Assessment of Photon Beam Skyshine Dose Equivalent Rate of a 4 MeV Radiation Therapy Bunker Using Analytical and Monte Carlo Methods
,
Abstract
Purpose: Skyshine radiation dose equivalent dose rate is known as scattered radiation by the room above air to points at the ground level points outside the Linear Accelerator (LINAC) room. Our aim was to estimate skyshine around the LINAC-based radiotherapy by a 4MV LINAC photon beam.
Materials and Methods: Monte Carlo (MC) MCNP code calculation was conducted to skyshine at the control room, 60Co treatment room, physics, and simulator rooms. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) 151 was also used and it reported analytical formulation methods for photon beam calculation. A Flattering Filter (FF) equipped and Flattening Filter-Free (FFF) LINACs photon beams were derived and differences and agreements were discussed.
Results: The results showed high skyshine for FF equipped relative to FFF LINACs. This effect may be attributed to photon beam hardening by FF in the LINAC head and higher transmission through the ceiling shield and more presence of photons on the roof above the air. NCRP 151 method results were higher than MC simulated photon beam skyshine dose equivalent dose rate and it may be the cause of the inflexible analytical method in contrast to MC simulation. Finally, FFF and FF-equipped LINACs result in skyshine compared and they compared to NCRP 151 report. MC simulation performed reasonably in estimation in different conditions.
Conclusion: Our results showed that FF-equipped skyshine is higher than FFF LINAC and NCRP 151 is an inflexible method that does not take some effective parameters into account and calculates skyshine higher
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9- Michael S Bassett, "Gamma skyshine calculations for shielded sources." (1989).
10- Faisal A Khan, "Gamma-ray skyshine LBRF near an air-ground interface." Kansas State University, (1995).
11- J Kenneth Shultis, Richard E Faw, and X Deng, "Improved response functions for gamma-ray skyshine analyses." Sandia National Labs., Albuquerque, NM (United States); Kansas State Univ …, (1992).
12- J Kenneth Shultis, RE Faw, and MS Bassett, "The integral line-beam method for gamma skyshine analysis." Nuclear science and engineering, Vol. 107 (No. 3), pp. 228-45, (1991).
13- Chaocheng Kong et al., "Monte Carlo method for calculating the radiation skyshine produced by electron accelerators." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, Vol. 234 (No. 3), pp. 269-74, (2005).
14- Patrick N McDermott, "Photon skyshine from medical linear accelerators." Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics, Vol. 21 (No. 3), pp. 108-14, (2020).
15- Peter J Biggs, "Radiation shielding for megavoltage photon therapy machines." Boston: Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, (2010).
16- Michael S Gossman, Patton H McGinley, Mary B Rising, and A Jussi Pahikkala, "Radiation skyshine from a 6 MeV medical accelerator." Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics, Vol. 11 (No. 3), pp. 259-64, (2010).
17- Patton H McGinley, "Radiation skyshine produced by an 18 MeV medical accelerator." Radiation Protection Management, Vol. 10pp. 59-59, (1993).
18- PF O'Brien, BA Gillies, M Schwartz, C Young, and P Davey, "Radiosurgery with unflattened 6‐MV photon beams." Medical Physics, Vol. 18 (No. 3), pp. 519-21, (1991).
19- Mikio Uematsu and Masahiko Kurosawa, "Skyshine analysis using energy and angular dependent dose-contribution fluxes obtained from air-over-ground adjoint calculation." Radiation Protection Dosimetry, Vol. 116 (No. 1-4), pp. 534-37, (2005).
20- A Notea, "Skyshine from megavolts radiography facilities." Varian Associates Lnc. NCRP Recommendation Against Benchmark Experiment, US, (1984).
21- Eduardo de Paiva and Luiz AR da Rosa, "Skyshine photon doses from 6 and 10 MV medical linear accelerators." Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics, Vol. 13 (No. 1), pp. 215-19, (2012).
22- Deirdre H Elder, Joseph F Harmon, and Thomas B Borak, "Skyshine radiation resulting from 6 MV and 10 MV photon beams from a medical accelerator." Health physics, Vol. 99 (No. 1), pp. 17-25, (2010).
