The Effects of Vitamin A and Magnesium Sulfate on the Expression of Nox4 Following Irradiation in Bone Marrow Cells
Abstract
Purpose: NADPH oxidase is one of the probable sources of Reactive Oxygen Species generated by ionizing radiation. This study aimed to determine the expressions of Nox4 and radioprotective effects of magnesium sulfate and vitamin A following whole-body 2 Gy X-ray irradiation.
Materials and Methods:.In this research, 6-7 weeks old NMRI male mice were kept in a standard cage with an appropriate temperature and 12 on 12 off light cycle. Three concentrations of vitamin A and magnesium sulfate were intraperitoneally injected into mice 2 hours before irradiation. The dose rate was 50 cGy/min at SSD = 100 cm and a field size of 10×10cm2. The mice were anesthetized and sacrificed by cervical dislocation 24 hours after irradiation. Then, the expression of Nox4 was assessed by Real-Time PCR.
Results:.There were significant differences between the mean of gene expression in groups treated with vitamin A and magnesium sulfate compared to only radiation group (P<0.05).
Conclusion:.Based on the results of this study, it is likely that vitamin A and magnesium sulfate neutralize the harmful effects of free radicals due to their antioxidant properties.
1- Mohsen Khosroabadi, Seyed Abolghasem Haeri, Homa Rezaei Moghaddam, and Mohammad Mirdoraghi, "Data on excessive risk of cancer from gamma radiation in residents of Bojnurd city." Data in brief, Vol. 21pp. 790-94, (2018).
2- Mohammad Mirdoraghi, Amin Banaei, and Jafar Fatahi Asl, "Data on the estimating the risk of cancer due to some common radiographs in Tehran city." Data in brief, Vol. 20pp. 1269-73, (2018).
3- Mohammad Mirdoraghi, Safdar Masoumi, and Daniel Einor, "Data on assessment excess lifetime cancer risk and risk of lung cancer from inhalation of Radon 222 in radiotherapy centers in Tehran, Iran." Data in brief, Vol. 20pp. 1367-70, (2018).
4- Sanchayita Rajkhowa, Jyotirmoy Sarma, and Anupama Rani Das, "Radiological contaminants in water: pollution, health risk, and treatment." in Contamination of Water: Elsevier, (2021), pp. 217-36.
5- Rana Taj, "EFFECTS OF IONIZING RADIATIONS ON ENVIRONMENT." EPRA International Journal of Socio-Economic and Environmental Outlook (SEEO), Vol. 9 (No. 2), pp. 49-56, (2022).
6- Elena Rosini and Loredano Pollegioni, "Reactive oxygen species as a double‐edged sword: The role of oxidative enzymes in antitumor therapy." Biofactors, Vol. 48 (No. 2), pp. 384-99, (2022).
7- Yiming Chen et al., "HDAC1 expression is positively correlated with NADPH oxidase 4-mediated oxidative stress in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury." Journal of Neurophysiology, (2022).
8- Helmut Sies et al., "Defining roles of specific reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cell biology and physiology." Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, pp. 1-17, (2022).
9- Haseeb Ahsan, Mohammad Yusuf Hasan, and Rizwan Ahmad, "Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in the Pathophysiology of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)." Reactive Oxygen Species, p. 107, (2022).
10- Charley C Gruber, Vignesh MP Babu, Kamren Livingston, Heer Joisher, and Graham C Walker, "Degradation of the Escherichia coli Essential Proteins DapB and Dxr Results in Oxidative Stress, which Contributes to Lethality through Incomplete Base Excision Repair." Mbio, Vol. 13 (No. 1), pp. e03756-21, (2022).
11- Pippa F Cosper, Sarah E Copeland, John B Tucker, and Beth A Weaver, "Chromosome Missegregation as a Modulator of Radiation Sensitivity." in Seminars in Radiation Oncology, (2022), Vol. 32 (No. 1): Elsevier, pp. 54-63.
12- Brenna Norton-Baker, Megan A Rocha, Jessica Granger-Jones, Dmitry A Fishman, and Rachel W Martin, "Human γS-Crystallin Resists Unfolding Despite Extensive Chemical Modification from Exposure to Ionizing Radiation." The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, (2022).
