Characterization of the Radiation Contamination in an 18MV Linac Treatment Room Made of some Nanoparticles Mixture
Abstract
Propose: shielding medical radiation requires deep knowledge of radiation physics and shielding design methods. Materials and Methods: Effective neutron mass removal cross-section (ΣR/ρ) was derived for the ordinary concrete doped with 50nm of TiO2 (5%), Sm2O3 (5%), WO3(5%), B4H (5%), SiO2 (5%) nanoparticles mixture with MCNP5 estimation and N-XCOM calculation was conducted. The ordinary concrete (with a density of 2.35 g/cm3) composition elements ΣR/ρ were also estimated. An 18MV Variuan 2100Clinac room made of obtained nano-concrete and with three legs included maze simulated and secondary neutron and capture γ-ray dose equivalent (DE) were estimated. required shielding Lead and Borated-Polyethylene (BPE) were calculated according to the estimated doses and guidelines a negligible shielding, close to an Open-Door maze was obtained. Results: Total ΣR/ρ of the neutron with energies 100 keV-2000keV was estimated as 0.02802-0.02687 cm2/g using the MC simulation method in good geometry while N-XCOM software calculated the same values as 0.02810- 0.02687 cm2/g. ΣR/ρ was also derived using MC and N-XCOM for the elements in the pure ordinary concrete. MCNP5/1.60 MC simulation code was calculated secondary neutron and capture γ-ray dose equivalent as 1.65×10-07 mSv/isocenter Gy and 7.98×10-06 mSv/isocenter Gy.
Conclusion: It was concluded that the nanoparticles mixture present in the ordinary concrete enhanced the shielding properties of the concrete and additional bendings in the maze besides the effect of the nanoparticles, designed a room with negligible shielding at the maze entrance that was close to the Open-Door 18MV room.
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5- DA Alonso-De la Garza, AM Guzmán, C Gómez-Rodríguez, DI Martínez, and N Elizondo, "Influence of Al2O3 and SiO2 nanoparticles addition on the microstructure and mechano-physical properties of ceramic tiles." Ceramics International, Vol. 48 (No. 9), pp. 12712-20, (2022).
6- F Amor, M Baudys, Z Racova, L Scheinherrová, L Ingrisova, and P Hajek, "Contribution of TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles to the hydration of Portland cement and photocatalytic properties of High Performance Concrete." Case Studies in Construction Materials, Vol. 16p. e00965, (2022).
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8- M Elsafi, MA El-Nahal, MI Sayyed, IH Saleh, and MI Abbas, "Effect of bulk and nanoparticle Bi2O3 on attenuation capability of radiation shielding glass." Ceramics International, Vol. 47 (No. 14), pp. 19651-58, (2021).
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11- Nazanin Gholami, Bahram Ghasemi, Bagher Anvaripour, and Sahand Jorfi, "Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of furfural and a real wastewater using UVC/TiO2 nanoparticles immobilized on white concrete in a fixed-bed reactor." Journal of industrial and engineering chemistry, Vol. 62pp. 291-301, (2018).
12- VM Hatkar, VJ Patil, YE Bhoge, JS Narkhede, UD Patil, and RD Kulkarni, "Solution spray synthesis and surface modification of SiO2 nanoparticle for development of UV curable concrete coatings." Vacuum, Vol. 147pp. 158-62, (2018).
13- Amal Fadhil Kamil, Hussain Ismail Abdullah, Ahmed Mahdi Rheima, and Srwa Hashim Mohammed, "UV-Irradiation synthesized α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles based dye-sensitized solar cells." Materials Today: Proceedings, Vol. 61pp. 820-25, (2022).
14- Mahdieh Keramati and Bita Ayati, "Petroleum wastewater treatment using a combination of electrocoagulation and photocatalytic process with immobilized ZnO nanoparticles on concrete surface." Process Safety and Environmental Protection, Vol. 126pp. 356-65, (2019).