23- A Rindi and RH Thomas, "SKYSHINE u A PAPER TIGER?""." (1975).
24- Yoshiko Harima et al., "The SKYSHINE-III Procedure: Calculation of the Effects of Structure Design on Neutron, Primary Gamma-Ray and Secondary Gamma-Ray Dose Rates in Air The SKYSHINE-III Procedure: Calculation of the Effects of Structure Design on Neutron, Primary Gamma-Ray and Secondary Gamma-Ray Dose Rates in Air, 1988." Journal of nuclear science and technology, Vol. 40 (No. 8), pp. 569-78, (2003).
25- Zeinab El-Taher Hassan, Nehad M Farag, and Wael M Elshemey, "A versatile program for the calculation of linear accelerator room shielding." Journal of Radiological Protection, Vol. 38 (No. 2), p. 666, (2018).
26- KARL WARKENTIN, "Calculation of the Effects of Structure Design on Neutron, Primary Gamma-Ray and Secondary Gamma-Ray Dose Rates in Air." Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States), (1997).
27- Taiee Ted Liang, James C Liu, and Sayed H Rokni, "Evaluation of Skyshine from an Accelerator Facility: Dependence on Distance and Angle." Health physics, Vol. 118 (No. 6), pp. 647-55, (2020).
28- Joo-Hee Oh, Nam-Suk Jung, Hee-Seock Lee, and Seung-Kook Ko, "New estimation method of neutron skyshine for a high-energy particle accelerator." Journal of the Korean Physical Society, Vol. 69 (No. 6), pp. 1057-64, (2016).
29- Ah Auu Gui, J Kenneth Shultis, and Richard E Faw, "Response functions for neutron skyshine analysis." Nuclear science and engineering, Vol. 125 (No. 2), pp. 111-27, (1997).
30- Sigamani Ashokkumar et al., "Measurement and comparison of head scatter factor for 7MV unflattened (FFF) and 6MV flattened photon beam using indigenously designed columnar mini phantom." Reports of Practical Oncology and Radiotherapy, Vol. 20 (No. 3), pp. 170-80, (2015).
31- Fionnbarr O'Grady et al., "Increase in superficial dose in whole-breast irradiation with Halcyon straight-through linac compared with traditional C-arm linac with flattening filter: in vivo dosimetry and planning study." Advances in Radiation Oncology, Vol. 5 (No. 1), pp. 120-26, (2020).
32- Hideyuki Mizuno et al., "Dose response of a radiophotoluminescent glass dosimeter for TomoTherapy, CyberKnife, and flattening-filter-free linear accelerator output measurements in dosimetry audit." Physica Medica, Vol. 88pp. 91-97, (2021).
33- P Tsiamas et al., "Beam quality and dose perturbation of 6 MV flattening-filter-free linac." Physica Medica, Vol. 30 (No. 1), pp. 47-56, (2014).
34- M Lind, T Knöös, C Ceberg, E Wieslander, B McClean, and D Georg, "Photon beam characteristics at monitor chamber level in a flattening filter free linac: a Monte Carlo study." Radiotherapy and Oncology, (No. 92), p. S57, (2009).
35- A Bresolin, F Bonfantini, CG Stucchi, V Mongioj, M Carrara, and E Pignoli, "Study of the ionization chamber response to flattening-filter-free photon beams." Radiation Measurements, Vol. 97pp. 47-53, (2017).
36- Song Jae Yoo, Han-Ki Jang, Jai-Ki Lee, Siwan Noh, and Gyuseong Cho, "External dose-rate conversion factors of radionuclides for air submersion, ground surface contamination and water immersion based on the new ICRP dosimetric setting." Radiation Protection Dosimetry, Vol. 156 (No. 1), pp. 7-24, (2013).
37- Judith F Briesmeister, "MCNPTM-A general Monte Carlo N-particle transport code." Version 4C, LA-13709-M, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Vol. 2(2000).
38- Michael S Gossman, A Jussi Pahikkala, Mary B Rising, and Patton H McGinley, "Providing solid angle formalism for skyshine calculations." Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics, Vol. 11 (No. 4), pp. 278-82, (2010).
