A SIMIND Monte Carlo Simulation Study on CdTe and NaI (Tl) Thickness as Detectors of a Small Animal SPECT System
Abstract
Purpose: Micro-SPECT system has recently been introduced on nuclear medicine in the preclinical and research in which NaI (Tl) and Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) are used as the gamma-ray detectors with more generally use of NaI (Tl). The present study aimed to evaluate different thicknesses of the NaI (Tl) and (CdTe) detectors on functional parameters of a micro-SPECT system.
Materials and Methods: A Micro-SPECT system with CdTe semiconductor detector and a hexagonal parallel hole collimator with a hole diameter of 0.11 mm, high of 24.05 mm, and septal thickness of 0.016 mm was simulated by SIMIND Monte Carlo program. The system performance was assessed by comparing the functional parameters, including system efficiency, sensitivity, energy and spatial resolution with the NaI (Tl) detector. The simulated scans of a 99mTc point source, a digital micro-Jacszack phantom, and a voxelized MOBY mouse phantom with the system were prepared to evaluate image quality.
Results: The functional parameters; sensitivity, efficiency, planar spatial resolution, and image contrast of CdTe detector were determined 1.4, 1.2, 1.7, and 1.8 times higher than those of NaI (Tl), respectively. Moreover, the calculated energy resolution of CdTe and NaI (Tl) detectors was obtained 6.2% and 10.2% at 141 KeV, respectively. In the filtered back projection (FBP) reconstructed images of the micro-Jacszack phantom, minimum detectable size of the cold rods with CdTe and NaI (Tl) detectors were obtained 0.79 mm and 0.95 mm, respectively.
Conclusion: The imaging system with a 5.5 mm thickness CdTe detector provided better image quality and showed considerable efficiency.
1- Alireza Sadremomtaz and Zeinab Telikani, "Validation and optimization studies of small animal SPECT using GATE Monte Carlo simulation." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 915pp. 94-101, (2019).
2- Robert S Miyaoka and Adrienne L Lehnert, "Small animal PET: a review of what we have done and where we are going." Physics in Medicine & Biology, Vol. 65 (No. 24), p. 24TR04, (2020).
3- Thomas A Holly et al., "Single photon-emission computed tomography." Journal of nuclear cardiology, Vol. 17 (No. 5), pp. 941-73, (2010).
4- Todd E Peterson and Lars R Furenlid, "SPECT detectors: the Anger Camera and beyond." Physics in medicine and biology, Vol. 56 (No. 17), p. R145, (2011).
5- Jorge Mejia et al., "Performance assessment of the single photon emission microscope: high spatial resolution SPECT imaging of small animal organs." Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, Vol. 46 (No. 11), pp. 936-42, (2013).
6- Roel Van Holen, Bert Vandeghinste, Karel Deprez, and Stefaan Vandenberghe, "Design and performance of a compact and stationary microSPECT system." Medical physics, Vol. 40 (No. 11), p. 112501, (2013).
7- Young-Jin Lee, Dae-Hong Kim, and Hee-Joung Kim, "The effect of high-resolution parallel-hole collimator materials with a pixelated semiconductor SPECT system at equivalent sensitivities: Monte Carlo simulation studies." Journal of the Korean Physical Society, Vol. 64 (No. 7), pp. 1055-62, (2014).
8- Alexandr I Kondrik, "Degradation Mechanisms of the Detector Properties of CdTe and CdZnTe Under the Influence of Gamma Irradiation." East European Journal of Physics, (No. 3), pp. 116-23, (2021).
9- Xiaochun Lai, Liang Cai, Jia-Wei Tan, Elena Maria Zannoni, Boris Odintsov, and Ling-Jian Meng, "Design, Performance Evaluation, and Modeling of an Ultra-High Resolution Detector Dedicated for Simultaneous SPECT/MRI." IEEE Transactions on Radiation and Plasma Medical Sciences, (2021).
10- Stefano Del Sordo, Leonardo Abbene, Ezio Caroli, Anna Maria Mancini, Andrea Zappettini, and Pietro Ubertini, "Progress in the development of CdTe and CdZnTe semiconductor radiation detectors for astrophysical and medical applications." Sensors, Vol. 9 (No. 5), pp. 3491-526, (2009).