13- Muhammad Adnan et al., "Radioprotective role of natural polyphenols: From sources to mechanisms." Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry (Formerly Current Medicinal Chemistry-Anti-Cancer Agents), Vol. 22 (No. 1), pp. 30-39, (2022).
14- Jivendra S Wickramasinghe, Preethi V Udagama, Vajira HW Dissanayaka, Aruna D Weerasooriya, and Hemali WW Goonasekera, "Plant based radioprotectors as an adjunct to radiotherapy: advantages and limitations." Journal of Radiological Protection, Vol. 42 (No. 2), p. 021001, (2022).
15- Eliot M Rosen, Regina Day, and Vijay K Singh, "New approaches to radiation protection." Frontiers in oncology, Vol. 4p. 381, (2015).
16- Małgorzata M Dobrzyńska and Aneta Gajowik, "The effects of genistein supplemented before or after irradiation on DNA injury in human lymphocytes in vitro." (2022).
17- Vesna S Kuntić, Miroslava B Stanković, Zorica B Vujić, Jasmina S Brborić, and Snežana M Uskoković‐Marković, "Radioprotectors–the evergreen topic." Chemistry & biodiversity, Vol. 10 (No. 10), pp. 1791-803, (2013).
18- Vijay K Singh et al., "A novel oral formulation of BIO 300 confers prophylactic radioprotection from acute radiation syndrome in mice." International Journal of Radiation Biology, Vol. 98 (No. 5), pp. 958-67, (2022).
19- Lu Wang et al., "Reactive oxygen species-responsive nanodrug of natural crocin-i with prolonged circulation for effective radioprotection." Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, Vol. 213p. 112441, (2022).
20- Nukhet Aykin-Burns, Rupak Pathak, Marjan Boerma, Thomas Kim, and Martin Hauer-Jensen, "Utilization of vitamin E analogs to protect normal tissues while enhancing antitumor effects." in Seminars in radiation oncology, (2019), Vol. 29 (No. 1): Elsevier, pp. 55-61.
21- Vahid Changizi, Seyed Abolghasem Haeri, Sakineh Abbasi, Zahra Rajabi, and Mohammad Mirdoraghi, "Radioprotective effects of vitamin A against gamma radiation in mouse bone marrow cells." MethodsX, Vol. 6pp. 714-17, (2019).
22- Na Chen et al., "Protective effects of magnesium sulfate on radiation induced brain injury in rats." Current drug delivery, Vol. 15 (No. 8), pp. 1159-66, (2018).
23- Ahmed Ismaeel, Michael Holmes, Evlampia Papoutsi, Lynn Panton, and Panagiotis Koutakis, "Resistance training, antioxidant status, and antioxidant supplementation." International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism, Vol. 29 (No. 5), pp. 539-47, (2019).
24- Carmia Borek, Augustinus Ong, Herbert Mason, Laurie Donahue, and John E Biaglow, "Selenium and vitamin E inhibit radiogenic and chemically induced transformation in vitro via different mechanisms." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 83 (No. 5), pp. 1490-94, (1986).
25- Helmut Sies and Wilhelm Stahl, "Vitamins E and C, beta-carotene, and other carotenoids as antioxidants." The American journal of clinical nutrition, Vol. 62 (No. 6), pp. 1315S-21S, (1995).
26- Michael W Epperly, Elizabeth L Travis, Christine Sikora, and Joel S Greenberger, "Magnesium superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) plasmid/liposome pulmonary radioprotective gene therapy: modulation of irradiation-induced mRNA for IL-1, TNF- and TGF- correlates with delay of organizing alveolitis/fibrosis." Biology of Blood and marrow Transplantation, Vol. 5pp. 204-14, (1999).
27- M Pospisil, J Netikova, I Pipalova, and K Volenec, "Radioprotective effect of inosine and its enhancement by magnesium and global hypoxia." Physiological Research, Vol. 40 (No. 4), pp. 445-52, (1991).
28- NR Council, "Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, 8th Edn Washington." DC: National Academies Press.[Google Scholar], (2011).
29- Gian Marco Ludovici, Andrea Chierici, Susana Oliveira de Souza, Francesco d’Errico, Alba Iannotti, and Andrea Malizia, "Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Flora Ten Years after the Fukushima Dai-ichi Disaster." Plants, Vol. 11 (No. 2), p. 222, (2022).