39- Geoffrey B Stapleton, RH Thomas, and K O'Brien, "Accelerator skyshine: tyger, tyger, burning bright." Part. Accel., Vol. 44pp. 1-15, (1994).
40- Jason Cashmore, "The characterization of unflattened photon beams from a 6 MV linear accelerator." Physics in Medicine & Biology, Vol. 53 (No. 7), p. 1933, (2008).
41- Eduardo De Paiva, "A Comment On The Photon Skyshine Radiation In The Vicinities Of Radiotherapy Facilities Rooms." International Journal of Engineering Inventions, Vol. 7 (No. 4), pp. 28-32, (2018).
42- JK Shultis and RE Faw, "Extensions to the integral line-beam method for gamma-ray skyshine analyses." Sandia National Lab.(SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States); Kansas State …, (1995).
43- Ying Xiao et al., "Flattening filter‐free accelerators: a report from the AAPM Therapy Emerging Technology Assessment Work Group." Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics, Vol. 16 (No. 3), pp. 12-29, (2015).
44- Robert Hayes, "Generalised photon skyshine calculations." Radiation Protection Dosimetry, Vol. 111 (No. 3), pp. 251-56, (2004).
45- Ah Auu Gui, J Kenneth Shultis, and Richard E Faw, "Neutron skyshine calculations with the integral line-beam method." Nuclear science and engineering, Vol. 127 (No. 2), pp. 230-37, (1997).
46- Peter J Biggs, "Shielding techniques for radiation oncology facilities, by Patton H. McGinley." ed: American Association of Physicists in Medicine, (1998).
47- JK Shultis, RE Faw, and FA Khan, "SKYNEUT: a code for neutron skyshine calculations using the integral line-beam method." Report 9503, (1995).
2- Radiation Protection in the Design of Radiotherapy Facilities. Vienna: INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, (2006).
3- Francesco d'Errico, "NCRP Report no. 144—Radiation protection for particle accelerator facilities National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements Issued 31 December 2003; revised 7 January 2005: NCRP, Bethesda, MD, USA ISBN: 0-929600-77-0, 499 pp, 100(Hardcover), 80 (electronic file downloadable from http://ncrppublications. org)." ed: Oxford University Press, (2005).
4- Giuseppe Battistoni et al., "Applications of FLUKA Monte Carlo code for nuclear and accelerator physics." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, Vol. 269 (No. 24), pp. 2850-56, (2011).
5- BJ Patil, ST Chavan, SN Pethe, R Krishnan, VN Bhoraskar, and SD Dhole, "Estimation of neutron production from accelerator head assembly of 15 MV medical LINAC using FLUKA simulations." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, Vol. 269 (No. 24), pp. 3261-65, (2011).
6- Nima Ghal–Eh, H Goudarzi, and F Rahmani, "FLUKA simulation studies on in–phantom dosimetric parameters of a LINAC–based BNCT." Radiation Physics and Chemistry, Vol. 141pp. 36-40, (2017).
7- N Rostampour, S Jafari, M Saeb, M Keshtkar, P Shokrani, and T Almasi, "Assessment of skyshine photon dose rates from 9 and 18 MV medical linear accelerators." International Journal of Radiation Research, Vol. 16 (No. 4), pp. 499-503, (2018).
8- Nolan E Hertel, Jeremy E Sweezy, J Kenneth Shultis, J Karl Warkentin, and Zachary J Rose, "A comparison of skyshine computational methods." Radiation Protection Dosimetry, Vol. 116 (No. 1-4), pp. 525-33, (2005).
9- Michael S Bassett, "Gamma skyshine calculations for shielded sources." (1989).
10- Faisal A Khan, "Gamma-ray skyshine LBRF near an air-ground interface." Kansas State University, (1995).
11- J Kenneth Shultis, Richard E Faw, and X Deng, "Improved response functions for gamma-ray skyshine analyses." Sandia National Labs., Albuquerque, NM (United States); Kansas State Univ …, (1992).
12- J Kenneth Shultis, RE Faw, and MS Bassett, "The integral line-beam method for gamma skyshine analysis." Nuclear science and engineering, Vol. 107 (No. 3), pp. 228-45, (1991).
