Electromagnetic Field (EMF) Effect on Bone Marrow Stem Cells (BMSCs) Differentiation and Nucleoli AgNOR
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Abstract
Purpose: Numerous studies have described the effect of Electromagnetic Fields (EMFs) in the promotion of Bone Marrow Stem Cell (BMSC) differentiation. We aimed to investigate the influence of frequency (10 and 100 Hz) and different pulse shapes (sine, rectangular, and triangular) of EMF on rats' BMSCs.
Materials and Methods: The BMSCs in 6 groups were exposed to EMF for 1 h/ 7 days. The BMSCs viability was estimated by the MTT test. The cresyl violet labeled the Nissl bodies, and the silver nitrate staining was done to evaluate the BMSCs nucleoli Ag Nucleolar Organizer Regions (AgNORs).
Results: The MTT test verified that EMF and pulse shape did not affect cell viability. In Nissl bodies staining most of the large neurons were related to the rectangular 10 Hz EMF group. The majority of the differentiated BMSCs were astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocyte in the triangular 100 Hz EMF group. Although the silver nitrate staining confirmed the effect of 10 Hz EMF, pulse shape alteration did not affect AgNOR parameters. In conclusion, we presented a low-magnetic flux density EMF (400 µT) to assess the responses of BMSCs nuclei.
Conclusion: The findings showed that BMSCs differentiation was frequency-dependent. Further investigations are recommended for recognizing the function of EMF on BMSCs.
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13- M. Moradzadeh Khiavi, S. Vosoughhosseini, M. Halimi, S. M. Mahmoudi, and A. Yarahmadi, "Nucleolar organizer regions in oral squamous cell carcinoma. ." J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects, Vol. 6 (No. 1), pp. 17-20, (2012).
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15- W. F. Bai et al., "Fifty-Hertz electromagnetic fields facilitate the induction of rat bone mesenchymal stromal cells to differentiate into functional neurons." Cytotherapy, Vol. 15pp. 961-70, (2013).
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19- A. Mahna, S. Solali, and F. Akbabeiglou, "The Effect of the Shape of Magnetic Field on the Viability of Endothelial Cells." Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies, Vol. 8 (No. 4), pp. 304-10, (2021).
20- J. Kaszuba-Zwoinska, P. Chorobik, K. Juszczak, W. Zaraska, and P. J. Thor, "Pulsed electromagnetic field affects intrinsic and endoplasmic reticulum apoptosis induction pathway in Monomac6 cee line culture. ." J Physiol Pharmacol, Vol. 63pp. 537-45, (2012).
21- W. Bai, M. Li, W. Xu, and M. Zhang, "Comparison of effects of high- and low-frequency electromagnetic fields on proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells." Neurosci Lett, Vol. 741p. 135463, Jan 10 (2021).
22- S. Y. Ho et al., "Static Magnetic Field Induced Neural Stem/Progenitor Cell Early Differentiation and Promotes Maturation." Stem Cells Int, Vol. 2019p. 8790176, (2019).
23- Ju Hwan Kim, Choong-Hyun Lee, Hyung-Gun Kim, and Hak Rim Kim, "Decreased dopamine in striatum and difficult locomotor recovery from MPTP insult after exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields." Scientific reports, Vol. 9 (No. 1), pp. 1-13, (2019).
24- M. Barati, H. Fahimi, L. Farahmand, and A. M. Ansari, "1Hz 100mT electromagnetic field induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells through up-regulation of P38 and P21. ." Multidiscip Cancer Investig, Vol. 4 (No. 1), pp. 23-29, (2020).
25- G. C. Albert et al., "Assessment of genetic damage in peripheral blood of human volunteers exposed (whole-body) to a 200 µT, 60 Hz magnetic field. ." Int J Radiat Biol Vol. 85 (No. 2), pp. 144-52, (2009).
26- J. P. McNamee, P. V. Bellier, J. R. N. McLean, L. Marro, G. B. Gajda, and A. Thansandote, "DNA damage and apoptosis in the immature mouse cerebellum after acute exposure to a 1 mT, 60 Hz magnetic field. ." Mutat Res, Vol. 513pp. 121-33, (2002).