11- Abdul Basit, M Tariq Siddique, Sikander M Mirza, Shakeel Ur Rehman, and MY Hamza, "Study of CdTe detection efficiency for medical applications using Geant4-based stochastic simulations." Journal of Radiological Protection, Vol. 38 (No. 4), p. 1483, (2018).
12- Samira Abbaspour, Babak Mahmoudian, and Jalil Pirayesh Islamian, "Cadmium telluride semiconductor detector for improved spatial and energy resolution radioisotopic imaging." World journal of nuclear medicine, Vol. 16 (No. 2), p. 101, (2017).
13- Chan Rok Park, Seong-Hyeon Kang, and Youngjin Lee, "Similarity analysis of pixelated CdTe semiconductor gamma camera image using a quadrant bar phantom for nuclear medicine: Monte Carlo simulation study." Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Vol. 53 (No. 6), pp. 1947-54, (2021).
14- Su Jin Park, Chang-Lae Lee, Hyo-Min Cho, and Hee-Joung Kim, "Ultra high resolution SPECT with CdTe for small animal imaging applications: Monte Carlo simulation study using voxelized phantom." in Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (NSS/MIC), 2011 IEEE, (2011): IEEE, pp. 3030-33.
15- Katsutoshi Tsuchiya et al., "Basic performance and stability of a CdTe solid-state detector panel." Annals of nuclear medicine, Vol. 24 (No. 4), pp. 301-11, (2010).
16- Tohru Shiga et al., "Dual isotope SPECT study with epilepsy patients using semiconductor SPECT system." Clinical nuclear medicine, Vol. 42 (No. 9), pp. 663-68, (2017).
17- Elena Maria Zannoni et al., "Development of a multi-detector readout circuitry for ultrahigh energy resolution single-photon imaging applications." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 981p. 164531, (2020).
18- Young-Jin Lee, Hyun-Ju Ryu, Hyo-Min Cho, Seung-Wan Lee, Yu-Na Choi, and Hee-Joung Kim, "Optimization of a high-resolution collimator for a CdTe detector: Monte Carlo simulation studies." Journal of the Korean Physical Society, Vol. 60 (No. 5), pp. 862-68, (2012).
19- Yoshiyuki Hirano, Tsutomu Zeniya, and Hidehiro Iida, "Monte Carlo simulation of scintillation photons for the design of a high-resolution SPECT detector dedicated to human brain." Annals of nuclear medicine, Vol. 26 (No. 3), pp. 214-21, (2012).
20- Nikolas Sakellios et al., "GATE simulations for small animal SPECT/PET using voxelized phantoms and rotating-head detectors." in Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, 2006. IEEE, (2006), Vol. 4: IEEE, pp. 2000-03.
21- Mahmoud Rasouli, Abbas Takavar, Mohammad Reza Ay, Sasan Saber, and George Loudos, "Effects of crystal pixel size and collimator geometry on the performance of a pixelated crystal γ-camera using Monte Carlo simulation." Journal of nuclear medicine technology, Vol. 38 (No. 4), pp. 199-204, (2010).
22- S-J Park et al., "Evaluation of quantitative accuracy in CZT-based pre-clinical SPECT for various isotopes." Journal of Instrumentation, Vol. 10 (No. 05), p. T05004, (2015).
23- Chan Rok Park, Seong-Hyeon Kang, and Youngjin Lee, "Similarity analysis of pixelated CdTe semiconductor gamma camera image using a quadrant bar phantom for nuclear medicine: Monte Carlo simulation study." Nuclear Engineering and Technology, (2020).
24- Michael Ljungberg, "The SIMIND Monte Carlo program." Monte Carlo calculations in nuclear medicine: Applications in diagnostic imaging, Vol. 20126027(2012).
25- MT Bahreyni Toossi, J Pirayesh Islamian, M Momennezhad, M Ljungberg, and SH Naseri, "SIMIND Monte Carlo simulation of a single photon emission CT." Journal of Medical Physics, Vol. 35 (No. 1), p. 42, (2010).
26- Samira Abbaspour, Kaveh Tanha, Babak Mahmoudian, Majid Assadi, and Jalil Pirayesh Islamian, "A Monte Carlo study on the performance evaluation of a parallel hole collimator for a HiReSPECT: A dedicated small-animal SPECT." Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Vol. 139pp. 53-60, (2018).