30- Corey Scott Goodwin, "Forensic application of nuclear versus mitochondrial DNA and the formation of cholesterol oxidation biomarkers in human cells after gamma-irradiation." University of Canberra, (2019).
31- Biswa M Sahoo, Bimal Krishna Banik, Preetismita Borah, and Adya Jain, "Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS): Key components in Cancer Therapies." Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry (Formerly Current Medicinal Chemistry-Anti-Cancer Agents), Vol. 22 (No. 2), pp. 215-22, (2022).
32- Praveen Jain et al., "Crop Plants, Abiotic Stress, Reactive Oxygen Species Production, Signaling, and Their Consequences." in Augmenting Crop Productivity in Stress Environment: Springer, (2022), pp. 115-26.
33- Yueqin Chen, Lei Zhu, Hu Meng, Xiangdong Sun, and Chunyan Xue, "Ferulic Acid Protects Human Lens Epithelial Cells against Ionizing Radiation-Induced Oxidative Damage by Activating Nrf2/HO-1 Signal Pathway." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, Vol. 2022(2022).
34- Xiaojing Huang, Chunxia Song, Chuanqing Zhong, and Fengshan Wang, "Research progress in the radioprotective effect of superoxide dismutase." Drug discoveries & therapeutics, Vol. 6 (No. 4), pp. 169-77, (2012).
35- Urbain Weyemi, Christophe E Redon, Palak R Parekh, Corinne Dupuy, and William M Bonner, "NADPH Oxidases NOXs and DUOXs as putative targets for cancer therapy." Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry (Formerly Current Medicinal Chemistry-Anti-Cancer Agents), Vol. 13 (No. 3), pp. 502-14, (2013).
36- J Racquel Collins-Underwood, Weiling Zhao, Jessica G Sharpe, and Mike E Robbins, "NADPH oxidase mediates radiation-induced oxidative stress in rat brain microvascular endothelial cells." Free Radical Biology and Medicine, Vol. 45 (No. 6), pp. 929-38, (2008).
37- Senthil K Pazhanisamy, Hongliang Li, Yong Wang, Ines Batinic-Haberle, and Daohong Zhou, "NADPH oxidase inhibition attenuates total body irradiation-induced haematopoietic genomic instability." Mutagenesis, Vol. 26 (No. 3), pp. 431-35, (2011).
38- Arpita Chatterjee, Elizabeth A Kosmacek, and Rebecca E Oberley-Deegan, "MnTE-2-PyP treatment, or NOX4 inhibition, protects against radiation-induced damage in mouse primary prostate fibroblasts by inhibiting the TGF-beta 1 signaling pathway." Radiation research, Vol. 187 (No. 3), pp. 367-81, (2017).
39- Masoud Najafi et al., "Melatonin modulates regulation of NOX2 and NOX4 following irradiation in the lung." Current Clinical Pharmacology, Vol. 14 (No. 3), pp. 224-31, (2019).
40- Yifang Jiang, Fengming You, Jie Zhu, Chuan Zheng, Ran Yan, and Jinhao Zeng, "Cryptotanshinone ameliorates radiation-induced lung injury in rats." Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Vol. 2019(2019).
41- Qunfang Yang et al., "Magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate ameliorates radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting fibroblast differentiation via the p38MAPK/Akt/Nox4 pathway." Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, Vol. 115p. 108955, (2019).
42- Joseph F Weiss and Michael R Landauer, "Protection against ionizing radiation by antioxidant nutrients and phytochemicals." Toxicology, Vol. 189 (No. 1-2), pp. 1-20, (2003).
43- Luisa Tesoriere, Marcello Ciaccio, Antonino Bongiorno, Antonio Riccio, Anna Maria Pintaudi, and Maria A Livrea, "Antioxidant activity of all-trans-retinol in homogeneous solution and in phosphatidylcholine liposomes." Archives of biochemistry and biophysics, Vol. 307 (No. 1), pp. 217-23, (1993).
44- Ravi S Harapanhalli et al., "Vitamins as radioprotectors in vivo II. Protection by vitamin A and soybean oil against radiation damage caused by internal radionuclides." Radiation research, Vol. 139 (No. 1), pp. 115-22, (1994).