15- S Khannyra, MJ Mosquera, Mohammed Addou, and MLA Gil, "Cu-TiO2/SiO2 photocatalysts for concrete-based building materials: Self-cleaning and air de-pollution performance." Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 313p. 125419, (2021).
16- Hossein Khosravi, Bijan Hashemi, Seyed Rabie Mahdavi, and Payman Hejazi, "Target dose enhancement factor alterations related to interaction between the photon beam energy and gold nanoparticles’ size in external radiotherapy: using Monte Carlo method." Koomesh, pp. 255-61, (2015).
17- Hossein Khosravi, Armita Mahdavi, Faezeh Rahmani, and Ahmad Ebadi, "The impact of nano-sized gold particles on the target dose enhancement based on photon beams using by Monte Carlo Method." Nanomedicine Research Journal, Vol. 1 (No. 2), pp. 84-89, (2016).
18- Mohamed E Mahmoud, Rehab M El-Sharkawy, Elhassan A Allam, Reda Elsaman, and Atef El-Taher, "Fabrication and characterization of phosphotungstic acid-Copper oxide nanoparticles-Plastic waste nanocomposites for enhanced radiation-shielding." Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 803pp. 768-77, (2019).
19- Asghar Mesbahi and Hosein Ghiasi, "Shielding properties of the ordinary concrete loaded with micro-and nano-particles against neutron and gamma radiations." Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Vol. 136pp. 27-31, (2018).
20- Rosangel Ortega-Villar, Liliana Lizárraga-Mendiola, Claudia Coronel-Olivares, Luis D López-León, Carlos Alfredo Bigurra-Alzati, and Gabriela A Vázquez-Rodríguez, "Effect of photocatalytic Fe2O3 nanoparticles on urban runoff pollutant removal by permeable concrete." Journal of environmental management, Vol. 242pp. 487-95, (2019).
21- HO Tekin, MI Sayyed, and Shams AM Issa, "Gamma radiation shielding properties of the hematite-serpentine concrete blended with WO3 and Bi2O3 micro and nano particles using MCNPX code." Radiation Physics and Chemistry, Vol. 150pp. 95-100, (2018).
22- C Thomas, J Rico, P Tamayo, J Setién, F Ballester, and JA Polanco, "Neutron shielding concrete incorporating B4C and PVA fibers exposed to high temperatures." Journal of Building Engineering, Vol. 26p. 100859, (2019).
23- Iman M Nikbin, Mojtaba Shad, Gholam Ali Jafarzadeh, and Soudabeh Dezhampanah, "An experimental investigation on combined effects of nano-WO3 and nano-Bi2O3 on the radiation shielding properties of magnetite concretes." Progress in Nuclear Energy, Vol. 117p. 103103, (2019).
24- Tuan Anh Nguyen, Thi Lua Pham, Thi Mai Thanh Dinh, Hoang Thai, and Xianming Shi, "Application of nano-SiO2 and nano-Fe2O3 for protection of steel rebar in chloride contaminated concrete: epoxy nanocomposite coatings and nano-modified mortars." Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology, Vol. 17 (No. 1), pp. 427-36, (2017).
25- NB Singh, "Properties of cement and concrete in presence of nanomaterials." in Smart Nanoconcretes and Cement-Based Materials: Elsevier, (2020), pp. 9-39.
26- NB Singh, Meenu Kalra, and SK Saxena, "Nanoscience of cement and concrete." Materials Today: Proceedings, Vol. 4 (No. 4), pp. 5478-87, (2017).
27- E Mansouri, A Mesbahi, R Malekzadeh, A Ghasemi Janghjoo, and MURAT Okutan, "A review on neutron shielding performance of nanocomposite materials." International Journal of Radiation Research, Vol. 18 (No. 4), pp. 611-22, (2020).
28- VA Artem'Ev, "Estimate of neutron attentuation and moderation by nanostructural materials." Atomic Energy, Vol. 94 (No. 4), pp. 282-85, (2003).
