A Different Olfactory Perception in Anosmic Patients: Evidence from Functional MRI
Abstract
Purpose: Olfactory system is a vital sensory system in mammals, giving them the ability to connect with their environment. Anosmia, or the complete loss of olfaction ability, which could be caused by injuries, is an interesting topic for inspectors with the aim of diagnosing patients. Sniffing test is currently utilized to examine if an individual is suffering from anosmia; however, functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides unique information about the structure and function of the different areas of the human brain, and therefore this noninvasive method could be used as a tool to locate the olfactory-related regions of the brain.
Materials and Methods: In this study, by recruiting 31 healthy and anosmic individuals, we investigated the neural Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent (BOLD) responses in the olfactory cortices following two odor stimuli, rose and eucalyptus, by using a 3T MR scanner.
Results: Comparing the two groups, we observed a network of brain areas being more active in normal individuals when smelling the odors. In addition, a number of brain areas also showed an activation decline during the odor stimuli, which is hypothesized as a resource allocation deactivation.
Conclusion: This study illustrated alterations in the brain activity between normal individuals and anosmic patients when smelling odors, and could potentially help for a better anosmia diagnosis in the future.
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6- Claire Murphy et al., "Olfactory event-related potentials and aging: normative data." International Journal of Psychophysiology, Vol. 36 (No. 2), pp. 133-45, (2000).
7- Won-Jin Moon, Mina Park, Moonjung Hwang, and J. K. Kim, "Functional MRI as an Objective Measure of Olfaction Deficit in Patients with Traumatic Anosmia." American Journal of Neuroradiology, Vol. 39(2018).
8- Masashi Kameyama, Koji Murakami, and Masahiro Jinzaki, "Comparison of [(15)O] H2O Positron Emission Tomography and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Activation Studies." (in eng), World journal of nuclear medicine, Vol. 15 (No. 1), pp. 3-6, (2016).
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11- Emilia Iannilli et al., "Differences in anosmic and normosmic group in bimodal odorant perception: A functional- MRI study." Rhinology, Vol. 49pp. 458-63, (2011).
12- A. Vania Apkarian, M. Catherine Bushnell, Rolf-Detlef Treede, and Jon-Kar Zubieta, "Human brain mechanisms of pain perception and regulation in health and disease." European Journal of Pain, Vol. 9 (No. 4), pp. 463-63, (2005).
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14- Pengfei Han, Nicole Winkler, Cornelia Hummel, Antje Haehner, Johannes Gerber, and Thomas Hummel, "Impaired brain response to odors in patients with varied severity of olfactory loss after traumatic brain injury." Journal of Neurology, Vol. 265(2018).
15- V. Smejkal, Rastislav Druga, and Jarda Tintera, "Olfactory activity in the human brain identified by fMRI." Bratislavské lekárske listy, Vol. 104pp. 184-88, (2003).
16- Albert Wabnegger and Anne Schienle, "Cerebellar Gray Matter and Olfactory Performance." Chemical Senses, Vol. 44 (No. 7), pp. 507-10, (2019).
17- Seyed Amir Hossein Batouli and Minoo Sisakhti, "Some Points to Consider in a Task-Based fMRI Study: A Guideline for Beginners." Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies, Vol. 7 (No. 1 SE - Review Article(s)), (2020).
18- Seyed Amir Hossein Batouli et al., "Iranian Brain Imaging Database: A Neuropsychiatric Database of Healthy Brain." BCN, Vol. 12 (No. 1), pp. 115-32, (2021).
19- Johannes Frasnelli, Johan N. Lundström, Veronika Schöpf, Simona Negoias, Thomas Hummel, and Franco Lepore, "Dual processing streams in chemosensory perception." (in eng), Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, Vol. 6pp. 288-88, (2012).
20- Minoo Sisakhti, Perminder S. Sachdev, and Seyed Amir Hossein Batouli, "The Effect of Cognitive Load on the Retrieval of Long-Term Memory: An fMRI Study." Vol. 15, ed, (2021), pp. 606-06.
21- Seyed Amir Hossein Batouli, Razieh Alemi, Haleh Khoshkhouy Delshad, and Mohammad Ali Oghabian, "The influence of mental fatigue on the face and word encoding activations." Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, Vol. 189pp. 105626-26, (2020).
22- Shirin Haghshenas Bilehsavar, Seyed Amir Hossein Batouli, Mohammad Soukhtanlou, Sasan Alavi, and Mohammad Ali Oghabian, "Different Olfactory Perception in Heroin Addicts Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging TT." BCN, Vol. 13 (No. 2), pp. 257-68, (2022).
