Comparison of Average Absorbed Dose Distributions of Organs in SPECT-CT Imaging Using Monte Carlo Simulation
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Abstract
Purpose: The use of ionizing radiation in medical research, treatment, and diagnosis is inevitable and expanding day by day. Meanwhile, in two modes of Computed Tomography (CT) and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) imaging, the dose received by the organs is featured with limitations and problems, which are often referred to as the CT Dose Index volume (CTDIvol.) and the Dose Length Product (DLP). This study aimed to estimate the average dose of organs and compare them in each of these two modalities.
Materials and Methods: Using the GATE code to simulate the SPECT-CT system and the ICRP voxelized phantom as the patient was investigated. The mean dose distribution in three groups of children, adults, and obese people with different body thicknesses was estimated. The dose received by each of the two systems was evaluated separately and results were discussed and analyzed comparatively.
Results: In the kidney, bladder, intestine, colon, liver, and gallbladder, the dose received in CT is at least 10% more than nuclear medicine. For example, the ratio of the dose received in CT to the dose received in nuclear medicine in the lung was about 1.08 and in the esophagus was about 1.24. Subsequently, the ratio increased to 0.25 in the bladder and 0.19 in the colon and intestine. Moreover, the major organs that received the maximum dose, result in CT at least 10% more than nuclear medicine.
Conclusion: The dose received in organs such as the esophagus, breast, and lung during CT imaging protocol and also maximum dose were at least ten percent more than nuclear medicine.
1- Jodie A Christner, Natalie N Braun, Megan C Jacobsen, Rickey E Carter, James M Kofler, and Cynthia H McCollough, "Size-specific dose estimates for adult patients at CT of the torso." Radiology, Vol. 265 (No. 3), pp. 841-47, (2012).
2- Yingzhen N Zhang et al., "Liver fat imaging—a clinical overview of ultrasound, CT, and MR imaging." The British journal of radiology, Vol. 91 (No. 1089), p. 20170959, (2018).
3- Hamid Abdollahi et al., "Radiation dose in cardiac SPECT/CT: An estimation of SSDE and effective dose." European journal of radiology, Vol. 85 (No. 12), pp. 2257-61, (2016).
4- A. K. Buck et al., "Spect/Ct." J Nucl Med, Vol. 49 (No. 8), pp. 1305-19, Aug (2008).
5- Price A Jackson, Michael S Hofman, Rodney J Hicks, Mark Scalzo, and John Violet, "Radiation dosimetry in 177Lu-PSMA-617 therapy using a single posttreatment SPECT/CT scan: a novel methodology to generate time-and tissue-specific dose factors." Journal of Nuclear Medicine, Vol. 61 (No. 7), pp. 1030-36, (2020).
6- RD Khawaja et al., "Simplifying size-specific radiation dose estimates in pediatric CT." AJR Am J Roentgenol, Vol. 204 (No. 1), pp. 167-76, (2015).
7- James A Brink and Richard L Morin, "Size-specific dose estimation for CT: how should it be used and what does it mean?," Vol. 265, ed: Radiological Society of North America, Inc., (2012), pp. 666-68.
8- Ivo Rausch, Frank G Füchsel, Corinna Kuderer, Michael Hentschel, and Thomas Beyer, "Radiation exposure levels of routine SPECT/CT imaging protocols." European journal of radiology, Vol. 85 (No. 9), pp. 1627-36, (2016).
9- M Lecchi, S Malaspina, C Scabbio, V Gaudieri, and A Del Sole, "Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy dosimetry: optimal use of SPECT and SPECT/CT technologies in stress-first imaging protocol." Clinical and translational imaging, Vol. 4 (No. 6), pp. 491-98, (2016).
10- Kelvin Kwok‐Ho Yap, Ganesh Ramaseshan, Tom Sutherland, Raymond Shafik‐Eid, Kim Taubman, and Stephen Schlicht, "Prevalence of incidental or unexpected findings on low‐dose CT performed during routine SPECT/CT nuclear medicine studies." Journal of medical imaging and radiation oncology, Vol. 59 (No. 1), pp. 26-33, (2015).
11- Duo Zhang, Bang-Hung Yang, Nien Yun Wu, and Greta Seng Peng Mok, "Respiratory average CT for attenuation correction in myocardial perfusion SPECT/CT." Annals of nuclear medicine, Vol. 31 (No. 2), pp. 172-80, (2017).
