The Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test: Age-, Gender- and Education-Related Normative Data for The Iranian Healthy Population
Abstract
Purpose: Memory and learning have particular importance due to their ubiquitous nature in everyday life and the high prevalence of related complaints. The present study aimed to provide normative data for one of the most widely used tests of verbal memory and learning in Iran and to assess the effect of demographic variables of age, gender, and education on its various measures.
Materials and Methods: The study was conducted as part of the Iranian Brain Imaging Database (IBID) project. The sample consisted of 300 normal individuals in the age range of 20 to 70 years, with an equal number of participants in each age decade (#60). The sample was classified by five decades, including 20-30-year-olds, 31-40-year-olds, 41-50-year-olds, 51-60-year-olds, and 61-70-year-olds. Each age decade was divided equally between the genders. The Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), which was defined in terms of 10 scores on learning, recall, and recognition, was used to assess verbal learning and memory.
Results: The correlation matrix among the variables shows that all three variables of age, gender, and education had a significant correlation with most RAVLT measures. Among the three demographic variables, age had the strongest correlation with most RAVLT scores. Three-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) showed that the effect of age and gender on memory and learning measures was significant. On the other hand, the effect of education on some measures was statistically significant. In addition, the mean and standard deviation of 10 RAVLT measures classified by gender and education years in the five age groups are provided.
Conclusion: The findings show that while increasing age, verbal memory, and learning performance decline, women outperform men, and education affects some indicators of learning and memory. These findings emphasize the importance of using age-, gender- and education-related normative data in clinical, educational, and research settings.
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2- Muriel Deutsch Lezak, Diane B Howieson, David W Loring, and Jill S Fischer, Neuropsychological assessment. Oxford University Press, USA, (2004).
3- Paula Speer et al., "Age-and gender-adjusted normative data for the German version of Rey’s Auditory Verbal Learning Test from healthy subjects aged between 50 and 70 years." Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology, Vol. 36 (No. 1), pp. 32-42, (2014).
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5- Lambros Messinis, Ioanna Tsakona, Sonia Malefaki, and Panagiotis Papathanasopoulos, "Normative data and discriminant validity of Rey's Verbal Learning Test for the Greek adult population." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, Vol. 22 (No. 6), pp. 739-52, (2007).
6- Laura A Rabin, Emily Paolillo, and William B Barr, "Stability in test-usage practices of clinical neuropsychologists in the United States and Canada over a 10-year period: A follow-up survey of INS and NAN members." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, Vol. 31 (No. 3), pp. 206-30, (2016).
7- Mike R Schoenberg, Kyra A Dawson, Kevin Duff, Doyle Patton, James G Scott, and Russell L Adams, "Test performance and classification statistics for the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test in selected clinical samples." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, Vol. 21 (No. 7), pp. 693-703, (2006).
8- Esther Strauss, Elisabeth MS Sherman, and Otfried Spreen, A compendium of neuropsychological tests: Administration, norms, and commentary. American chemical society, (2006).
9- Aline Ferreira Correia and Ilva Campagna Osorio, "The rey auditory verbal learning test: Normative data developed for the venezuelan population." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, Vol. 29 (No. 2), pp. 206-15, (2014).
10- David W Loring et al., "Differential neuropsychological test sensitivity to left temporal lobe epilepsy." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, Vol. 14 (No. 3), pp. 394-400, (2008).
11- Maura Mitrushina, Kyle B Boone, Jill Razani, and Louis F D'Elia, Handbook of normative data for neuropsychological assessment. Oxford University Press, (2005).
12- Sara Cavaco et al., "Auditory verbal learning test in a large nonclinical Portuguese population." Applied Neuropsychology: Adult, Vol. 22 (No. 5), pp. 321-31, (2015).
13- Ondrej Bezdicek et al., "Czech version of Rey Auditory Verbal Learning test: normative data." Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, Vol. 21 (No. 6), pp. 693-721, (2014).
14- Alberto Rodríguez-Lorenzana et al., "Normative data for test of learning and memory in an ecuadorian adult population." The Clinical Neuropsychologist, Vol. 34 (No. sup1), pp. 54-69, (2020).