13- Chaocheng Kong et al., "Monte Carlo method for calculating the radiation skyshine produced by electron accelerators." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, Vol. 234 (No. 3), pp. 269-74, (2005).
14- Patrick N McDermott, "Photon skyshine from medical linear accelerators." Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics, Vol. 21 (No. 3), pp. 108-14, (2020).
15- Peter J Biggs, "Radiation shielding for megavoltage photon therapy machines." Boston: Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, (2010).
16- Michael S Gossman, Patton H McGinley, Mary B Rising, and A Jussi Pahikkala, "Radiation skyshine from a 6 MeV medical accelerator." Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics, Vol. 11 (No. 3), pp. 259-64, (2010).
17- Patton H McGinley, "Radiation skyshine produced by an 18 MeV medical accelerator." Radiation Protection Management, Vol. 10pp. 59-59, (1993).
18- PF O'Brien, BA Gillies, M Schwartz, C Young, and P Davey, "Radiosurgery with unflattened 6‐MV photon beams." Medical Physics, Vol. 18 (No. 3), pp. 519-21, (1991).
19- Mikio Uematsu and Masahiko Kurosawa, "Skyshine analysis using energy and angular dependent dose-contribution fluxes obtained from air-over-ground adjoint calculation." Radiation Protection Dosimetry, Vol. 116 (No. 1-4), pp. 534-37, (2005).
20- A Notea, "Skyshine from megavolts radiography facilities." Varian Associates Lnc. NCRP Recommendation Against Benchmark Experiment, US, (1984).
21- Eduardo de Paiva and Luiz AR da Rosa, "Skyshine photon doses from 6 and 10 MV medical linear accelerators." Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics, Vol. 13 (No. 1), pp. 215-19, (2012).
22- Deirdre H Elder, Joseph F Harmon, and Thomas B Borak, "Skyshine radiation resulting from 6 MV and 10 MV photon beams from a medical accelerator." Health physics, Vol. 99 (No. 1), pp. 17-25, (2010).
23- A Rindi and RH Thomas, "SKYSHINE u A PAPER TIGER?""." (1975).
24- Yoshiko Harima et al., "The SKYSHINE-III Procedure: Calculation of the Effects of Structure Design on Neutron, Primary Gamma-Ray and Secondary Gamma-Ray Dose Rates in Air The SKYSHINE-III Procedure: Calculation of the Effects of Structure Design on Neutron, Primary Gamma-Ray and Secondary Gamma-Ray Dose Rates in Air, 1988." Journal of nuclear science and technology, Vol. 40 (No. 8), pp. 569-78, (2003).
25- Zeinab El-Taher Hassan, Nehad M Farag, and Wael M Elshemey, "A versatile program for the calculation of linear accelerator room shielding." Journal of Radiological Protection, Vol. 38 (No. 2), p. 666, (2018).
26- KARL WARKENTIN, "Calculation of the Effects of Structure Design on Neutron, Primary Gamma-Ray and Secondary Gamma-Ray Dose Rates in Air." Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States), (1997).
27- Taiee Ted Liang, James C Liu, and Sayed H Rokni, "Evaluation of Skyshine from an Accelerator Facility: Dependence on Distance and Angle." Health physics, Vol. 118 (No. 6), pp. 647-55, (2020).
28- Joo-Hee Oh, Nam-Suk Jung, Hee-Seock Lee, and Seung-Kook Ko, "New estimation method of neutron skyshine for a high-energy particle accelerator." Journal of the Korean Physical Society, Vol. 69 (No. 6), pp. 1057-64, (2016).
29- Ah Auu Gui, J Kenneth Shultis, and Richard E Faw, "Response functions for neutron skyshine analysis." Nuclear science and engineering, Vol. 125 (No. 2), pp. 111-27, (1997).
30- Sigamani Ashokkumar et al., "Measurement and comparison of head scatter factor for 7MV unflattened (FFF) and 6MV flattened photon beam using indigenously designed columnar mini phantom." Reports of Practical Oncology and Radiotherapy, Vol. 20 (No. 3), pp. 170-80, (2015).