12- Richard J Palyo, Albert J Sinusas, and Yi-Hwa Liu, "High-sensitivity and high-resolution SPECT/CT systems provide substantial dose reduction without compromising quantitative precision for assessment of myocardial perfusion and function." Journal of Nuclear Medicine, Vol. 57 (No. 6), pp. 893-99, (2016).
13- Karine Assie et al., "Monte Carlo simulation in PET and SPECT instrumentation using GATE." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 527 (No. 1-2), pp. 180-89, (2004).
14- Kalpana M Kanal, Priscilla F Butler, Debapriya Sengupta, Mythreyi Bhargavan-Chatfield, Laura P Coombs, and Richard L Morin, "US diagnostic reference levels and achievable doses for 10 adult CT examinations." Radiology, Vol. 284 (No. 1), pp. 120-33, (2017).
15- Johannes Zeintl, Alexander Hans Vija, Amos Yahil, Joachim Hornegger, and Torsten Kuwert, "Quantitative accuracy of clinical 99mTc SPECT/CT using ordered-subset expectation maximization with 3-dimensional resolution recovery, attenuation, and scatter correction." Journal of Nuclear Medicine, Vol. 51 (No. 6), pp. 921-28, (2010).
16- Akihiko Takahashi, Kazuhiko Himuro, Yasuo Yamashita, Isao Komiya, Shingo Baba, and Masayuki Sasaki, "Monte Carlo simulation of PET and SPECT imaging of 90Y." Medical physics, Vol. 42 (No. 4), pp. 1926-35, (2015).
17- Choirul Anam, Freddy Haryanto, Rena Widita, Idam Arif, and Geoff Dougherty, "A fully automated calculation of size-specific dose estimates (SSDE) in thoracic and head CT examinations." in Journal of Physics: Conference Series, (2016), Vol. 694 (No. 1): IOP Publishing, p. 012030.
18- Sébastien Jan et al., "GATE: a simulation toolkit for PET and SPECT." Physics in Medicine & Biology, Vol. 49 (No. 19), p. 4543, (2004).
19- Marie-Paule Garcia, Julien Bert, Didier Benoit, Manuel Bardiès, and Dimitris Visvikis, "Accelerated GPU based spect Monte Carlo simulations." Physics in Medicine & Biology, Vol. 61 (No. 11), p. 4001, (2016).
20- Emma O’Shaughnessy and Kat L Dixon, "Reducing CT dose in myocardial perfusion SPECT/CT." Nuclear Medicine Communications, Vol. 36 (No. 11), pp. 1150-54, (2015).
21- G Zhang, N Marshall, Ria Bogaerts, Reinhilde Jacobs, and Hilde Bosmans, "Monte Carlo modeling for dose assessment in cone beam CT for oral and maxillofacial applications." Medical physics, Vol. 40 (No. 7), p. 072103, (2013).
22- SC Blankespoor et al., "Attenuation correction of SPECT using X-ray CT on an emission-transmission CT system: myocardial perfusion assessment." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, Vol. 43 (No. 4), pp. 2263-74, (1996).
23- NA Baharul Amin, Nadin Jamal Abualroos, and R Zainon, "Fabrication of anthropomorphic thyroid-neck phantom for dosimetry study in nuclear medicine." Radiation Physics and Chemistry, Vol. 166p. 108462, (2020).
24- Maria Zankl, "Adult male and female reference computational phantoms (ICRP Publication 110)." Japanese Journal of Health Physics, Vol. 45 (No. 4), pp. 357-69, (2010).
25- I George Zubal, Charles R Harrell, Eileen O Smith, Zachary Rattner, Gene Gindi, and Paul B Hoffer, "Computerized three‐dimensional segmented human anatomy." Medical physics, Vol. 21 (No. 2), pp. 299-302, (1994).
26- Olivier Gayou, Ellen Day, Seyed Mohammadi, and Alexander Kirichenko, "A method for registration of single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and computed tomography (CT) images for liver stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT)." Medical physics, Vol. 39 (No. 12), pp. 7398-401, (2012).
27- Martin Law et al., "Evaluation of patient effective dose from sentinel lymph node lymphoscintigraphy in breast cancer: a phantom study with SPECT/CT and ICRP-103 recommendations." European journal of radiology, Vol. 81 (No. 5), pp. e717-e20, (2012).