15- Sabrina S Magalhães and Amer C Hamdan, "The Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test: normative data for the Brazilian population and analysis of the influence of demographic variables." Psychology & Neuroscience, Vol. 3pp. 85-91, (2010).
16- Asmus Vogel, Jette Stokholm, and Kasper Jørgensen, "Performances on Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test and Rey Complex Figure Test in a healthy, elderly Danish sample–reference data and validity issues." Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, Vol. 53 (No. 1), pp. 26-31, (2012).
17- Willem van den Burg and Annette Kingma, "Performance of 225 Dutch school children on Rey's Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT): parallel test-retest reliabilities with an interval of 3 months and normative data." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, Vol. 14 (No. 6), pp. 545-59, (1999).
18- Nuria Ortiz Marqués, Imanol Amayra Caro, Juan M Uterga Valiente, and Silvia Martínez Rodríguez, "Normative data for a Spanish version of the Rey auditory-verbal learning test in older people." The Spanish Journal of Psychology, Vol. 16p. E60, (2013).
19- Monica Lavoie et al., "Normative data for the rey auditory verbal learning test in the older French-Quebec population." The Clinical Neuropsychologist, Vol. 32 (No. sup1), pp. 15-28, (2018).
20- Tatia MC Lee, Normative data: neuropsychological measures for Hong Kong Chinese. Neuropsychology Laboratory, University of Hong Kong., (2003).
21- Eli Vakil, Yoram Greenstein, and Haya Blachstein, "Normative data for composite scores for children and adults derived from the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test." The Clinical Neuropsychologist, Vol. 24 (No. 4), pp. 662-77, (2010).
22- Johanna C Badcock, Milan Dragović, Lisa Dawson, and Rochelle Jones, "Normative data for Rey's Auditory Verbal Learning Test in individuals with schizophrenia." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, Vol. 26 (No. 3), pp. 205-13, (2011).
23- Gregory J Meyer et al., "Psychological testing and psychological assessment: A review of evidence and issues." American psychologist, Vol. 56 (No. 2), p. 128, (2001).
24- Minoo Sisakhti, Perminder S Sachdev, and Seyed Amir Hossein Batouli, "The effect of cognitive load on the retrieval of long-term memory: An fMRI study." Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, p. 606, (2021).
25- Michael Schmidt, Rey auditory verbal learning test: A handbook. Western Psychological Services Los Angeles, CA, (1996).
26- Nikki H Stricker et al., "Mayo normative studies: regression-based normative data for the auditory verbal learning test for ages 30–91 years and the importance of adjusting for sex." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, Vol. 27 (No. 3), pp. 211-26, (2021).
27- Zahra Jafari, Philip Steffen Moritz, Taher Zandi, A Kamrani, and Saeed Malyeri, "Psychometric properties of Persian version of the Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) among the elderly." Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Vol. 16 (No. 1), pp. 56-64, (2010).
28- Mehrnaz Rezvanfard, Hamed Ekhtiari, Alireza Rezvanifar, Maryam Noroozian, Reza Nilipour, and Gelavizh Karimi Javan, "The Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test: alternate forms equivalency and reliability for the Iranian adult population (Persian version)." Archives of Iranian medicine, Vol. 14 (No. 2), pp. 0-0, (2011).
29- Seyed Amir Hossein Batouli et al., "Iranian brain imaging database: a neuropsychiatric database of healthy brain." Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Vol. 12 (No. 1), p. 115, (2021).
30- Seyed Amir Hossein Batouli and Minoo Sisakhti, "Some points to consider in a task-based fMRI study: A guideline for beginners." Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies, Vol. 7 (No. 1), pp. 52-73, (2020).
31- Tharaka Lagath Dassanayake, Chandana Hewawasam, Anuradha Baminiwatta, Narendra Samarasekara, and Dewasmika Indrapali Ariyasinghe, "Sex-, age-and education-adjusted norms for the WHO/UCLA version of the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test for Sinhala-speaking Sri Lankan adults." The Clinical Neuropsychologist, Vol. 34 (No. sup1), pp. 127-42, (2020).