29- Jaewoo Kim, Young Rang Uhm, Min-Ku Lee, Hee Min Lee, and Chang Kyu Rhee, "Neutron shielding characteristics of nano-B2O3 dispersed Poly Vinyl Alcohol." in Transactions of the Korean Nuclear Society Spring Meeting May, (2008), Vol. 29, pp. 29-30.
30- Ş Gözde İrim et al., "Physical, mechanical and neutron shielding properties of h-BN/Gd2O3/HDPE ternary nanocomposites." Radiation Physics and Chemistry, Vol. 144pp. 434-43, (2018).
31- Pawel Sikora, Ahmed M El-Khayatt, HA Saudi, Sang-Yeop Chung, Dietmar Stephan, and Mohamed Abd Elrahman, "Evaluation of the effects of bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) micro and nanoparticles on the mechanical, microstructural and γ-ray/neutron shielding properties of Portland cement pastes." Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 284p. 122758, (2021).
32- Zhipeng Huo, Sheng Zhao, Guoqiang Zhong, Hong Zhang, and Liqun Hu, "Surface modified-gadolinium/boron/polyethylene composite with high shielding performance for neutron and gamma-ray." Nuclear Materials and Energy, Vol. 29p. 101095, (2021).
33- Seulgi Kim, Yunhee Ahn, Sung Ho Song, and Dongju Lee, "Tungsten nanoparticle anchoring on boron nitride nanosheet-based polymer nanocomposites for complex radiation shielding." Composites Science and Technology, Vol. 221p. 109353, (2022).
34- Dong Zhou, Quan-Ping Zhang, Jian Zheng, You Wu, Yang Zhao, and Yuan-Lin Zhou, "Co-shielding of neutron and γ-ray with bismuth borate nanoparticles fabricated via a facile sol-gel method." Inorganic Chemistry Communications, Vol. 77pp. 55-58, (2017).
35- Monte Carlo Team, "MCNP-A general N-Particle Transport Code, Version 5." vol. I, Overview and Theory, (2005).
36- Chaocheng Kong et al., "Monte Carlo method for calculating the radiation skyshine produced by electron accelerators." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, Vol. 234 (No. 3), pp. 269-74, (2005).
37- Pedro Andreo, "Monte Carlo techniques in medical radiation physics." Physics in Medicine & Biology, Vol. 36 (No. 7), p. 861, (1991).
38- Joao Seco and Frank Verhaegen, Monte Carlo techniques in radiation therapy. CRC press Boca Raton, FL:, (2013).
39- Maurice F Kaplan, "Concrete radiation shielding." (1989).
40- Arthur B Chilton, J Kenneth Shultis, and Richard E Faw, "Principles of radiation shielding." (1984).
41- Protection Against Neutron Radiation, "Report No. 38." National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Bethesda, (1971).
42- Nicholas Tsoulfanidis, "Computational methods in reactor shielding." ed: Taylor & Francis, (1984).
43- MILLION ELECTRON VOLTS, "Protection Against Neutron Radiation up to 30 Million Electron Volts." (1957).
44- ME Wieser, "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)." Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 78 (No. 11), pp. 2051-66, (2006).
45- Huseyin Ozan Tekin, Viswanath P Singh, and Tugba Manici, "Effects of micro-sized and nano-sized WO3 on mass attenauation coefficients of concrete by using MCNPX code." Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Vol. 121pp. 122-25, (2017).
46- Asghar Mesbahi, Hosein Ghiasi, and Rabee Seyed Mahdavi, "Photoneutron and capture gamma dose calculations for a radiotherapy room made of high density concrete." Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection, Vol. 26 (No. 2), pp. 147-52, (2011).
2- International Atomic Energy Agency, Radiation protection in the design of radiotherapy facilities. Internat. Atomic Energy Agency, (2006).