27- John E Ejeh, Johan A van Staden, and Hanlie du Raan, "Validation of SIMIND Monte Carlo simulation software for modelling a siemens symbia T SPECT scintillation camera." in World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering 2018, (2019): Springer, pp. 573-76.
28- Jalil Pirayesh Islamian, Mohammad Taghi Bahreyni Toossi, Mehdi Momennezhad, Shahrokh Naseri, and Michael Ljungberg, "Simulation of a quality control Jaszczak Phantom with SIMIND monte carlo and adding the phantom as an accessory to the program." Iranian Journal of Medical Physics, Vol. 9 (No. 2), pp. 135-40, (2012).
29- Koichi Ogawa, Naoka Ohmura, Hirokazu Iida, Kayoko Nakamura, Tadaki Nakahara, and Atsushi Kubo, "Development of an ultra-high resolution SPECT system with a CdTe semiconductor detector." Annals of nuclear medicine, Vol. 23 (No. 8), pp. 763-70, (2009).
30- Andrew L Goertzen, Douglas W Jones, Jürgen Seidel, King Li, and Michael V Green, "First results from the high-resolution mouseSPECT annular scintillation camera." IEEE transactions on medical imaging, Vol. 24 (No. 7), pp. 863-67, (2005).
31- Y-J Lee et al., "A Monte Carlo simulation study of the feasibility of a high resolution parallel-hole collimator with a CdTe pixelated semiconductor SPECT system." Journal of Instrumentation, Vol. 8 (No. 03), p. T03009, (2013).
32- Roberto Accorsi, Francesca Gasparini, and Richard C Lanza, "A coded aperture for high-resolution nuclear medicine planar imaging with a conventional Anger camera: experimental results." IEEE transactions on nuclear science, Vol. 48 (No. 6), pp. 2411-17, (2001).
33- Vahideh Moji et al., "Performance evaluation of a newly developed high-resolution, dual-head animal SPECT system based on the NEMA NU1-2007 standard." Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics, Vol. 15 (No. 6), (2014).
34- Yujin Qi et al., "Development and characterization of a high-resolution microSPECT system for small-animal imaging." in Small-animal SPECT imaging: Springer, (2005), pp. 259-66.
35- MT Bahreyni Toossi, J Pirayesh Islamian, M Momennezhad, M Ljungberg, and SH Naseri, "SIMIND Monte Carlo simulation of a single photon emission CT." Journal of Medical Physics/Association of Medical Physicists of India, Vol. 35 (No. 1), p. 42, (2010).
36- Jianhua Yan, Josh Schaefferkoetter, Maurizio Conti, and David Townsend, "A method to assess image quality for low-dose PET: analysis of SNR, CNR, bias and image noise." Cancer Imaging, Vol. 16 (No. 1), pp. 1-12, (2016).
37- Hyun-Ju Ryu, Young-Jin Lee, Seung-Wan Lee, Hyo-Min Cho, Yu-Na Choi, and Hee-Joung Kim, "Design of a high-resolution small-animal SPECT-CT system sharing a CdTe semiconductor detector." Journal of the Korean Physical Society, Vol. 61 (No. 1), pp. 130-34, (2012).
38- L Verger et al., "Characterization of CdTe and CdZnTe detectors for gamma-ray imaging applications." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 458 (No. 1), pp. 297-309, (2001).
39- Paolo Russo, Giovanni Mettivier, R Pani, R Pellegrini, MN Cinti, and P Bennati, "Imaging performance comparison between a LaBr3: Ce scintillator based and a CdTe semiconductor based photon counting compact gamma camera." Medical physics, Vol. 36 (No. 4), pp. 1298-317, (2009).
40- W-S Choong, WW Moses, CS Tindall, and PN Luke, "Design for a high-resolution small-animal SPECT system using pixellated Si (Li) detectors for in vivo 125 I imaging." IEEE transactions on nuclear science, Vol. 52 (No. 1), pp. 174-80, (2005).
41- Hirokazu Iida and Koichi Ogawa, "Comparison of a pixelated semiconductor detector and a non-pixelated scintillation detector in pinhole SPECT system for small animal study." Annals of nuclear medicine, Vol. 25 (No. 2), pp. 143-50, (2011).
42- Michał Błaszczyk, Zbigniew Adamczewski, and Anna Płachcińska, "Capabilities of Modern Semiconductor Gamma Cameras in Radionuclide Diagnosis of Coronary Artery Disease." Diagnostics, Vol. 11 (No. 11), p. 2130, (2021).