32- WIM Van Der Elst, Martin PJ Van Boxtel, Gerard JP Van Breukelen, and Jelle Jolles, "Rey's verbal learning test: normative data for 1855 healthy participants aged 24–81 years and the influence of age, sex, education, and mode of presentation." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, Vol. 11 (No. 3), pp. 290-302, (2005).
33- Elvira Lara et al., "Episodic memory and verbal fluency tasks: normative data from nine nationally representative samples." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, Vol. 27 (No. 1), pp. 89-98, (2021).
34- Stacey L Danckert and Fergus IM Craik, "Does aging affect recall more than recognition memory?" Psychology and aging, Vol. 28 (No. 4), p. 902, (2013).
35- Scott H Fraundorf, Kathleen L Hourihan, Rachel A Peters, and Aaron S Benjamin, "Aging and recognition memory: A meta-analysis." Psychological bulletin, Vol. 145 (No. 4), p. 339, (2019).
36- Stephen Rhodes, Nathaniel R Greene, and Moshe Naveh-Benjamin, "Age-related differences in recall and recognition: A meta-analysis." Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, Vol. 26pp. 1529-47, (2019).
37- Michael Rönnlund, Lars Nyberg, Lars Bäckman, and Lars-Göran Nilsson, "Stability, growth, and decline in adult life span development of declarative memory: cross-sectional and longitudinal data from a population-based study." Psychology and aging, Vol. 20 (No. 1), p. 3, (2005).
38- Selma Lugtmeijer, Edward HF de Haan, and Roy PC Kessels, "A comparison of visual working memory and episodic memory performance in younger and older adults." Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, Vol. 26 (No. 3), pp. 387-406, (2019).
39- Shawn D Gale, Leslie Baxter, Donald J Connor, Anne Herring, and James Comer, "Sex differences on the rey auditory verbal learning test and the brief visuospatial memory test–revised in the elderly: normative data in 172 participants." Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology, Vol. 29 (No. 5), pp. 561-67, (2007).
40- Joel H Kramer, Kristine Yaffe, Jeanne Lengenfelder, and Dean C Delis, "Age and gender interactions on verbal memory performance." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, Vol. 9 (No. 1), pp. 97-102, (2003).
41- Alfredo Ardila, Monica Rosselli, Esmeralda Matute, and Olga Inozemtseva, "Gender differences in cognitive development." Developmental psychology, Vol. 47 (No. 4), p. 984, (2011).
42- Franz Pauls, Franz Petermann, and Anja Christina Lepach, "Gender differences in episodic memory and visual working memory including the effects of age." Memory, Vol. 21 (No. 7), pp. 857-74, (2013).
43- Marja J Aartsen, Mike Martin, and Daniel Zimprich, "Gender differences in level and change in cognitive functioning." Gerontology, Vol. 50 (No. 1), pp. 35-38, (2004).
44- Martin Asperholm, Nadja Högman, Jonas Rafi, and Agneta Herlitz, "What did you do yesterday? A meta-analysis of sex differences in episodic memory." Psychological bulletin, Vol. 145 (No. 8), p. 785, (2019).
45- RO Roberts et al., "The incidence of MCI differs by subtype and is higher in men: the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging." Neurology, Vol. 78 (No. 5), pp. 342-51, (2012).
46- Erin E Sundermann et al., "Better verbal memory in women than men in MCI despite similar levels of hippocampal atrophy." Neurology, Vol. 86 (No. 15), pp. 1368-76, (2016).
47- Erin E Sundermann et al., "Sex-specific norms for verbal memory tests may improve diagnostic accuracy of amnestic MCI." Neurology, Vol. 93 (No. 20), pp. e1881-e89, (2019).
48- Larry Seidlitz and Ed Diener, "Sex differences in the recall of affective experiences." Journal of personality and social psychology, Vol. 74 (No. 1), p. 262, (1998).
49- Dorene M Rentz et al., "Sex differences in episodic memory in early midlife: impact of reproductive aging." Menopause (New York, NY), Vol. 24 (No. 4), p. 400, (2017).
50- Michal Steffl et al., "Demographic and lifestyle factors and memory in European older people." International journal of environmental research and public health, Vol. 16 (No. 23), p. 4727, (2019).