28- Andreas Deresch, Gerd-Rüdiger Jaenisch, Carsten Bellon, and Alexander Warrikhoff, "Simulating X-ray spectra: from tube parameters to detector output." in Proceedings of 18 th World Conference on Nondestructive Testing (WCNDT), Durban, South Africa, (2012), pp. 16-20.
29- Yuni K Dewaraja, Scott J Wilderman, Michael Ljungberg, Kenneth F Koral, Kenneth Zasadny, and Mark S Kaminiski, "Accurate dosimetry in 131I radionuclide therapy using patient-specific, 3-dimensional methods for SPECT reconstruction and absorbed dose calculation." Journal of Nuclear Medicine, Vol. 46 (No. 5), pp. 840-49, (2005).
30- Mathieu Charest and Chantal Asselin, "Effective dose in nuclear medicine studies and SPECT/CT: dosimetry survey across Quebec Province." Journal of nuclear medicine technology, Vol. 46 (No. 2), pp. 107-13, (2018).
31- M Gabusi, L Riccardi, C Aliberti, S Vio, and M Paiusco, "Radiation dose in chest CT: assessment of size-specific dose estimates based on water-equivalent correction." Physica Medica, Vol. 32 (No. 2), pp. 393-97, (2016).
32- Nahid Dehghan and Sedigheh Sina, "Measurement of Operational Dosimetry Quantities for Nuclear Medicine Staff." Radiation Protection Dosimetry, Vol. 190 (No. 2), pp. 119-24, (2020).
33- R Figueroa, J Guarda, J Leiva, F Malano, and M Valente, "Dosimetry of tumor targeting imaging by convergent X-ray beam as compared with nuclear medicine." Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Vol. 167p. 109451, (2021).
34- Andrik J Aschoff, Carlo Catalano, Miles A Kirchin, Martin Krix, and Thomas Albrecht, "Low radiation dose in computed tomography: the role of iodine." The British journal of radiology, Vol. 90 (No. 1076), p. 20170079, (2017).
35- Astrid Gosewisch, "Patient-specific bone marrow dosimetry in Lu-177-based radionuclide therapy: investigation of efficient data acquisition protocols and a clinical Monte Carlo dosimetry workflow for 3D absorbed dose modelling." lmu, (2020).
36- Giovanni Cabass and Fabian Schmidt, "A new scale in the bias expansion." Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 2019 (No. 05), p. 031, (2019).
37- Lukas M Carter et al., "PARaDIM: A PHITS-based Monte Carlo tool for internal dosimetry with tetrahedral mesh computational phantoms." Journal of Nuclear Medicine, Vol. 60 (No. 12), pp. 1802-11, (2019).
38- John Violet et al., "Dosimetry of 177Lu-PSMA-617 in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: correlations between pretherapeutic imaging and whole-body tumor dosimetry with treatment outcomes." Journal of Nuclear Medicine, Vol. 60 (No. 4), pp. 517-23, (2019).
2- Yingzhen N Zhang et al., "Liver fat imaging—a clinical overview of ultrasound, CT, and MR imaging." The British journal of radiology, Vol. 91 (No. 1089), p. 20170959, (2018).
3- Hamid Abdollahi et al., "Radiation dose in cardiac SPECT/CT: An estimation of SSDE and effective dose." European journal of radiology, Vol. 85 (No. 12), pp. 2257-61, (2016).
4- A. K. Buck et al., "Spect/Ct." J Nucl Med, Vol. 49 (No. 8), pp. 1305-19, Aug (2008).
5- Price A Jackson, Michael S Hofman, Rodney J Hicks, Mark Scalzo, and John Violet, "Radiation dosimetry in 177Lu-PSMA-617 therapy using a single posttreatment SPECT/CT scan: a novel methodology to generate time-and tissue-specific dose factors." Journal of Nuclear Medicine, Vol. 61 (No. 7), pp. 1030-36, (2020).
6- RD Khawaja et al., "Simplifying size-specific radiation dose estimates in pediatric CT." AJR Am J Roentgenol, Vol. 204 (No. 1), pp. 167-76, (2015).
7- James A Brink and Richard L Morin, "Size-specific dose estimation for CT: how should it be used and what does it mean?," Vol. 265, ed: Radiological Society of North America, Inc., (2012), pp. 666-68.
8- Ivo Rausch, Frank G Füchsel, Corinna Kuderer, Michael Hentschel, and Thomas Beyer, "Radiation exposure levels of routine SPECT/CT imaging protocols." European journal of radiology, Vol. 85 (No. 9), pp. 1627-36, (2016).
