Prediction of Self-Control Based on Cognitive Intelligence and Socio-Emotional Behavior Assessments in Early Childhood
Abstract
Purpose: The infrastructure core of self-control, as an indicator of future success, is unsettled. To better investigate the nature of self-control, and strengthening it, it is necessary to know to what extent is self-control based on cognitive or socio-emotional abilities?
Materials and Methods: The authors measured the cognitive intelligence and socio-emotional behavior of 377 healthy Iranian children (girl=46.1%) by WPPSI-III and Kindergarten Inventory of Social-Emotional Tendencies (KIST) at the age range of 42-66 months (mean=54.86, SD=5.88). Then, they assessed their Self-control competency 18 months later, to know which component of WPPSI or KIST could better predict Self-control.
Results:.The correlation matrix between all study variables shows that there are more positive significant correlations among Self-control with KIST subsets (5/6) than WPPSI subsets (2/10). The results of automatic linear modelling show that the significant predictors of self-control in the total model (R2=0.161) were HMB, (coefficient=.137, importance=0.781), and DLS (coefficient=.127, importance=0.125), so HMB is the best predictor of self-control among the subsets examined in our research. Therefore, self-control is more related to the socio-emotional than cognitive domain.
Conclusion: We suggest children who get a low score in socio-emotional assessments, need early supportive intervention and rehabilitation to prevent the maldevelopment of self-control.
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2- Eisenberg N. "Commentary: What’s in a word (or words) on the relations among self-regulation, self-control, executive functioning, effortful control, cognitive control, impulsivity, risk-taking, and inhibition for developmental psychopathology – reflections on Nigg." J Child Psychol Psychiatry Allied Discip;58(4):384–6, (2017).
3- Gagne JR, Nwadinobi OK. "Self-Control Interventions That Benefit Executive Functioning and Academic Outcomes in Early and Middle Childhood.", Early Educ Dev;29(7):971–87, (2018).
4- Gagne JR. "Self-Control in Childhood: A Synthesis of Perspectives and Focus on Early Development.", Child Dev Perspect;11(2):127–32, (2017).
5- Montroy JJ, Bowles RP, Skibbe LE, McClelland MM, Morrison FJ. "The development of self-regulation across early childhood.", Dev Psychol;52(11):1744–62, (2016).
6- Tangney JP, Boone AL, Baumeister RF. "High self-control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success.", Self-regulation and self-control;173–212, (2018).
7- Baumeister RF, Vohs KD, Tice DM. "The strength model of self-control.", Curr Dir Psychol Sci;16(6):351–5, (2007).
8- Burt CH. "Self-Control and Crime: Beyond Gottfredson & Hirschi’s Theory.", Annu Rev Criminol;3:43–73, (2020).
9- Li J Bin, Yang A, Dou K, Cheung RYM. "Self-control moderates the association between perceived severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and mental health problems among the Chinese public.", Int J Environ Res Public Health;17(13):1–10, (2020).
10- Schmidt-Barad T, Uziel L. "When (state and trait) powers collide: Effects of power-incongruence and self-control on prosocial behavior.", Pers Individ Dif;162:110009, (2020).
11- Gerdtham UG, Wengström E, Wickström Östervall L. "Trait self-control, exercise and exercise ambition: Evidence from a healthy, adult population.", Psychol Heal Med;25(5):583–92, (2020).
12- Englert C, Dziuba A, Wolff W, Giboin L solal. "An investigation of the effects of self-reported self-control strength on shooting performance.", Psychol Sport Exerc; 52:101839, (2021).
13- Duckworth AL, Taxer JL, Eskreis-Winkler L, Galla BM, Gross JJ. "Self-control and academic achievement." Annu Rev Psychol; 70:373–99, (2019).
14- Bhagat S, Jeong EJ, Kim DJ. "The Role of Individuals’ Need for Online Social Interactions and Interpersonal Incompetence in Digital Game Addiction." Int J Hum Comput Interact;36(5):449–63, (2020).
15- Acland D, Chow V. "Self-control and demand for commitment in online game playing: evidence from a field experiment.", J Econ Sci Assoc;4(1):46–62, (2018).
16- Moffitt TE, Arseneault L, Belsky D, Dickson N, Hancox RJ, Harrington HL, et al. "A gradient of childhood self-control predicts health, wealth, and public safety.", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A;108(7):2693–8, (2011).
17- Nielsen KS, Bauer JM, Hofmann W. "Examining the relationship between trait self-control and stress: Evidence on generalizability and outcome variability." J Res Pers; 84:103901, (2020).
18- Institute of Medicine (IOM) and National Research Council (NRC), (NRC) I of M (IOM) and NRC, Institute of Medicine (IOM) and National Research Council (NRC). "Transforming the Workforce for Children Birth Through Age 8. In: Transforming the Workforce for Children Birth Through Age 8 [Internet].", National Academies Press (US); p. 85–203, (2015). Available from: http://www.nap.edu/catalog/19401
19- Pan Q, Zhu Q. "Development of self-control in early childhood—a growth mixture modeling approach.", Cogent Psychol;5(1):1–17, (2018).