27- M. Z. Akdag, S. Dasdag, E. Ulukaya, A. K. Uzunlar, M. A. Kurt, and A. Taskin, "Effects of extremely low-frequency magnetic field on caspase activities and oxidative stress values in rat brain." Biol Trace Elem Res, Vol. 138pp. 238-49, (2010).
28- M. O. Mattsson and M. Simko, "Is there a relation between extremely low frequency magnetic field exposure, inflammation and neurodegenerative diseases? A review of in vivo and in vitro experimental evidence. ." Toxicolgy, Vol. 301pp. 1-12, (2012).
2- A. Maziarz et al., "How electromagnetic fields can influence adult stem cells: positive and negative impacts." Stem Cell Res Ther Vol. 7 (No. 54), (2016).
3- H. Wu, K. Ren, W. Zhao, G. E. Baojian, and S. Peng, "Effect of electromagnetic fields on proliferation and differentiation of cultured mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells." J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci, Vol. 25 (No. 2), pp. 185-7, (2005).
4- L. Y. Sun, D. K. Hsieh, P. C. Lin, H. T. Chiu, and T. W. Chiou, "Pulsed electromagnetic fields accelerate proliferation and osteogenic gene expression in human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells during osteogenic differentiation." Bioelectromagnetics, Vol. 31 (No. 3), pp. 209-19, Apr (2010).
5- C. Liu et al., "Effect of 1 mT sinusoidal electromagnetic fields on proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells." Bioelectromagnetics, Vol. 34 (No. 6), pp. 453-64, Sep (2013).
6- N. Asadian, M. Jadidi, M. Safari, T. Jadidi, and M. Gholami, "EMF frequency dependent differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells to astrocyte cells." Neurosci Lett, Vol. 744p. 135587, Jan 23 (2021).
7- F. Focke, D. Schuermann, N. Kuster, and P. Schär, "DNA fragmentation in human fibroblasts under extremely low frequency electromagnetic field exposure. ." Mutat Res, Vol. 683 (No. 1), pp. 74-83, (2010).
8- C. T. Mihai, P. Rotinberg, F. Brinza, and G. Vochita, "Extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields cause DNA strand breaks in normal cells." J Environ Health Sci Eng, Vol. 12 (No. 1), p. 15, Jan 8 (2014).
9- M. J. Ruiz-Gomez, F. Sendra-Portero, and M. Martinez-Morillo, "Effect of 2.45 mT sinusoidal 50 Hz magnetic field on Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains deficient in DNA strand breaks repair." Int J Radiat Biol, Vol. 86 (No. 7), pp. 602-11, Jul (2010).
10- K. Song, S. H. Im, Y. J. Yoon, H. M. Kim, H. J. Lee, and G. S. Park, "A 60 Hz uniform electromagnetic field promotes human cell proliferation by decreasing intracellular reactive oxygen species levels." PLoS One, Vol. 13 (No. 7), p. e0199753, (2018).
11- A. M. Lavezzi, G. Alfonsi, T. Pusiol, and L. Matturri, "Decreased argyrophilic nucleolar organiser region (AgNOR) expression in Purkinje cells: first signal of neuronal damage in sudden fetal and infant death." J Clin Pathol, Vol. 69 (No. 1), pp. 58-63, Jan (2016).
12- M. H. Bukhari et al., "Use of AgNOR index in grading and differential diagnosis of astrocytic lesions of brain. ." Pak J Med Sci, Vol. 23 (No. 2), pp. 206-10, (2007).
13- M. Moradzadeh Khiavi, S. Vosoughhosseini, M. Halimi, S. M. Mahmoudi, and A. Yarahmadi, "Nucleolar organizer regions in oral squamous cell carcinoma. ." J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects, Vol. 6 (No. 1), pp. 17-20, (2012).
14- N. Okudan, I. Celik, A. Salbacak, A. E. Cicekcibasi, M. Buyukmumcu, and H. Gökbel, "Effects of long-term 50 Hz magnetic field exposure on the micro nucleated polychromatic erythrocyte and blood lymphocyte frequency and argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions in lymphocytes of mice." Neuro Endocrinol Lett, Vol. 31 (No. 2), pp. 208-14, (2010).