51- Dominika Seblova, Rasmus Berggren, and Martin Lövdén, "Education and age-related decline in cognitive performance: Systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal cohort studies." Ageing Research Reviews, Vol. 58p. 101005, (2020).
52- Ronald C Petersen, Glenn E Smith, Stephen C Waring, Robert J Ivnik, Eric G Tangalos, and Emre Kokmen, "Mild cognitive impairment: clinical characterization and outcome." Archives of neurology, Vol. 56 (No. 3), pp. 303-08, (1999).
2- Muriel Deutsch Lezak, Diane B Howieson, David W Loring, and Jill S Fischer, Neuropsychological assessment. Oxford University Press, USA, (2004).
3- Paula Speer et al., "Age-and gender-adjusted normative data for the German version of Rey’s Auditory Verbal Learning Test from healthy subjects aged between 50 and 70 years." Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology, Vol. 36 (No. 1), pp. 32-42, (2014).
4- Seyed Amir Hossein Batouli and Minoo Sisakhti, "Investigating a hypothesis on the mechanism of long-term memory storage." NeuroQuantology, Vol. 17 (No. 3), p. 60, (2019).
5- Lambros Messinis, Ioanna Tsakona, Sonia Malefaki, and Panagiotis Papathanasopoulos, "Normative data and discriminant validity of Rey's Verbal Learning Test for the Greek adult population." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, Vol. 22 (No. 6), pp. 739-52, (2007).
6- Laura A Rabin, Emily Paolillo, and William B Barr, "Stability in test-usage practices of clinical neuropsychologists in the United States and Canada over a 10-year period: A follow-up survey of INS and NAN members." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, Vol. 31 (No. 3), pp. 206-30, (2016).
7- Mike R Schoenberg, Kyra A Dawson, Kevin Duff, Doyle Patton, James G Scott, and Russell L Adams, "Test performance and classification statistics for the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test in selected clinical samples." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, Vol. 21 (No. 7), pp. 693-703, (2006).
8- Esther Strauss, Elisabeth MS Sherman, and Otfried Spreen, A compendium of neuropsychological tests: Administration, norms, and commentary. American chemical society, (2006).
9- Aline Ferreira Correia and Ilva Campagna Osorio, "The rey auditory verbal learning test: Normative data developed for the venezuelan population." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, Vol. 29 (No. 2), pp. 206-15, (2014).
10- David W Loring et al., "Differential neuropsychological test sensitivity to left temporal lobe epilepsy." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, Vol. 14 (No. 3), pp. 394-400, (2008).
11- Maura Mitrushina, Kyle B Boone, Jill Razani, and Louis F D'Elia, Handbook of normative data for neuropsychological assessment. Oxford University Press, (2005).
12- Sara Cavaco et al., "Auditory verbal learning test in a large nonclinical Portuguese population." Applied Neuropsychology: Adult, Vol. 22 (No. 5), pp. 321-31, (2015).
13- Ondrej Bezdicek et al., "Czech version of Rey Auditory Verbal Learning test: normative data." Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, Vol. 21 (No. 6), pp. 693-721, (2014).
14- Alberto Rodríguez-Lorenzana et al., "Normative data for test of learning and memory in an ecuadorian adult population." The Clinical Neuropsychologist, Vol. 34 (No. sup1), pp. 54-69, (2020).
15- Sabrina S Magalhães and Amer C Hamdan, "The Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test: normative data for the Brazilian population and analysis of the influence of demographic variables." Psychology & Neuroscience, Vol. 3pp. 85-91, (2010).
16- Asmus Vogel, Jette Stokholm, and Kasper Jørgensen, "Performances on Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test and Rey Complex Figure Test in a healthy, elderly Danish sample–reference data and validity issues." Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, Vol. 53 (No. 1), pp. 26-31, (2012).
17- Willem van den Burg and Annette Kingma, "Performance of 225 Dutch school children on Rey's Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT): parallel test-retest reliabilities with an interval of 3 months and normative data." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, Vol. 14 (No. 6), pp. 545-59, (1999).