9- M Lecchi, S Malaspina, C Scabbio, V Gaudieri, and A Del Sole, "Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy dosimetry: optimal use of SPECT and SPECT/CT technologies in stress-first imaging protocol." Clinical and translational imaging, Vol. 4 (No. 6), pp. 491-98, (2016).
10- Kelvin Kwok‐Ho Yap, Ganesh Ramaseshan, Tom Sutherland, Raymond Shafik‐Eid, Kim Taubman, and Stephen Schlicht, "Prevalence of incidental or unexpected findings on low‐dose CT performed during routine SPECT/CT nuclear medicine studies." Journal of medical imaging and radiation oncology, Vol. 59 (No. 1), pp. 26-33, (2015).
11- Duo Zhang, Bang-Hung Yang, Nien Yun Wu, and Greta Seng Peng Mok, "Respiratory average CT for attenuation correction in myocardial perfusion SPECT/CT." Annals of nuclear medicine, Vol. 31 (No. 2), pp. 172-80, (2017).
12- Richard J Palyo, Albert J Sinusas, and Yi-Hwa Liu, "High-sensitivity and high-resolution SPECT/CT systems provide substantial dose reduction without compromising quantitative precision for assessment of myocardial perfusion and function." Journal of Nuclear Medicine, Vol. 57 (No. 6), pp. 893-99, (2016).
13- Karine Assie et al., "Monte Carlo simulation in PET and SPECT instrumentation using GATE." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 527 (No. 1-2), pp. 180-89, (2004).
14- Kalpana M Kanal, Priscilla F Butler, Debapriya Sengupta, Mythreyi Bhargavan-Chatfield, Laura P Coombs, and Richard L Morin, "US diagnostic reference levels and achievable doses for 10 adult CT examinations." Radiology, Vol. 284 (No. 1), pp. 120-33, (2017).
15- Johannes Zeintl, Alexander Hans Vija, Amos Yahil, Joachim Hornegger, and Torsten Kuwert, "Quantitative accuracy of clinical 99mTc SPECT/CT using ordered-subset expectation maximization with 3-dimensional resolution recovery, attenuation, and scatter correction." Journal of Nuclear Medicine, Vol. 51 (No. 6), pp. 921-28, (2010).
16- Akihiko Takahashi, Kazuhiko Himuro, Yasuo Yamashita, Isao Komiya, Shingo Baba, and Masayuki Sasaki, "Monte Carlo simulation of PET and SPECT imaging of 90Y." Medical physics, Vol. 42 (No. 4), pp. 1926-35, (2015).
17- Choirul Anam, Freddy Haryanto, Rena Widita, Idam Arif, and Geoff Dougherty, "A fully automated calculation of size-specific dose estimates (SSDE) in thoracic and head CT examinations." in Journal of Physics: Conference Series, (2016), Vol. 694 (No. 1): IOP Publishing, p. 012030.
18- Sébastien Jan et al., "GATE: a simulation toolkit for PET and SPECT." Physics in Medicine & Biology, Vol. 49 (No. 19), p. 4543, (2004).
19- Marie-Paule Garcia, Julien Bert, Didier Benoit, Manuel Bardiès, and Dimitris Visvikis, "Accelerated GPU based spect Monte Carlo simulations." Physics in Medicine & Biology, Vol. 61 (No. 11), p. 4001, (2016).
20- Emma O’Shaughnessy and Kat L Dixon, "Reducing CT dose in myocardial perfusion SPECT/CT." Nuclear Medicine Communications, Vol. 36 (No. 11), pp. 1150-54, (2015).
21- G Zhang, N Marshall, Ria Bogaerts, Reinhilde Jacobs, and Hilde Bosmans, "Monte Carlo modeling for dose assessment in cone beam CT for oral and maxillofacial applications." Medical physics, Vol. 40 (No. 7), p. 072103, (2013).
22- SC Blankespoor et al., "Attenuation correction of SPECT using X-ray CT on an emission-transmission CT system: myocardial perfusion assessment." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, Vol. 43 (No. 4), pp. 2263-74, (1996).
23- NA Baharul Amin, Nadin Jamal Abualroos, and R Zainon, "Fabrication of anthropomorphic thyroid-neck phantom for dosimetry study in nuclear medicine." Radiation Physics and Chemistry, Vol. 166p. 108462, (2020).