43- Atsuro Suzuki et al., "High-sensitivity brain SPECT system using cadmium telluride (CdTe) semiconductor detector and 4-pixel matched collimator." Physics in medicine and biology, Vol. 58 (No. 21), p. 7715, (2013).
44- Yasuyuki Takahashi, Masao Miyagawa, Yoshiko Nishiyama, Naoto Kawaguchi, Hayato Ishimura, and Teruhito Mochizuki, "Dual radioisotopes simultaneous SPECT of 99mTc-tetrofosmin and 123I-BMIPP using a semiconductor detector." Asia Oceania Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Biology, Vol. 3 (No. 1), pp. 43-49, (2015).
2- Robert S Miyaoka and Adrienne L Lehnert, "Small animal PET: a review of what we have done and where we are going." Physics in Medicine & Biology, Vol. 65 (No. 24), p. 24TR04, (2020).
3- Thomas A Holly et al., "Single photon-emission computed tomography." Journal of nuclear cardiology, Vol. 17 (No. 5), pp. 941-73, (2010).
4- Todd E Peterson and Lars R Furenlid, "SPECT detectors: the Anger Camera and beyond." Physics in medicine and biology, Vol. 56 (No. 17), p. R145, (2011).
5- Jorge Mejia et al., "Performance assessment of the single photon emission microscope: high spatial resolution SPECT imaging of small animal organs." Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, Vol. 46 (No. 11), pp. 936-42, (2013).
6- Roel Van Holen, Bert Vandeghinste, Karel Deprez, and Stefaan Vandenberghe, "Design and performance of a compact and stationary microSPECT system." Medical physics, Vol. 40 (No. 11), p. 112501, (2013).
7- Young-Jin Lee, Dae-Hong Kim, and Hee-Joung Kim, "The effect of high-resolution parallel-hole collimator materials with a pixelated semiconductor SPECT system at equivalent sensitivities: Monte Carlo simulation studies." Journal of the Korean Physical Society, Vol. 64 (No. 7), pp. 1055-62, (2014).
8- Alexandr I Kondrik, "Degradation Mechanisms of the Detector Properties of CdTe and CdZnTe Under the Influence of Gamma Irradiation." East European Journal of Physics, (No. 3), pp. 116-23, (2021).
9- Xiaochun Lai, Liang Cai, Jia-Wei Tan, Elena Maria Zannoni, Boris Odintsov, and Ling-Jian Meng, "Design, Performance Evaluation, and Modeling of an Ultra-High Resolution Detector Dedicated for Simultaneous SPECT/MRI." IEEE Transactions on Radiation and Plasma Medical Sciences, (2021).
10- Stefano Del Sordo, Leonardo Abbene, Ezio Caroli, Anna Maria Mancini, Andrea Zappettini, and Pietro Ubertini, "Progress in the development of CdTe and CdZnTe semiconductor radiation detectors for astrophysical and medical applications." Sensors, Vol. 9 (No. 5), pp. 3491-526, (2009).
11- Abdul Basit, M Tariq Siddique, Sikander M Mirza, Shakeel Ur Rehman, and MY Hamza, "Study of CdTe detection efficiency for medical applications using Geant4-based stochastic simulations." Journal of Radiological Protection, Vol. 38 (No. 4), p. 1483, (2018).
12- Samira Abbaspour, Babak Mahmoudian, and Jalil Pirayesh Islamian, "Cadmium telluride semiconductor detector for improved spatial and energy resolution radioisotopic imaging." World journal of nuclear medicine, Vol. 16 (No. 2), p. 101, (2017).
13- Chan Rok Park, Seong-Hyeon Kang, and Youngjin Lee, "Similarity analysis of pixelated CdTe semiconductor gamma camera image using a quadrant bar phantom for nuclear medicine: Monte Carlo simulation study." Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Vol. 53 (No. 6), pp. 1947-54, (2021).
14- Su Jin Park, Chang-Lae Lee, Hyo-Min Cho, and Hee-Joung Kim, "Ultra high resolution SPECT with CdTe for small animal imaging applications: Monte Carlo simulation study using voxelized phantom." in Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (NSS/MIC), 2011 IEEE, (2011): IEEE, pp. 3030-33.