3- Jamal A Abdalla, Blessen Skariah Thomas, Rami A Hawileh, Jian Yang, Bharat Bhushan Jindal, and Erandi Ariyachandra, "Influence of nano-TiO2, nano-Fe2O3, nanoclay and nano-CaCO3 on the properties of cement/geopolymer concrete." Cleaner Materials, p. 100061, (2022).
4- Yas Al-Hadeethi, MI Sayyed, Abeer Z Barasheed, Moustafa Ahmed, and M Elsafi, "Preparation and radiation attenuation properties of ceramic ball clay enhanced with micro and nano ZnO particles." Journal of Materials Research and Technology, Vol. 17pp. 223-33, (2022).
5- DA Alonso-De la Garza, AM Guzmán, C Gómez-Rodríguez, DI Martínez, and N Elizondo, "Influence of Al2O3 and SiO2 nanoparticles addition on the microstructure and mechano-physical properties of ceramic tiles." Ceramics International, Vol. 48 (No. 9), pp. 12712-20, (2022).
6- F Amor, M Baudys, Z Racova, L Scheinherrová, L Ingrisova, and P Hajek, "Contribution of TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles to the hydration of Portland cement and photocatalytic properties of High Performance Concrete." Case Studies in Construction Materials, Vol. 16p. e00965, (2022).
7- Soudabeh Dezhampanah, Iman M Nikbin, Sadegh Mehdipour, Reza Mohebbi, and HamidHabibi Moghadam, "Fiber-reinforced concrete containing nano-TiO2 as a new gamma-ray radiation shielding materials." Journal of Building Engineering, Vol. 44p. 102542, (2021).
8- M Elsafi, MA El-Nahal, MI Sayyed, IH Saleh, and MI Abbas, "Effect of bulk and nanoparticle Bi2O3 on attenuation capability of radiation shielding glass." Ceramics International, Vol. 47 (No. 14), pp. 19651-58, (2021).
9- M Elsafi, MI Sayyed, Aljawhara H Almuqrin, MM Gouda, and AM El-Khatib, "Analysis of particle size on mass dependent attenuation capability of bulk and nanoparticle PbO radiation shields." Results in Physics, Vol. 26p. 104458, (2021).
10- Amir Ghasemi-Jangjoo and Hosein Ghiasi, "MC safe bunker designing for an 18MV linac with nanoparticles included primary barriers and effect of the nanoparticles on the shielding aspects." Reports of Practical Oncology and Radiotherapy, Vol. 24 (No. 4), pp. 363-68, (2019).
11- Nazanin Gholami, Bahram Ghasemi, Bagher Anvaripour, and Sahand Jorfi, "Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of furfural and a real wastewater using UVC/TiO2 nanoparticles immobilized on white concrete in a fixed-bed reactor." Journal of industrial and engineering chemistry, Vol. 62pp. 291-301, (2018).
12- VM Hatkar, VJ Patil, YE Bhoge, JS Narkhede, UD Patil, and RD Kulkarni, "Solution spray synthesis and surface modification of SiO2 nanoparticle for development of UV curable concrete coatings." Vacuum, Vol. 147pp. 158-62, (2018).
13- Amal Fadhil Kamil, Hussain Ismail Abdullah, Ahmed Mahdi Rheima, and Srwa Hashim Mohammed, "UV-Irradiation synthesized α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles based dye-sensitized solar cells." Materials Today: Proceedings, Vol. 61pp. 820-25, (2022).
14- Mahdieh Keramati and Bita Ayati, "Petroleum wastewater treatment using a combination of electrocoagulation and photocatalytic process with immobilized ZnO nanoparticles on concrete surface." Process Safety and Environmental Protection, Vol. 126pp. 356-65, (2019).
15- S Khannyra, MJ Mosquera, Mohammed Addou, and MLA Gil, "Cu-TiO2/SiO2 photocatalysts for concrete-based building materials: Self-cleaning and air de-pollution performance." Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 313p. 125419, (2021).