20- Tao T, Wang L, Fan C, Gao W. "Development of self-control in children aged 3 to 9 years: Perspective from a dual-systems model.", Sci Rep, 11;4(1):7272, (2014).
21- Moore SR, Lorntz B, Lima AA, Guerrant RL. "Risk factors for adverse outcomes in developing countries." Lancet;369(9564):824–5, (2007).
22- Kataoka N, Valerio A, Elder LK, Neuman MJ, Naudeau S. "Investing in young children : an early childhood development guide for policy dialogue and project preparation [Internet]." The World Bank; (2011). Available from: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2011/01/16283743/investing-young-children-early-childhood-development-guide-policy-dialogue-project-preparation
23- Seel NM. "Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning.", Choice Reviews Online. Springer Science & Business Media; Vol. 50, 50-1234-50–1234 p, (2012).
24- Donachie MJ. "Holistic Early Childhood Development Index [Internet].", United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, (2014). Available from: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000229188
25- Berk LE. "Child Development Seventh Edition.", Pearson Education; (2006).
26- Levine LE, Munsch J. "Child development: An active learning approach: An active learning approach.", Sage; (2016).
27- Black MM, Walker SP, Fernald LCH, Andersen CT, DiGirolamo AM, Lu C, et al. "Early childhood development coming of age: science through the life course.", Lancet;389(10064):77–90, (2017).
28- Caemmerer JM, Maddocks DLS, Keith TZ, Reynolds MR. "Effects of cognitive abilities on child and youth academic achievement: Evidence from the WISC-V and WIAT-III.", Intelligence;68:6–20, (2018).
29- Eisenberg N, Spinrad TL, Eggum ND. "Emotion-related self-regulation and its relation to children’s maladjustment.", Annu Rev Clin Psychol;6:495–525, (2010).
30- Flook L, Goldberg SB, Pinger L, Davidson RJ. "Promoting prosocial behavior and self-regulatory skills in preschool children through a mindfulness-based kindness curriculum.", Dev Psychol;51(1):44–51, (2015).
31- Jones DE, Greenberg M, Crowley M. "Early social-emotional functioning and public health: The relationship between kindergarten social competence and future wellness.", Am J Public Health;105(11):2283–90, (2015).
32- Pessoa L. "Embracing integration and complexity: placing emotion within a science of brain and behaviour.", Cogn Emot;33(1):55–60, (2019).
33- Schonert-Reichl KA, Oberle E, Lawlor MS, Abbott D, Thomson K, Oberlander TF, et al. "Enhancing cognitive and social-emotional development through a simple-to-administer mindfulness-based school program for elementary school children: A randomized controlled trial.", Dev Psychol;51(1):52–66, (2015).
34- Campbell SB, Denham SA, Howarth GZ, Jones SM, Whittaker JV, Williford AP, et al. "Commentary on the review of measures of early childhood social and emotional development: Conceptualization, critique, and recommendations.", J Appl Dev Psychol;45:19–41, (2016).
35- Paschke LM, Dörfel D, Steimke R, Trempler I, Magrabi A, Ludwig VU, et al. "Individual differences in self-reported self-control predict successful emotion regulation.", Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci;11(8):1193–204, (2016).
36- Duckworth K, Schoon I. "Progress and attainment during primary school: the roles of literacy, numeracy and self-regulation.", Longit Life Course Stud;1(3):223–40, (2010).
37- Breakspear S. "The policy impact of PISA: An Exploration of the Normative Effects of International Benchmarking in School System Performance [Internet].", OECD Journals. National Bureau of Economic Research; (2012). Available from: http://www.eunec.eu/sites/www.eunec.eu/files/attachment/files/5k9fdfqffr28.pdf
38- Garcés M, Finkel L. "Emotional theory of rationality." Front Integr Neurosci 2019/04/27; 13:11, (2019).
39- Leerkes EM, Paradise M, O’Brien M, Calkins SD, Lange G. "Emotion and cognition processes in preschool children.", Merrill Palmer Q;54(1):102–24, (2008).
40- Oatley K, Gerrod Parrott W, Smith C, Watts F. "Cognition and Emotion over twenty-five years.", Cogn Emot [Internet] [cited 2018 Apr 9];25(8):1341–8, (2011). Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22136084
41- Reuben DB, Magasi S, McCreath HE, Bohannon RW, Wang YC, Bubela DJ, et al. "Motor assessment using the NIH Toolbox.", Neurology;80(11 Suppl 3): S49–53, (2013).
42- Bullard SE, Griss M, Greene S, Gekker A. "Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology.", Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology. SpringerLink (Online service); Vol. 28, 92–92 p, (2013).