23- Ling Xiao, Pan Wang, Qin Fang, and Qinghua Zhao, "Health-promoting Lifestyle in Patients after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention." (in eng), Korean circulation journal, Vol. 48 (No. 6), pp. 507-15, (2018).
24- D. H. Zald and J. V. Pardo, "Emotion, olfaction, and the human amygdala: amygdala activation during aversive olfactory stimulation." (in eng), Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 94 (No. 8), pp. 4119-24, (1997).
25- John Smythies, "The Functional Neuroanatomy of Awareness: With a Focus on the Role of Various Anatomical Systems in the Control of Intermodal Attention." Consciousness and Cognition, Vol. 6 (No. 4), pp. 455-81, (1997).
26- Emmanuelle Courtiol and Donald Wilson, "The olfactory thalamus: unanswered questions about the role of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus in olfaction." Vol. 9, ed, (2015), pp. 49-49.
27- Jane Plailly, James Howard, Darren Gitelman, and Jay Gottfried, "Attention to Odor Modulates Thalamocortical Connectivity in the Human Brain." The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, Vol. 28pp. 5257-67, (2008).
28- Ana Chica, Paolo Bartolomeo, and Juan Lupiáñez, "Two cognitive systems for endogenous and exogenous spatial attention." Behavioural Brain Research, Vol. 237pp. 107-23, (2012).
29- Ivanka Savic, Balázs Gulyás, Maria Larsson, and Per E. Roland, "Olfactory Functions Are Mediated by Parallel and Hierarchical Processing." Neuron, Vol. 26pp. 735-45, (2000).
30- Gregory Berns, Andrew Brooks, and Mark Spivak, "Scent of the Familiar: An fMRI Study of Canine Brain Responses to Familiar and Unfamiliar Human and Dog Odors." Behavioural processes, Vol. 110(2014).
31- Jessica Albrecht, Rainer Kopietz, Johannes Frasnelli, Martin Wiesmann, Thomas Hummel, and Johan N. Lundström, "The neuronal correlates of intranasal trigeminal function-an ALE meta-analysis of human functional brain imaging data." (in eng), Brain Research Reviews, Vol. 62 (No. 2), pp. 183-96, (2010).
32- Federico Tubaldi, Luca Turella, Andrea Pierno, Wolfgang Grodd, Roberto Tirindelli, and Umberto Castiello, "Smelling odors, understanding actions." Social neuroscience, Vol. 6pp. 31-47, (2010).
33- Razieh Alemi, Seyed Amir Hossein Batouli, Ebrahim Behzad, Mitra Ebrahimpoor, and Mohammad Ali Oghabian, "Not single brain areas but a network is involved in language: Applications in presurgical planning." Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, Vol. 165pp. 116-28, (2018).
34- Seyed Amir Hossein Batouli and Minoo Sisakhti, "Investigating A Hypothesis on The Mechanism of Long-Term Memory Storage." NeuroQuantology, Vol. 17 (No. 3), (2019).
35- Seyed Amir Hossein Batouli, "Seven ambiguities in explaining the human memory system in the Principles of Neural Science book." Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, pp. In Press.-In Press., (2022).
36- Minoo Sisakhti, Seyed Amir Hossein Batouli, and Hassan Farrahi, "The Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test: Age-, Gender- and Education-Related Normative Data for The Iranian Healthy Population." Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies, Vol. 10 (No. 3), 06/01 (2023).
37- Sadegh Ghaderi, Farzad Fatehi, Sanjay Kalra, and Seyed Amir Hossein Batouli, "MRI biomarkers for memory-related impairment in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a systematic review." Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Degeneration, pp. 1-17, (2023).
38- Uta Frankenstein et al., "Activation and deactivation in blood oxygenation level dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging." Concepts in Magnetic Resonance Part A, Vol. 16App. 63-70, (2003).
39- Erie Boorman, John O'Doherty, Ralph Adolphs, and Antonio Rangel, "The Behavioral and Neural Mechanisms Underlying the Tracking of Expertise." Neuron, Vol. 80pp. 1558-71, (2013).
40- Dave Hayes and Adrianne Huxtable, "Interpreting Deactivations in Neuroimaging." Frontiers in Psychology, Vol. 3pp. 27-27, (2012).
2- R. K. Fulbright et al., "Functional MR imaging of regional brain responses to pleasant and unpleasant odors." (in eng), AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology, Vol. 19 (No. 9), pp. 1721-26, (1998).
3- M. Bensafi, E. Iannilli, J. Gerber, and T. Hummel, "Neural coding of stimulus concentration in the human olfactory and intranasal trigeminal systems." Neuroscience, Vol. 154 (No. 2), pp. 832-38, (2008).