45- Ziad A Massy and Tilman B Drüeke, "Magnesium and outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease: focus on vascular calcification, atherosclerosis and survival." Clinical kidney journal, Vol. 5 (No. Suppl_1), pp. i52-i61, (2012).
46- Christopher M Ryan and Michelle Geckle, "Why is learning and memory dysfunction in Type 2 diabetes limited to older adults?" Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews, Vol. 16 (No. 5), pp. 308-15, (2000).
47- James Dougherty, Ron Kohavi, and Mehran Sahami, "Supervised and unsupervised discretization of continuous features." in Machine learning proceedings 1995: Elsevier, (1995), pp. 194-202.
48- Hans-Georg Menzel, "The language of radioactivity." Nature Physics, Vol. 14 (No. 7), pp. 768-68, (2018).
49- Robert A Meyers, Environmental Analysis and Remediation. Wiley Encyclopedia Series in Environmental Science, New York, (1998).
50- Helmut Geiger and Christoph Wanner, "Magnesium in disease." Clinical kidney journal, Vol. 5 (No. Suppl_1), pp. i25-i38, (2012).
2- Mohammad Mirdoraghi, Amin Banaei, and Jafar Fatahi Asl, "Data on the estimating the risk of cancer due to some common radiographs in Tehran city." Data in brief, Vol. 20pp. 1269-73, (2018).
3- Mohammad Mirdoraghi, Safdar Masoumi, and Daniel Einor, "Data on assessment excess lifetime cancer risk and risk of lung cancer from inhalation of Radon 222 in radiotherapy centers in Tehran, Iran." Data in brief, Vol. 20pp. 1367-70, (2018).
4- Sanchayita Rajkhowa, Jyotirmoy Sarma, and Anupama Rani Das, "Radiological contaminants in water: pollution, health risk, and treatment." in Contamination of Water: Elsevier, (2021), pp. 217-36.
5- Rana Taj, "EFFECTS OF IONIZING RADIATIONS ON ENVIRONMENT." EPRA International Journal of Socio-Economic and Environmental Outlook (SEEO), Vol. 9 (No. 2), pp. 49-56, (2022).
6- Elena Rosini and Loredano Pollegioni, "Reactive oxygen species as a double‐edged sword: The role of oxidative enzymes in antitumor therapy." Biofactors, Vol. 48 (No. 2), pp. 384-99, (2022).
7- Yiming Chen et al., "HDAC1 expression is positively correlated with NADPH oxidase 4-mediated oxidative stress in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury." Journal of Neurophysiology, (2022).
8- Helmut Sies et al., "Defining roles of specific reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cell biology and physiology." Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, pp. 1-17, (2022).
9- Haseeb Ahsan, Mohammad Yusuf Hasan, and Rizwan Ahmad, "Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in the Pathophysiology of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)." Reactive Oxygen Species, p. 107, (2022).
10- Charley C Gruber, Vignesh MP Babu, Kamren Livingston, Heer Joisher, and Graham C Walker, "Degradation of the Escherichia coli Essential Proteins DapB and Dxr Results in Oxidative Stress, which Contributes to Lethality through Incomplete Base Excision Repair." Mbio, Vol. 13 (No. 1), pp. e03756-21, (2022).
11- Pippa F Cosper, Sarah E Copeland, John B Tucker, and Beth A Weaver, "Chromosome Missegregation as a Modulator of Radiation Sensitivity." in Seminars in Radiation Oncology, (2022), Vol. 32 (No. 1): Elsevier, pp. 54-63.
12- Brenna Norton-Baker, Megan A Rocha, Jessica Granger-Jones, Dmitry A Fishman, and Rachel W Martin, "Human γS-Crystallin Resists Unfolding Despite Extensive Chemical Modification from Exposure to Ionizing Radiation." The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, (2022).
13- Muhammad Adnan et al., "Radioprotective role of natural polyphenols: From sources to mechanisms." Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry (Formerly Current Medicinal Chemistry-Anti-Cancer Agents), Vol. 22 (No. 1), pp. 30-39, (2022).