31- Fionnbarr O'Grady et al., "Increase in superficial dose in whole-breast irradiation with Halcyon straight-through linac compared with traditional C-arm linac with flattening filter: in vivo dosimetry and planning study." Advances in Radiation Oncology, Vol. 5 (No. 1), pp. 120-26, (2020).
32- Hideyuki Mizuno et al., "Dose response of a radiophotoluminescent glass dosimeter for TomoTherapy, CyberKnife, and flattening-filter-free linear accelerator output measurements in dosimetry audit." Physica Medica, Vol. 88pp. 91-97, (2021).
33- P Tsiamas et al., "Beam quality and dose perturbation of 6 MV flattening-filter-free linac." Physica Medica, Vol. 30 (No. 1), pp. 47-56, (2014).
34- M Lind, T Knöös, C Ceberg, E Wieslander, B McClean, and D Georg, "Photon beam characteristics at monitor chamber level in a flattening filter free linac: a Monte Carlo study." Radiotherapy and Oncology, (No. 92), p. S57, (2009).
35- A Bresolin, F Bonfantini, CG Stucchi, V Mongioj, M Carrara, and E Pignoli, "Study of the ionization chamber response to flattening-filter-free photon beams." Radiation Measurements, Vol. 97pp. 47-53, (2017).
36- Song Jae Yoo, Han-Ki Jang, Jai-Ki Lee, Siwan Noh, and Gyuseong Cho, "External dose-rate conversion factors of radionuclides for air submersion, ground surface contamination and water immersion based on the new ICRP dosimetric setting." Radiation Protection Dosimetry, Vol. 156 (No. 1), pp. 7-24, (2013).
37- Judith F Briesmeister, "MCNPTM-A general Monte Carlo N-particle transport code." Version 4C, LA-13709-M, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Vol. 2(2000).
38- Michael S Gossman, A Jussi Pahikkala, Mary B Rising, and Patton H McGinley, "Providing solid angle formalism for skyshine calculations." Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics, Vol. 11 (No. 4), pp. 278-82, (2010).
39- Geoffrey B Stapleton, RH Thomas, and K O'Brien, "Accelerator skyshine: tyger, tyger, burning bright." Part. Accel., Vol. 44pp. 1-15, (1994).
40- Jason Cashmore, "The characterization of unflattened photon beams from a 6 MV linear accelerator." Physics in Medicine & Biology, Vol. 53 (No. 7), p. 1933, (2008).
41- Eduardo De Paiva, "A Comment On The Photon Skyshine Radiation In The Vicinities Of Radiotherapy Facilities Rooms." International Journal of Engineering Inventions, Vol. 7 (No. 4), pp. 28-32, (2018).
42- JK Shultis and RE Faw, "Extensions to the integral line-beam method for gamma-ray skyshine analyses." Sandia National Lab.(SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States); Kansas State …, (1995).
43- Ying Xiao et al., "Flattening filter‐free accelerators: a report from the AAPM Therapy Emerging Technology Assessment Work Group." Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics, Vol. 16 (No. 3), pp. 12-29, (2015).
44- Robert Hayes, "Generalised photon skyshine calculations." Radiation Protection Dosimetry, Vol. 111 (No. 3), pp. 251-56, (2004).
45- Ah Auu Gui, J Kenneth Shultis, and Richard E Faw, "Neutron skyshine calculations with the integral line-beam method." Nuclear science and engineering, Vol. 127 (No. 2), pp. 230-37, (1997).
46- Peter J Biggs, "Shielding techniques for radiation oncology facilities, by Patton H. McGinley." ed: American Association of Physicists in Medicine, (1998).
47- JK Shultis, RE Faw, and FA Khan, "SKYNEUT: a code for neutron skyshine calculations using the integral line-beam method." Report 9503, (1995).
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| Issue | Vol 10 No 2 (2023) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/fbt.v10i2.12220 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Monte Carlo Skyshine Dose Photon Linear Accelerator | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Eghdam-Zamiri R, Ghiasi H, Keshavarz S. Assessment of Photon Beam Skyshine Dose Equivalent Rate of a 4 MeV Radiation Therapy Bunker Using Analytical and Monte Carlo Methods. Frontiers Biomed Technol. 2023;10(2):161-168.