15- W. F. Bai et al., "Fifty-Hertz electromagnetic fields facilitate the induction of rat bone mesenchymal stromal cells to differentiate into functional neurons." Cytotherapy, Vol. 15pp. 961-70, (2013).
16- J. E. Park, Y. K. Seo, H. H. Yoon, C. W. Kim, J. K. Park, and S. Jeon, "Electromagnetic fields induce neural differentiation of human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells via ROS mediated EGFR activation." Neurochem Int, Vol. 62 (No. 4), pp. 418-24, Mar (2013).
17- E. Urnukhsaikhan, H. Cho, T. Mishig-Ochir, Y. K. Seo, and J. K. Park, "Pulsed electromagnetic fields promote survival and neuronal differentiation of human BM-MSCs." Life Sci, Vol. 151pp. 130-38, Apr 15 (2016).
18- C. L. Ross et al., "The effect of low-frequency electromagnetic field on human bone marrow stem/progenitor cell differentiation." Stem Cell Res, Vol. 15 (No. 1), pp. 96-108, Jul (2015).
19- A. Mahna, S. Solali, and F. Akbabeiglou, "The Effect of the Shape of Magnetic Field on the Viability of Endothelial Cells." Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies, Vol. 8 (No. 4), pp. 304-10, (2021).
20- J. Kaszuba-Zwoinska, P. Chorobik, K. Juszczak, W. Zaraska, and P. J. Thor, "Pulsed electromagnetic field affects intrinsic and endoplasmic reticulum apoptosis induction pathway in Monomac6 cee line culture. ." J Physiol Pharmacol, Vol. 63pp. 537-45, (2012).
21- W. Bai, M. Li, W. Xu, and M. Zhang, "Comparison of effects of high- and low-frequency electromagnetic fields on proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells." Neurosci Lett, Vol. 741p. 135463, Jan 10 (2021).
22- S. Y. Ho et al., "Static Magnetic Field Induced Neural Stem/Progenitor Cell Early Differentiation and Promotes Maturation." Stem Cells Int, Vol. 2019p. 8790176, (2019).
23- Ju Hwan Kim, Choong-Hyun Lee, Hyung-Gun Kim, and Hak Rim Kim, "Decreased dopamine in striatum and difficult locomotor recovery from MPTP insult after exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields." Scientific reports, Vol. 9 (No. 1), pp. 1-13, (2019).
24- M. Barati, H. Fahimi, L. Farahmand, and A. M. Ansari, "1Hz 100mT electromagnetic field induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells through up-regulation of P38 and P21. ." Multidiscip Cancer Investig, Vol. 4 (No. 1), pp. 23-29, (2020).
25- G. C. Albert et al., "Assessment of genetic damage in peripheral blood of human volunteers exposed (whole-body) to a 200 µT, 60 Hz magnetic field. ." Int J Radiat Biol Vol. 85 (No. 2), pp. 144-52, (2009).
26- J. P. McNamee, P. V. Bellier, J. R. N. McLean, L. Marro, G. B. Gajda, and A. Thansandote, "DNA damage and apoptosis in the immature mouse cerebellum after acute exposure to a 1 mT, 60 Hz magnetic field. ." Mutat Res, Vol. 513pp. 121-33, (2002).
27- M. Z. Akdag, S. Dasdag, E. Ulukaya, A. K. Uzunlar, M. A. Kurt, and A. Taskin, "Effects of extremely low-frequency magnetic field on caspase activities and oxidative stress values in rat brain." Biol Trace Elem Res, Vol. 138pp. 238-49, (2010).
28- M. O. Mattsson and M. Simko, "Is there a relation between extremely low frequency magnetic field exposure, inflammation and neurodegenerative diseases? A review of in vivo and in vitro experimental evidence. ." Toxicolgy, Vol. 301pp. 1-12, (2012).
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| Issue | Vol 10 No 2 (2023) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/fbt.v10i2.12217 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Electromagnetic Field Bone Marrow Stem Cell Cell Viability Differentiation Ag Nucleolar Organizer Regions | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Asadian N, Jadidi T, Jadidi M. Electromagnetic Field (EMF) Effect on Bone Marrow Stem Cells (BMSCs) Differentiation and Nucleoli AgNOR. Frontiers Biomed Technol. 2022;10(2):132-139.