14- Jivendra S Wickramasinghe, Preethi V Udagama, Vajira HW Dissanayaka, Aruna D Weerasooriya, and Hemali WW Goonasekera, "Plant based radioprotectors as an adjunct to radiotherapy: advantages and limitations." Journal of Radiological Protection, Vol. 42 (No. 2), p. 021001, (2022).
15- Eliot M Rosen, Regina Day, and Vijay K Singh, "New approaches to radiation protection." Frontiers in oncology, Vol. 4p. 381, (2015).
16- Małgorzata M Dobrzyńska and Aneta Gajowik, "The effects of genistein supplemented before or after irradiation on DNA injury in human lymphocytes in vitro." (2022).
17- Vesna S Kuntić, Miroslava B Stanković, Zorica B Vujić, Jasmina S Brborić, and Snežana M Uskoković‐Marković, "Radioprotectors–the evergreen topic." Chemistry & biodiversity, Vol. 10 (No. 10), pp. 1791-803, (2013).
18- Vijay K Singh et al., "A novel oral formulation of BIO 300 confers prophylactic radioprotection from acute radiation syndrome in mice." International Journal of Radiation Biology, Vol. 98 (No. 5), pp. 958-67, (2022).
19- Lu Wang et al., "Reactive oxygen species-responsive nanodrug of natural crocin-i with prolonged circulation for effective radioprotection." Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, Vol. 213p. 112441, (2022).
20- Nukhet Aykin-Burns, Rupak Pathak, Marjan Boerma, Thomas Kim, and Martin Hauer-Jensen, "Utilization of vitamin E analogs to protect normal tissues while enhancing antitumor effects." in Seminars in radiation oncology, (2019), Vol. 29 (No. 1): Elsevier, pp. 55-61.
21- Vahid Changizi, Seyed Abolghasem Haeri, Sakineh Abbasi, Zahra Rajabi, and Mohammad Mirdoraghi, "Radioprotective effects of vitamin A against gamma radiation in mouse bone marrow cells." MethodsX, Vol. 6pp. 714-17, (2019).
22- Na Chen et al., "Protective effects of magnesium sulfate on radiation induced brain injury in rats." Current drug delivery, Vol. 15 (No. 8), pp. 1159-66, (2018).
23- Ahmed Ismaeel, Michael Holmes, Evlampia Papoutsi, Lynn Panton, and Panagiotis Koutakis, "Resistance training, antioxidant status, and antioxidant supplementation." International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism, Vol. 29 (No. 5), pp. 539-47, (2019).
24- Carmia Borek, Augustinus Ong, Herbert Mason, Laurie Donahue, and John E Biaglow, "Selenium and vitamin E inhibit radiogenic and chemically induced transformation in vitro via different mechanisms." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 83 (No. 5), pp. 1490-94, (1986).
25- Helmut Sies and Wilhelm Stahl, "Vitamins E and C, beta-carotene, and other carotenoids as antioxidants." The American journal of clinical nutrition, Vol. 62 (No. 6), pp. 1315S-21S, (1995).
26- Michael W Epperly, Elizabeth L Travis, Christine Sikora, and Joel S Greenberger, "Magnesium superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) plasmid/liposome pulmonary radioprotective gene therapy: modulation of irradiation-induced mRNA for IL-1, TNF- and TGF- correlates with delay of organizing alveolitis/fibrosis." Biology of Blood and marrow Transplantation, Vol. 5pp. 204-14, (1999).
27- M Pospisil, J Netikova, I Pipalova, and K Volenec, "Radioprotective effect of inosine and its enhancement by magnesium and global hypoxia." Physiological Research, Vol. 40 (No. 4), pp. 445-52, (1991).
28- NR Council, "Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, 8th Edn Washington." DC: National Academies Press.[Google Scholar], (2011).
29- Gian Marco Ludovici, Andrea Chierici, Susana Oliveira de Souza, Francesco d’Errico, Alba Iannotti, and Andrea Malizia, "Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Flora Ten Years after the Fukushima Dai-ichi Disaster." Plants, Vol. 11 (No. 2), p. 222, (2022).
30- Corey Scott Goodwin, "Forensic application of nuclear versus mitochondrial DNA and the formation of cholesterol oxidation biomarkers in human cells after gamma-irradiation." University of Canberra, (2019).