16- Hossein Khosravi, Bijan Hashemi, Seyed Rabie Mahdavi, and Payman Hejazi, "Target dose enhancement factor alterations related to interaction between the photon beam energy and gold nanoparticles’ size in external radiotherapy: using Monte Carlo method." Koomesh, pp. 255-61, (2015).
17- Hossein Khosravi, Armita Mahdavi, Faezeh Rahmani, and Ahmad Ebadi, "The impact of nano-sized gold particles on the target dose enhancement based on photon beams using by Monte Carlo Method." Nanomedicine Research Journal, Vol. 1 (No. 2), pp. 84-89, (2016).
18- Mohamed E Mahmoud, Rehab M El-Sharkawy, Elhassan A Allam, Reda Elsaman, and Atef El-Taher, "Fabrication and characterization of phosphotungstic acid-Copper oxide nanoparticles-Plastic waste nanocomposites for enhanced radiation-shielding." Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 803pp. 768-77, (2019).
19- Asghar Mesbahi and Hosein Ghiasi, "Shielding properties of the ordinary concrete loaded with micro-and nano-particles against neutron and gamma radiations." Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Vol. 136pp. 27-31, (2018).
20- Rosangel Ortega-Villar, Liliana Lizárraga-Mendiola, Claudia Coronel-Olivares, Luis D López-León, Carlos Alfredo Bigurra-Alzati, and Gabriela A Vázquez-Rodríguez, "Effect of photocatalytic Fe2O3 nanoparticles on urban runoff pollutant removal by permeable concrete." Journal of environmental management, Vol. 242pp. 487-95, (2019).
21- HO Tekin, MI Sayyed, and Shams AM Issa, "Gamma radiation shielding properties of the hematite-serpentine concrete blended with WO3 and Bi2O3 micro and nano particles using MCNPX code." Radiation Physics and Chemistry, Vol. 150pp. 95-100, (2018).
22- C Thomas, J Rico, P Tamayo, J Setién, F Ballester, and JA Polanco, "Neutron shielding concrete incorporating B4C and PVA fibers exposed to high temperatures." Journal of Building Engineering, Vol. 26p. 100859, (2019).
23- Iman M Nikbin, Mojtaba Shad, Gholam Ali Jafarzadeh, and Soudabeh Dezhampanah, "An experimental investigation on combined effects of nano-WO3 and nano-Bi2O3 on the radiation shielding properties of magnetite concretes." Progress in Nuclear Energy, Vol. 117p. 103103, (2019).
24- Tuan Anh Nguyen, Thi Lua Pham, Thi Mai Thanh Dinh, Hoang Thai, and Xianming Shi, "Application of nano-SiO2 and nano-Fe2O3 for protection of steel rebar in chloride contaminated concrete: epoxy nanocomposite coatings and nano-modified mortars." Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology, Vol. 17 (No. 1), pp. 427-36, (2017).
25- NB Singh, "Properties of cement and concrete in presence of nanomaterials." in Smart Nanoconcretes and Cement-Based Materials: Elsevier, (2020), pp. 9-39.
26- NB Singh, Meenu Kalra, and SK Saxena, "Nanoscience of cement and concrete." Materials Today: Proceedings, Vol. 4 (No. 4), pp. 5478-87, (2017).
27- E Mansouri, A Mesbahi, R Malekzadeh, A Ghasemi Janghjoo, and MURAT Okutan, "A review on neutron shielding performance of nanocomposite materials." International Journal of Radiation Research, Vol. 18 (No. 4), pp. 611-22, (2020).
28- VA Artem'Ev, "Estimate of neutron attentuation and moderation by nanostructural materials." Atomic Energy, Vol. 94 (No. 4), pp. 282-85, (2003).
29- Jaewoo Kim, Young Rang Uhm, Min-Ku Lee, Hee Min Lee, and Chang Kyu Rhee, "Neutron shielding characteristics of nano-B2O3 dispersed Poly Vinyl Alcohol." in Transactions of the Korean Nuclear Society Spring Meeting May, (2008), Vol. 29, pp. 29-30.