15- Katsutoshi Tsuchiya et al., "Basic performance and stability of a CdTe solid-state detector panel." Annals of nuclear medicine, Vol. 24 (No. 4), pp. 301-11, (2010).
16- Tohru Shiga et al., "Dual isotope SPECT study with epilepsy patients using semiconductor SPECT system." Clinical nuclear medicine, Vol. 42 (No. 9), pp. 663-68, (2017).
17- Elena Maria Zannoni et al., "Development of a multi-detector readout circuitry for ultrahigh energy resolution single-photon imaging applications." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 981p. 164531, (2020).
18- Young-Jin Lee, Hyun-Ju Ryu, Hyo-Min Cho, Seung-Wan Lee, Yu-Na Choi, and Hee-Joung Kim, "Optimization of a high-resolution collimator for a CdTe detector: Monte Carlo simulation studies." Journal of the Korean Physical Society, Vol. 60 (No. 5), pp. 862-68, (2012).
19- Yoshiyuki Hirano, Tsutomu Zeniya, and Hidehiro Iida, "Monte Carlo simulation of scintillation photons for the design of a high-resolution SPECT detector dedicated to human brain." Annals of nuclear medicine, Vol. 26 (No. 3), pp. 214-21, (2012).
20- Nikolas Sakellios et al., "GATE simulations for small animal SPECT/PET using voxelized phantoms and rotating-head detectors." in Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, 2006. IEEE, (2006), Vol. 4: IEEE, pp. 2000-03.
21- Mahmoud Rasouli, Abbas Takavar, Mohammad Reza Ay, Sasan Saber, and George Loudos, "Effects of crystal pixel size and collimator geometry on the performance of a pixelated crystal γ-camera using Monte Carlo simulation." Journal of nuclear medicine technology, Vol. 38 (No. 4), pp. 199-204, (2010).
22- S-J Park et al., "Evaluation of quantitative accuracy in CZT-based pre-clinical SPECT for various isotopes." Journal of Instrumentation, Vol. 10 (No. 05), p. T05004, (2015).
23- Chan Rok Park, Seong-Hyeon Kang, and Youngjin Lee, "Similarity analysis of pixelated CdTe semiconductor gamma camera image using a quadrant bar phantom for nuclear medicine: Monte Carlo simulation study." Nuclear Engineering and Technology, (2020).
24- Michael Ljungberg, "The SIMIND Monte Carlo program." Monte Carlo calculations in nuclear medicine: Applications in diagnostic imaging, Vol. 20126027(2012).
25- MT Bahreyni Toossi, J Pirayesh Islamian, M Momennezhad, M Ljungberg, and SH Naseri, "SIMIND Monte Carlo simulation of a single photon emission CT." Journal of Medical Physics, Vol. 35 (No. 1), p. 42, (2010).
26- Samira Abbaspour, Kaveh Tanha, Babak Mahmoudian, Majid Assadi, and Jalil Pirayesh Islamian, "A Monte Carlo study on the performance evaluation of a parallel hole collimator for a HiReSPECT: A dedicated small-animal SPECT." Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Vol. 139pp. 53-60, (2018).
27- John E Ejeh, Johan A van Staden, and Hanlie du Raan, "Validation of SIMIND Monte Carlo simulation software for modelling a siemens symbia T SPECT scintillation camera." in World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering 2018, (2019): Springer, pp. 573-76.
28- Jalil Pirayesh Islamian, Mohammad Taghi Bahreyni Toossi, Mehdi Momennezhad, Shahrokh Naseri, and Michael Ljungberg, "Simulation of a quality control Jaszczak Phantom with SIMIND monte carlo and adding the phantom as an accessory to the program." Iranian Journal of Medical Physics, Vol. 9 (No. 2), pp. 135-40, (2012).
29- Koichi Ogawa, Naoka Ohmura, Hirokazu Iida, Kayoko Nakamura, Tadaki Nakahara, and Atsushi Kubo, "Development of an ultra-high resolution SPECT system with a CdTe semiconductor detector." Annals of nuclear medicine, Vol. 23 (No. 8), pp. 763-70, (2009).
30- Andrew L Goertzen, Douglas W Jones, Jürgen Seidel, King Li, and Michael V Green, "First results from the high-resolution mouseSPECT annular scintillation camera." IEEE transactions on medical imaging, Vol. 24 (No. 7), pp. 863-67, (2005).