43- Humphrey LL. "Children’s and teachers’ perspectives on children’s self-control: The development of two rating scales.", J Consult Clin Psychol;50(5):624–33, (1982).
44- Kendall PC, Wilcox LE. "Self-control in children: Development of a rating scale.", J Consult Clin Psychol;47(6):1020–9, (1979).
45- Miller DC, Michie A, Miller MA. "Kindergarten Inventory of Social/Emotional Tendencies (KIST).", J Iran Psychol [Internet];7(25):7–26, (1997).
46- Dadsetan P, Asgari A, Rahimzadeh S, Bayat M, Susan R, Bayat M. "Social-emotional skills of preschool children: A demographic comparison.", J Educ Psychol;7(2):27–44, (2010).
47- Shahim S. "Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children revised: the agenda and norms.", Shiraz University: Shiraz University Press; (2006).
48- Braaten EB. "Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children.", The SAGE Encyclopedia of Intellectual and Developmental Disorders. Psychological corporation New York; Vol. 1, (2018).
49- De Ridder DTD, Lensvelt-Mulders G, Finkenauer C, Stok FM, Baumeister RF. "Taking stock of self-control: A meta-analysis of how trait self-control relates to a wide range of behaviors.", Personal Soc Psychol Rev;16(1):76–99, (2012).
50- Finkel E, Campbell WK. "Ego depletion and accommodation in romantic relationships.", Poster Present Soc Personal Soc Psychol Nashville, TN, (2000).
51- Fabes RA, Eisenberg N, Jones S, Smith M, Guthrie I, Poulin R, et al. "Regulation, emotionality, and preschoolers’ socially competent peer interactions.", Child Dev;70(2):432–42, (1999).
52- Maszk P, Eisenberg N, Guthrie IK. "Relations of children’s social status to their emotionality and regulation: A short-term longitudinal study.", Merrill-Palmer Q;468–92, (1999).
53- Finkenauer C, Engels R, Baumeister R. "Parenting behaviour and adolescent behavioural and emotional problems: The role of self-control.", Int J Behav Dev;29(1):58–69, (2005).
54- Menting B, Van Lier PAC, Koot HM. "Language skills, peer rejection, and the development of externalizing behavior from kindergarten to fourth grade.", J Child Psychol Psychiatry Allied Discip;52(1):72–9, (2011).
55- Pedersen S, Vitaro F, Barker ED, Borge AIH. "The timing of middle-childhood peer rejection and friendship: Linking early behavior to early-adolescent adjustment.", Child Dev;78(4):1037–51, (2007).
56- Vygotsky LS. "Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes.", Harvard university press; (1980).
57- Vygotsky LS. "Thinking and speech.", Collect Work LS Vygotsky;1:39–285, (1987).
58- Troesch LM, Keller K, Grob A. "Language competence and social preference in childhood: A meta-analysis.", Eur Psychol;21(3):167–79, (2016).
59- van der Wilt F, van der Veen C, van Kruistum C, van Oers B. "Why Do Children Become Rejected by Their Peers? A Review of Studies into the Relationship Between Oral Communicative Competence and Sociometric Status in Childhood.", Educ Psychol Rev.;31(3):699–724, (2019).
60- Spinrad TL, Eisenberg N, Cumberland A, Fabes RA, Valiente C, Shepard SA, et al. "Relation of emotion-related regulation to children’s social competence: a longitudinal study.", Emotion;6(3):498, (2006).
61- "American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®).", American Psychiatric Pub; (2013).
62- Cardoso-Moreno MJ, Tomás-Aragonés L, Rodríguez-Ledo C. "Socio-emotional intervention in attention deficit hyperactive disorder.", Eur J Educ Psychol;8(2):53–9, (2015).
63- Krueger RF, Caspi A, Moffitt TE, White J, Stouthamer‐Loeber M. "Delay of Gratification, Psychopathology, and Personality: Is Low Self‐Control Specific to Externaiizing Problems?", J Pers;64(1):107–29, (1996).
64- Feldman SS, Weinberger DA. "Self‐restraint as a mediator of family influences on boys’ delinquent behavior: A longitudinal study.", Child Dev;65(1):195–211, (1994).
65- Buckholdt KE, Parra GR, Anestis MD, Lavender JM, Jobe-Shields LE, Tull MT, et al. "Emotion regulation difficulties and maladaptive behaviors: Examination of deliberate self-harm, disordered eating, and substance misuse in two samples.", Cognit Ther Res.;39(2):140–52, (2015).
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| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 9 No 1 (2022) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/fbt.v9i1.8141 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Early Childhood Development Self-Control Cognitive Intelligence Socio-Emotional Behavior Hyperactivity-Maladaptive Behavior | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Dadjoo M, Gharibzadeh S. Prediction of Self-Control Based on Cognitive Intelligence and Socio-Emotional Behavior Assessments in Early Childhood. Frontiers Biomed Technol. 2021;9(1):21-28.