4- Thomas Hummel et al., "Position paper on olfactory dysfunction." Rhinology, Vol. 56(2017).
5- Pengfei Han, Yunpeng Zang, Joshi Akshita, and Thomas Hummel, "Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Human Olfactory Dysfunction." Brain Topography, Vol. 32 (No. 6), pp. 987-97, (2019).
6- Claire Murphy et al., "Olfactory event-related potentials and aging: normative data." International Journal of Psychophysiology, Vol. 36 (No. 2), pp. 133-45, (2000).
7- Won-Jin Moon, Mina Park, Moonjung Hwang, and J. K. Kim, "Functional MRI as an Objective Measure of Olfaction Deficit in Patients with Traumatic Anosmia." American Journal of Neuroradiology, Vol. 39(2018).
8- Masashi Kameyama, Koji Murakami, and Masahiro Jinzaki, "Comparison of [(15)O] H2O Positron Emission Tomography and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Activation Studies." (in eng), World journal of nuclear medicine, Vol. 15 (No. 1), pp. 3-6, (2016).
9- Edmund T. Rolls, Morten L. Kringelbach, and Ivan E. T. De Araujo, "Different representations of pleasant and unpleasant odours in the human brain." European Journal of Neuroscience, Vol. 18 (No. 3), pp. 695-703, (2003).
10- A. K. Anderson et al., "Dissociated neural representations of intensity and valence in human olfaction." Nature Neuroscience, Vol. 6 (No. 2), pp. 196-202, (2003).
11- Emilia Iannilli et al., "Differences in anosmic and normosmic group in bimodal odorant perception: A functional- MRI study." Rhinology, Vol. 49pp. 458-63, (2011).
12- A. Vania Apkarian, M. Catherine Bushnell, Rolf-Detlef Treede, and Jon-Kar Zubieta, "Human brain mechanisms of pain perception and regulation in health and disease." European Journal of Pain, Vol. 9 (No. 4), pp. 463-63, (2005).
13- Kristen A. Lindquist, Tor D. Wager, Hedy Kober, Eliza Bliss-Moreau, and Lisa Feldman Barrett, "The brain basis of emotion: a meta-analytic review." (in eng), The Behavioral and brain sciences, Vol. 35 (No. 3), pp. 121-43, (2012).
14- Pengfei Han, Nicole Winkler, Cornelia Hummel, Antje Haehner, Johannes Gerber, and Thomas Hummel, "Impaired brain response to odors in patients with varied severity of olfactory loss after traumatic brain injury." Journal of Neurology, Vol. 265(2018).
15- V. Smejkal, Rastislav Druga, and Jarda Tintera, "Olfactory activity in the human brain identified by fMRI." Bratislavské lekárske listy, Vol. 104pp. 184-88, (2003).
16- Albert Wabnegger and Anne Schienle, "Cerebellar Gray Matter and Olfactory Performance." Chemical Senses, Vol. 44 (No. 7), pp. 507-10, (2019).
17- Seyed Amir Hossein Batouli and Minoo Sisakhti, "Some Points to Consider in a Task-Based fMRI Study: A Guideline for Beginners." Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies, Vol. 7 (No. 1 SE - Review Article(s)), (2020).
18- Seyed Amir Hossein Batouli et al., "Iranian Brain Imaging Database: A Neuropsychiatric Database of Healthy Brain." BCN, Vol. 12 (No. 1), pp. 115-32, (2021).
19- Johannes Frasnelli, Johan N. Lundström, Veronika Schöpf, Simona Negoias, Thomas Hummel, and Franco Lepore, "Dual processing streams in chemosensory perception." (in eng), Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, Vol. 6pp. 288-88, (2012).
20- Minoo Sisakhti, Perminder S. Sachdev, and Seyed Amir Hossein Batouli, "The Effect of Cognitive Load on the Retrieval of Long-Term Memory: An fMRI Study." Vol. 15, ed, (2021), pp. 606-06.
21- Seyed Amir Hossein Batouli, Razieh Alemi, Haleh Khoshkhouy Delshad, and Mohammad Ali Oghabian, "The influence of mental fatigue on the face and word encoding activations." Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, Vol. 189pp. 105626-26, (2020).
22- Shirin Haghshenas Bilehsavar, Seyed Amir Hossein Batouli, Mohammad Soukhtanlou, Sasan Alavi, and Mohammad Ali Oghabian, "Different Olfactory Perception in Heroin Addicts Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging TT." BCN, Vol. 13 (No. 2), pp. 257-68, (2022).
