, 2021.
87- A. A. Khan and R. T. de Rosales, "Radiolabelling of Extracellular Vesicles for PET and SPECT imaging," Nanotheranostics, vol. 5, no. 3, p. 256, 2021.
88- L. Livieratos, "Basic principles of SPECT and PET imaging," in Radionuclide and Hybrid Bone Imaging: Springer, 2012, pp. 345-359.
89- E. E. Kim, M.-C. Lee, T. Inoue, and W.-H. Wong, Clinical PET: principles and applications. Springer Science & Business Media, 2013.
90- N. Vahidfar, M. Fallahpoor, S. Farzanehfar, G. Divband, and H. Ahmadzadehfar, "Historical review of pharmacological development and dosimetry of PSMA-based theranostics for prostate cancer," Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, vol. 322, no. 2, pp. 237-248, 2019.
91- N. Gillings et al., "Guideline on current good radiopharmacy practice (cGRPP) for the small-scale preparation of radiopharmaceuticals," EJNMMI Radiopharmacy and Chemistry, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1-22, 2021.
92- A. C. Civelek and F. C. Wong, "Radionuclide Cancer Therapy: Unsealed Alpha-and Beta-Emitters," in Locoregional Radionuclide Cancer Therapy: Springer, 2021, pp. 61-87.
93- N. Vahidfar, A. Aghanejad, H. Ahmadzadehfar, S. Farzanehfar, and E. Eppard, "Theranostic advances in breast cancer in nuclear medicine," Int. J. Mol. Sci., Review vol. 22, no. 9, 2021, Art no. 4597, doi: 10.3390/ijms22094597.
94- Z. Ritter et al., "In situ lymphoma imaging in a spontaneous mouse model using the Cerenkov Luminescence of F-18 and Ga-67 isotopes," 2021.
95- A. Aghanejad, A. R. Jalilian, Y. Fazaeli, D. Beiki, B. Fateh, and A. Khalaj, "Radiosynthesis and biodistribution studies of [62Zn/ 62Cu]-plerixafor complex as a novel in vivo PET generator for chemokine receptor imaging," Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, Article vol. 299, no. 3, pp. 1635-1644, 2014, doi: 10.1007/s10967-013-2822-2.
96- N. Vahidfar et al., "Development of radiolanthanide labeled porphyrin complexes as possible therapeutic agents in beast carcinoma xenografts," Radiochim. Acta, Article vol. 102, no. 7, pp. 659-668, 2014, doi: 10.1515/ract-2014-2167.
97- I. Shiri, A. Rahmim, P. Ghaffarian, P. Geramifar, H. Abdollahi, and A. Bitarafan-Rajabi, "The impact of image reconstruction settings on 18F-FDG PET radiomic features: multi-scanner phantom and patient studies," European radiology, vol. 27, no. 11, pp. 4498-4509, 2017.
98- S. Katal, S. Azam, E. Bombardieri, M. Picchio, and A. Gholamrezanezhad, "Reopening the country: Recommendations for nuclear medicine departments," World Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol. 20, no. 1, p. 1, 2021.
99- H. Son et al., "PET/CT evaluation of cervical cancer: spectrum of disease," Radiographics, vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 1251-1268, 2010.
100- S. Suárez-García et al., "Hybrid Metal–Phenol Nanoparticles with Polydopamine-like Coating for PET/SPECT/CT Imaging," ACS applied materials & interfaces, vol. 13, no. 9, pp. 10705-10718, 2021.
101- Y. Watanabe, "PET/SPECT/MRI/fMRI studies in the myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome," in PET and SPECT in Psychiatry: Springer, 2021, pp. 985-1001.
102- P. N. Nabi, N. Vahidfar, M. R. Tohidkia, A. A. Hamidi, Y. Omidi, and A. Aghanejad, "Mucin-1 conjugated polyamidoamine-based nanoparticles for image-guided delivery of gefitinib to breast cancer," Int. J. Biol. Macromol., Article vol. 174, pp. 185-197, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.170.
103- H. Xing et al., "A NaYbF4: Tm3+ nanoprobe for CT and NIR-to-NIR fluorescent bimodal imaging," Biomaterials, vol. 33, no. 21, pp. 5384-5393, 2012.
104- C. W. Merkle et al., "High-resolution, depth-resolved vascular leakage measurements using contrast-enhanced, correlation-gated optical coherence tomography in mice," Biomedical optics express, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 1774-1791, 2021.
105- C. Wang et al., "Optical molecular imaging for tumor detection and image-guided surgery," Biomaterials, vol. 157, pp. 62-75, 2018.
106- Y. Gao et al., "Facilitating in vivo tumor localization by principal component analysis based on dynamic fluorescence molecular imaging," Journal of biomedical optics, vol. 22, no. 9, p. 096010, 2017.
107- Z. Chu et al., "Ultrasmall Au-Ag Alloy Nanoparticles: Protein-directed Synthesis, Biocompatibility and X-ray Computed Tomography Imaging," ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering, 2019.
108- H. Chen, "Towards the development of the dual modal contrast agent for computed tomography and ultrasound," ed, 2016.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 8 No 3 (2021) | |
| Section | Literature (Narrative) Review(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/fbt.v8i3.7118 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Computed Tomography Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Nuclear Medical Imaging Optical Imaging Contrast Agents | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Tarighatnia A, Johal G, Aghanejad A, Ghadiri H, Nader N. Tips and Tricks in Molecular Imaging: A practical Approach. Frontiers Biomed Technol. 2021;8(3):226-235.