18- Nuria Ortiz Marqués, Imanol Amayra Caro, Juan M Uterga Valiente, and Silvia Martínez Rodríguez, "Normative data for a Spanish version of the Rey auditory-verbal learning test in older people." The Spanish Journal of Psychology, Vol. 16p. E60, (2013).
19- Monica Lavoie et al., "Normative data for the rey auditory verbal learning test in the older French-Quebec population." The Clinical Neuropsychologist, Vol. 32 (No. sup1), pp. 15-28, (2018).
20- Tatia MC Lee, Normative data: neuropsychological measures for Hong Kong Chinese. Neuropsychology Laboratory, University of Hong Kong., (2003).
21- Eli Vakil, Yoram Greenstein, and Haya Blachstein, "Normative data for composite scores for children and adults derived from the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test." The Clinical Neuropsychologist, Vol. 24 (No. 4), pp. 662-77, (2010).
22- Johanna C Badcock, Milan Dragović, Lisa Dawson, and Rochelle Jones, "Normative data for Rey's Auditory Verbal Learning Test in individuals with schizophrenia." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, Vol. 26 (No. 3), pp. 205-13, (2011).
23- Gregory J Meyer et al., "Psychological testing and psychological assessment: A review of evidence and issues." American psychologist, Vol. 56 (No. 2), p. 128, (2001).
24- Minoo Sisakhti, Perminder S Sachdev, and Seyed Amir Hossein Batouli, "The effect of cognitive load on the retrieval of long-term memory: An fMRI study." Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, p. 606, (2021).
25- Michael Schmidt, Rey auditory verbal learning test: A handbook. Western Psychological Services Los Angeles, CA, (1996).
26- Nikki H Stricker et al., "Mayo normative studies: regression-based normative data for the auditory verbal learning test for ages 30–91 years and the importance of adjusting for sex." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, Vol. 27 (No. 3), pp. 211-26, (2021).
27- Zahra Jafari, Philip Steffen Moritz, Taher Zandi, A Kamrani, and Saeed Malyeri, "Psychometric properties of Persian version of the Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) among the elderly." Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Vol. 16 (No. 1), pp. 56-64, (2010).
28- Mehrnaz Rezvanfard, Hamed Ekhtiari, Alireza Rezvanifar, Maryam Noroozian, Reza Nilipour, and Gelavizh Karimi Javan, "The Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test: alternate forms equivalency and reliability for the Iranian adult population (Persian version)." Archives of Iranian medicine, Vol. 14 (No. 2), pp. 0-0, (2011).
29- Seyed Amir Hossein Batouli et al., "Iranian brain imaging database: a neuropsychiatric database of healthy brain." Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Vol. 12 (No. 1), p. 115, (2021).
30- Seyed Amir Hossein Batouli and Minoo Sisakhti, "Some points to consider in a task-based fMRI study: A guideline for beginners." Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies, Vol. 7 (No. 1), pp. 52-73, (2020).
31- Tharaka Lagath Dassanayake, Chandana Hewawasam, Anuradha Baminiwatta, Narendra Samarasekara, and Dewasmika Indrapali Ariyasinghe, "Sex-, age-and education-adjusted norms for the WHO/UCLA version of the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test for Sinhala-speaking Sri Lankan adults." The Clinical Neuropsychologist, Vol. 34 (No. sup1), pp. 127-42, (2020).
32- WIM Van Der Elst, Martin PJ Van Boxtel, Gerard JP Van Breukelen, and Jelle Jolles, "Rey's verbal learning test: normative data for 1855 healthy participants aged 24–81 years and the influence of age, sex, education, and mode of presentation." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, Vol. 11 (No. 3), pp. 290-302, (2005).
33- Elvira Lara et al., "Episodic memory and verbal fluency tasks: normative data from nine nationally representative samples." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, Vol. 27 (No. 1), pp. 89-98, (2021).
34- Stacey L Danckert and Fergus IM Craik, "Does aging affect recall more than recognition memory?" Psychology and aging, Vol. 28 (No. 4), p. 902, (2013).
35- Scott H Fraundorf, Kathleen L Hourihan, Rachel A Peters, and Aaron S Benjamin, "Aging and recognition memory: A meta-analysis." Psychological bulletin, Vol. 145 (No. 4), p. 339, (2019).