31- Y-J Lee et al., "A Monte Carlo simulation study of the feasibility of a high resolution parallel-hole collimator with a CdTe pixelated semiconductor SPECT system." Journal of Instrumentation, Vol. 8 (No. 03), p. T03009, (2013).
32- Roberto Accorsi, Francesca Gasparini, and Richard C Lanza, "A coded aperture for high-resolution nuclear medicine planar imaging with a conventional Anger camera: experimental results." IEEE transactions on nuclear science, Vol. 48 (No. 6), pp. 2411-17, (2001).
33- Vahideh Moji et al., "Performance evaluation of a newly developed high-resolution, dual-head animal SPECT system based on the NEMA NU1-2007 standard." Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics, Vol. 15 (No. 6), (2014).
34- Yujin Qi et al., "Development and characterization of a high-resolution microSPECT system for small-animal imaging." in Small-animal SPECT imaging: Springer, (2005), pp. 259-66.
35- MT Bahreyni Toossi, J Pirayesh Islamian, M Momennezhad, M Ljungberg, and SH Naseri, "SIMIND Monte Carlo simulation of a single photon emission CT." Journal of Medical Physics/Association of Medical Physicists of India, Vol. 35 (No. 1), p. 42, (2010).
36- Jianhua Yan, Josh Schaefferkoetter, Maurizio Conti, and David Townsend, "A method to assess image quality for low-dose PET: analysis of SNR, CNR, bias and image noise." Cancer Imaging, Vol. 16 (No. 1), pp. 1-12, (2016).
37- Hyun-Ju Ryu, Young-Jin Lee, Seung-Wan Lee, Hyo-Min Cho, Yu-Na Choi, and Hee-Joung Kim, "Design of a high-resolution small-animal SPECT-CT system sharing a CdTe semiconductor detector." Journal of the Korean Physical Society, Vol. 61 (No. 1), pp. 130-34, (2012).
38- L Verger et al., "Characterization of CdTe and CdZnTe detectors for gamma-ray imaging applications." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 458 (No. 1), pp. 297-309, (2001).
39- Paolo Russo, Giovanni Mettivier, R Pani, R Pellegrini, MN Cinti, and P Bennati, "Imaging performance comparison between a LaBr3: Ce scintillator based and a CdTe semiconductor based photon counting compact gamma camera." Medical physics, Vol. 36 (No. 4), pp. 1298-317, (2009).
40- W-S Choong, WW Moses, CS Tindall, and PN Luke, "Design for a high-resolution small-animal SPECT system using pixellated Si (Li) detectors for in vivo 125 I imaging." IEEE transactions on nuclear science, Vol. 52 (No. 1), pp. 174-80, (2005).
41- Hirokazu Iida and Koichi Ogawa, "Comparison of a pixelated semiconductor detector and a non-pixelated scintillation detector in pinhole SPECT system for small animal study." Annals of nuclear medicine, Vol. 25 (No. 2), pp. 143-50, (2011).
42- Michał Błaszczyk, Zbigniew Adamczewski, and Anna Płachcińska, "Capabilities of Modern Semiconductor Gamma Cameras in Radionuclide Diagnosis of Coronary Artery Disease." Diagnostics, Vol. 11 (No. 11), p. 2130, (2021).
43- Atsuro Suzuki et al., "High-sensitivity brain SPECT system using cadmium telluride (CdTe) semiconductor detector and 4-pixel matched collimator." Physics in medicine and biology, Vol. 58 (No. 21), p. 7715, (2013).
44- Yasuyuki Takahashi, Masao Miyagawa, Yoshiko Nishiyama, Naoto Kawaguchi, Hayato Ishimura, and Teruhito Mochizuki, "Dual radioisotopes simultaneous SPECT of 99mTc-tetrofosmin and 123I-BMIPP using a semiconductor detector." Asia Oceania Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Biology, Vol. 3 (No. 1), pp. 43-49, (2015).
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 9 No 4 (2022) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/fbt.v9i4.10424 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Cadmium Telluride Resolution Image Quality Micro Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography Simulating Medical Imaging Nuclear Detectors Monte Carlo | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Abbaspour S, Mahmoudian B, Zakavi S, Pirayesh Islamian J. A SIMIND Monte Carlo Simulation Study on CdTe and NaI (Tl) Thickness as Detectors of a Small Animal SPECT System. Frontiers Biomed Technol. 2022;9(4):307-315.