24- Maria Zankl, "Adult male and female reference computational phantoms (ICRP Publication 110)." Japanese Journal of Health Physics, Vol. 45 (No. 4), pp. 357-69, (2010).
25- I George Zubal, Charles R Harrell, Eileen O Smith, Zachary Rattner, Gene Gindi, and Paul B Hoffer, "Computerized three‐dimensional segmented human anatomy." Medical physics, Vol. 21 (No. 2), pp. 299-302, (1994).
26- Olivier Gayou, Ellen Day, Seyed Mohammadi, and Alexander Kirichenko, "A method for registration of single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and computed tomography (CT) images for liver stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT)." Medical physics, Vol. 39 (No. 12), pp. 7398-401, (2012).
27- Martin Law et al., "Evaluation of patient effective dose from sentinel lymph node lymphoscintigraphy in breast cancer: a phantom study with SPECT/CT and ICRP-103 recommendations." European journal of radiology, Vol. 81 (No. 5), pp. e717-e20, (2012).
28- Andreas Deresch, Gerd-Rüdiger Jaenisch, Carsten Bellon, and Alexander Warrikhoff, "Simulating X-ray spectra: from tube parameters to detector output." in Proceedings of 18 th World Conference on Nondestructive Testing (WCNDT), Durban, South Africa, (2012), pp. 16-20.
29- Yuni K Dewaraja, Scott J Wilderman, Michael Ljungberg, Kenneth F Koral, Kenneth Zasadny, and Mark S Kaminiski, "Accurate dosimetry in 131I radionuclide therapy using patient-specific, 3-dimensional methods for SPECT reconstruction and absorbed dose calculation." Journal of Nuclear Medicine, Vol. 46 (No. 5), pp. 840-49, (2005).
30- Mathieu Charest and Chantal Asselin, "Effective dose in nuclear medicine studies and SPECT/CT: dosimetry survey across Quebec Province." Journal of nuclear medicine technology, Vol. 46 (No. 2), pp. 107-13, (2018).
31- M Gabusi, L Riccardi, C Aliberti, S Vio, and M Paiusco, "Radiation dose in chest CT: assessment of size-specific dose estimates based on water-equivalent correction." Physica Medica, Vol. 32 (No. 2), pp. 393-97, (2016).
32- Nahid Dehghan and Sedigheh Sina, "Measurement of Operational Dosimetry Quantities for Nuclear Medicine Staff." Radiation Protection Dosimetry, Vol. 190 (No. 2), pp. 119-24, (2020).
33- R Figueroa, J Guarda, J Leiva, F Malano, and M Valente, "Dosimetry of tumor targeting imaging by convergent X-ray beam as compared with nuclear medicine." Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Vol. 167p. 109451, (2021).
34- Andrik J Aschoff, Carlo Catalano, Miles A Kirchin, Martin Krix, and Thomas Albrecht, "Low radiation dose in computed tomography: the role of iodine." The British journal of radiology, Vol. 90 (No. 1076), p. 20170079, (2017).
35- Astrid Gosewisch, "Patient-specific bone marrow dosimetry in Lu-177-based radionuclide therapy: investigation of efficient data acquisition protocols and a clinical Monte Carlo dosimetry workflow for 3D absorbed dose modelling." lmu, (2020).
36- Giovanni Cabass and Fabian Schmidt, "A new scale in the bias expansion." Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 2019 (No. 05), p. 031, (2019).
37- Lukas M Carter et al., "PARaDIM: A PHITS-based Monte Carlo tool for internal dosimetry with tetrahedral mesh computational phantoms." Journal of Nuclear Medicine, Vol. 60 (No. 12), pp. 1802-11, (2019).
38- John Violet et al., "Dosimetry of 177Lu-PSMA-617 in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: correlations between pretherapeutic imaging and whole-body tumor dosimetry with treatment outcomes." Journal of Nuclear Medicine, Vol. 60 (No. 4), pp. 517-23, (2019).
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| Issue | Vol 10 No 1 (2023) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/fbt.v10i1.11513 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Computed Tomography Scan Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography-Computed Tomography Monte Carlo Simulation Absorbed Dose | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Bagheri S, Rajabi H, Bitarafan-Rajabi A. Comparison of Average Absorbed Dose Distributions of Organs in SPECT-CT Imaging Using Monte Carlo Simulation. Frontiers Biomed Technol. 2022;10(1):57-65.