36- Stephen Rhodes, Nathaniel R Greene, and Moshe Naveh-Benjamin, "Age-related differences in recall and recognition: A meta-analysis." Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, Vol. 26pp. 1529-47, (2019).
37- Michael Rönnlund, Lars Nyberg, Lars Bäckman, and Lars-Göran Nilsson, "Stability, growth, and decline in adult life span development of declarative memory: cross-sectional and longitudinal data from a population-based study." Psychology and aging, Vol. 20 (No. 1), p. 3, (2005).
38- Selma Lugtmeijer, Edward HF de Haan, and Roy PC Kessels, "A comparison of visual working memory and episodic memory performance in younger and older adults." Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, Vol. 26 (No. 3), pp. 387-406, (2019).
39- Shawn D Gale, Leslie Baxter, Donald J Connor, Anne Herring, and James Comer, "Sex differences on the rey auditory verbal learning test and the brief visuospatial memory test–revised in the elderly: normative data in 172 participants." Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology, Vol. 29 (No. 5), pp. 561-67, (2007).
40- Joel H Kramer, Kristine Yaffe, Jeanne Lengenfelder, and Dean C Delis, "Age and gender interactions on verbal memory performance." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, Vol. 9 (No. 1), pp. 97-102, (2003).
41- Alfredo Ardila, Monica Rosselli, Esmeralda Matute, and Olga Inozemtseva, "Gender differences in cognitive development." Developmental psychology, Vol. 47 (No. 4), p. 984, (2011).
42- Franz Pauls, Franz Petermann, and Anja Christina Lepach, "Gender differences in episodic memory and visual working memory including the effects of age." Memory, Vol. 21 (No. 7), pp. 857-74, (2013).
43- Marja J Aartsen, Mike Martin, and Daniel Zimprich, "Gender differences in level and change in cognitive functioning." Gerontology, Vol. 50 (No. 1), pp. 35-38, (2004).
44- Martin Asperholm, Nadja Högman, Jonas Rafi, and Agneta Herlitz, "What did you do yesterday? A meta-analysis of sex differences in episodic memory." Psychological bulletin, Vol. 145 (No. 8), p. 785, (2019).
45- RO Roberts et al., "The incidence of MCI differs by subtype and is higher in men: the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging." Neurology, Vol. 78 (No. 5), pp. 342-51, (2012).
46- Erin E Sundermann et al., "Better verbal memory in women than men in MCI despite similar levels of hippocampal atrophy." Neurology, Vol. 86 (No. 15), pp. 1368-76, (2016).
47- Erin E Sundermann et al., "Sex-specific norms for verbal memory tests may improve diagnostic accuracy of amnestic MCI." Neurology, Vol. 93 (No. 20), pp. e1881-e89, (2019).
48- Larry Seidlitz and Ed Diener, "Sex differences in the recall of affective experiences." Journal of personality and social psychology, Vol. 74 (No. 1), p. 262, (1998).
49- Dorene M Rentz et al., "Sex differences in episodic memory in early midlife: impact of reproductive aging." Menopause (New York, NY), Vol. 24 (No. 4), p. 400, (2017).
50- Michal Steffl et al., "Demographic and lifestyle factors and memory in European older people." International journal of environmental research and public health, Vol. 16 (No. 23), p. 4727, (2019).
51- Dominika Seblova, Rasmus Berggren, and Martin Lövdén, "Education and age-related decline in cognitive performance: Systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal cohort studies." Ageing Research Reviews, Vol. 58p. 101005, (2020).
52- Ronald C Petersen, Glenn E Smith, Stephen C Waring, Robert J Ivnik, Eric G Tangalos, and Emre Kokmen, "Mild cognitive impairment: clinical characterization and outcome." Archives of neurology, Vol. 56 (No. 3), pp. 303-08, (1999).
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 10 No 3 (2023) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/fbt.v10i3.13162 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Memory Cognition Memory and Learning Tests Age Groups | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Sisakhti M, Batouli SAH, Farrahi H. The Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test: Age-, Gender- and Education-Related Normative Data for The Iranian Healthy Population. Frontiers Biomed Technol. 2023;10(3):308-320.