23- Ling Xiao, Pan Wang, Qin Fang, and Qinghua Zhao, "Health-promoting Lifestyle in Patients after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention." (in eng), Korean circulation journal, Vol. 48 (No. 6), pp. 507-15, (2018).
24- D. H. Zald and J. V. Pardo, "Emotion, olfaction, and the human amygdala: amygdala activation during aversive olfactory stimulation." (in eng), Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 94 (No. 8), pp. 4119-24, (1997).
25- John Smythies, "The Functional Neuroanatomy of Awareness: With a Focus on the Role of Various Anatomical Systems in the Control of Intermodal Attention." Consciousness and Cognition, Vol. 6 (No. 4), pp. 455-81, (1997).
26- Emmanuelle Courtiol and Donald Wilson, "The olfactory thalamus: unanswered questions about the role of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus in olfaction." Vol. 9, ed, (2015), pp. 49-49.
27- Jane Plailly, James Howard, Darren Gitelman, and Jay Gottfried, "Attention to Odor Modulates Thalamocortical Connectivity in the Human Brain." The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, Vol. 28pp. 5257-67, (2008).
28- Ana Chica, Paolo Bartolomeo, and Juan Lupiáñez, "Two cognitive systems for endogenous and exogenous spatial attention." Behavioural Brain Research, Vol. 237pp. 107-23, (2012).
29- Ivanka Savic, Balázs Gulyás, Maria Larsson, and Per E. Roland, "Olfactory Functions Are Mediated by Parallel and Hierarchical Processing." Neuron, Vol. 26pp. 735-45, (2000).
30- Gregory Berns, Andrew Brooks, and Mark Spivak, "Scent of the Familiar: An fMRI Study of Canine Brain Responses to Familiar and Unfamiliar Human and Dog Odors." Behavioural processes, Vol. 110(2014).
31- Jessica Albrecht, Rainer Kopietz, Johannes Frasnelli, Martin Wiesmann, Thomas Hummel, and Johan N. Lundström, "The neuronal correlates of intranasal trigeminal function-an ALE meta-analysis of human functional brain imaging data." (in eng), Brain Research Reviews, Vol. 62 (No. 2), pp. 183-96, (2010).
32- Federico Tubaldi, Luca Turella, Andrea Pierno, Wolfgang Grodd, Roberto Tirindelli, and Umberto Castiello, "Smelling odors, understanding actions." Social neuroscience, Vol. 6pp. 31-47, (2010).
33- Razieh Alemi, Seyed Amir Hossein Batouli, Ebrahim Behzad, Mitra Ebrahimpoor, and Mohammad Ali Oghabian, "Not single brain areas but a network is involved in language: Applications in presurgical planning." Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, Vol. 165pp. 116-28, (2018).
34- Seyed Amir Hossein Batouli and Minoo Sisakhti, "Investigating A Hypothesis on The Mechanism of Long-Term Memory Storage." NeuroQuantology, Vol. 17 (No. 3), (2019).
35- Seyed Amir Hossein Batouli, "Seven ambiguities in explaining the human memory system in the Principles of Neural Science book." Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, pp. In Press.-In Press., (2022).
36- Minoo Sisakhti, Seyed Amir Hossein Batouli, and Hassan Farrahi, "The Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test: Age-, Gender- and Education-Related Normative Data for The Iranian Healthy Population." Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies, Vol. 10 (No. 3), 06/01 (2023).
37- Sadegh Ghaderi, Farzad Fatehi, Sanjay Kalra, and Seyed Amir Hossein Batouli, "MRI biomarkers for memory-related impairment in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a systematic review." Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Degeneration, pp. 1-17, (2023).
38- Uta Frankenstein et al., "Activation and deactivation in blood oxygenation level dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging." Concepts in Magnetic Resonance Part A, Vol. 16App. 63-70, (2003).
39- Erie Boorman, John O'Doherty, Ralph Adolphs, and Antonio Rangel, "The Behavioral and Neural Mechanisms Underlying the Tracking of Expertise." Neuron, Vol. 80pp. 1558-71, (2013).
40- Dave Hayes and Adrianne Huxtable, "Interpreting Deactivations in Neuroimaging." Frontiers in Psychology, Vol. 3pp. 27-27, (2012).
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 10 No 4 (2023) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/fbt.v10i4.13720 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Olfaction functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Anosmia Sniffing Test Diagnosis | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Kohanpour M, Aarabi S, Batoli AH, Moallemian S, Oghabian MA. A Different Olfactory Perception in Anosmic Patients: Evidence from Functional MRI. Frontiers Biomed Technol. 2023;10(4):385-393.