30- Ş Gözde İrim et al., "Physical, mechanical and neutron shielding properties of h-BN/Gd2O3/HDPE ternary nanocomposites." Radiation Physics and Chemistry, Vol. 144pp. 434-43, (2018).
31- Pawel Sikora, Ahmed M El-Khayatt, HA Saudi, Sang-Yeop Chung, Dietmar Stephan, and Mohamed Abd Elrahman, "Evaluation of the effects of bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) micro and nanoparticles on the mechanical, microstructural and γ-ray/neutron shielding properties of Portland cement pastes." Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 284p. 122758, (2021).
32- Zhipeng Huo, Sheng Zhao, Guoqiang Zhong, Hong Zhang, and Liqun Hu, "Surface modified-gadolinium/boron/polyethylene composite with high shielding performance for neutron and gamma-ray." Nuclear Materials and Energy, Vol. 29p. 101095, (2021).
33- Seulgi Kim, Yunhee Ahn, Sung Ho Song, and Dongju Lee, "Tungsten nanoparticle anchoring on boron nitride nanosheet-based polymer nanocomposites for complex radiation shielding." Composites Science and Technology, Vol. 221p. 109353, (2022).
34- Dong Zhou, Quan-Ping Zhang, Jian Zheng, You Wu, Yang Zhao, and Yuan-Lin Zhou, "Co-shielding of neutron and γ-ray with bismuth borate nanoparticles fabricated via a facile sol-gel method." Inorganic Chemistry Communications, Vol. 77pp. 55-58, (2017).
35- Monte Carlo Team, "MCNP-A general N-Particle Transport Code, Version 5." vol. I, Overview and Theory, (2005).
36- Chaocheng Kong et al., "Monte Carlo method for calculating the radiation skyshine produced by electron accelerators." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, Vol. 234 (No. 3), pp. 269-74, (2005).
37- Pedro Andreo, "Monte Carlo techniques in medical radiation physics." Physics in Medicine & Biology, Vol. 36 (No. 7), p. 861, (1991).
38- Joao Seco and Frank Verhaegen, Monte Carlo techniques in radiation therapy. CRC press Boca Raton, FL:, (2013).
39- Maurice F Kaplan, "Concrete radiation shielding." (1989).
40- Arthur B Chilton, J Kenneth Shultis, and Richard E Faw, "Principles of radiation shielding." (1984).
41- Protection Against Neutron Radiation, "Report No. 38." National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Bethesda, (1971).
42- Nicholas Tsoulfanidis, "Computational methods in reactor shielding." ed: Taylor & Francis, (1984).
43- MILLION ELECTRON VOLTS, "Protection Against Neutron Radiation up to 30 Million Electron Volts." (1957).
44- ME Wieser, "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)." Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 78 (No. 11), pp. 2051-66, (2006).
45- Huseyin Ozan Tekin, Viswanath P Singh, and Tugba Manici, "Effects of micro-sized and nano-sized WO3 on mass attenauation coefficients of concrete by using MCNPX code." Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Vol. 121pp. 122-25, (2017).
46- Asghar Mesbahi, Hosein Ghiasi, and Rabee Seyed Mahdavi, "Photoneutron and capture gamma dose calculations for a radiotherapy room made of high density concrete." Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection, Vol. 26 (No. 2), pp. 147-52, (2011).
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| Issue | Vol 10 No 4 (2023) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/fbt.v10i4.13727 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Monte Carlo Neutron N-XCOM Dose Equivalent Capture γ-Ray | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Ghanavati S, Makiabadi N, Keshavarz S, Ghiasi H. Characterization of the Radiation Contamination in an 18MV Linac Treatment Room Made of some Nanoparticles Mixture. Frontiers Biomed Technol. 2023;10(4):449-458.