31- Biswa M Sahoo, Bimal Krishna Banik, Preetismita Borah, and Adya Jain, "Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS): Key components in Cancer Therapies." Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry (Formerly Current Medicinal Chemistry-Anti-Cancer Agents), Vol. 22 (No. 2), pp. 215-22, (2022).
32- Praveen Jain et al., "Crop Plants, Abiotic Stress, Reactive Oxygen Species Production, Signaling, and Their Consequences." in Augmenting Crop Productivity in Stress Environment: Springer, (2022), pp. 115-26.
33- Yueqin Chen, Lei Zhu, Hu Meng, Xiangdong Sun, and Chunyan Xue, "Ferulic Acid Protects Human Lens Epithelial Cells against Ionizing Radiation-Induced Oxidative Damage by Activating Nrf2/HO-1 Signal Pathway." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, Vol. 2022(2022).
34- Xiaojing Huang, Chunxia Song, Chuanqing Zhong, and Fengshan Wang, "Research progress in the radioprotective effect of superoxide dismutase." Drug discoveries & therapeutics, Vol. 6 (No. 4), pp. 169-77, (2012).
35- Urbain Weyemi, Christophe E Redon, Palak R Parekh, Corinne Dupuy, and William M Bonner, "NADPH Oxidases NOXs and DUOXs as putative targets for cancer therapy." Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry (Formerly Current Medicinal Chemistry-Anti-Cancer Agents), Vol. 13 (No. 3), pp. 502-14, (2013).
36- J Racquel Collins-Underwood, Weiling Zhao, Jessica G Sharpe, and Mike E Robbins, "NADPH oxidase mediates radiation-induced oxidative stress in rat brain microvascular endothelial cells." Free Radical Biology and Medicine, Vol. 45 (No. 6), pp. 929-38, (2008).
37- Senthil K Pazhanisamy, Hongliang Li, Yong Wang, Ines Batinic-Haberle, and Daohong Zhou, "NADPH oxidase inhibition attenuates total body irradiation-induced haematopoietic genomic instability." Mutagenesis, Vol. 26 (No. 3), pp. 431-35, (2011).
38- Arpita Chatterjee, Elizabeth A Kosmacek, and Rebecca E Oberley-Deegan, "MnTE-2-PyP treatment, or NOX4 inhibition, protects against radiation-induced damage in mouse primary prostate fibroblasts by inhibiting the TGF-beta 1 signaling pathway." Radiation research, Vol. 187 (No. 3), pp. 367-81, (2017).
39- Masoud Najafi et al., "Melatonin modulates regulation of NOX2 and NOX4 following irradiation in the lung." Current Clinical Pharmacology, Vol. 14 (No. 3), pp. 224-31, (2019).
40- Yifang Jiang, Fengming You, Jie Zhu, Chuan Zheng, Ran Yan, and Jinhao Zeng, "Cryptotanshinone ameliorates radiation-induced lung injury in rats." Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Vol. 2019(2019).
41- Qunfang Yang et al., "Magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate ameliorates radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting fibroblast differentiation via the p38MAPK/Akt/Nox4 pathway." Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, Vol. 115p. 108955, (2019).
42- Joseph F Weiss and Michael R Landauer, "Protection against ionizing radiation by antioxidant nutrients and phytochemicals." Toxicology, Vol. 189 (No. 1-2), pp. 1-20, (2003).
43- Luisa Tesoriere, Marcello Ciaccio, Antonino Bongiorno, Antonio Riccio, Anna Maria Pintaudi, and Maria A Livrea, "Antioxidant activity of all-trans-retinol in homogeneous solution and in phosphatidylcholine liposomes." Archives of biochemistry and biophysics, Vol. 307 (No. 1), pp. 217-23, (1993).
44- Ravi S Harapanhalli et al., "Vitamins as radioprotectors in vivo II. Protection by vitamin A and soybean oil against radiation damage caused by internal radionuclides." Radiation research, Vol. 139 (No. 1), pp. 115-22, (1994).
45- Ziad A Massy and Tilman B Drüeke, "Magnesium and outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease: focus on vascular calcification, atherosclerosis and survival." Clinical kidney journal, Vol. 5 (No. Suppl_1), pp. i52-i61, (2012).
46- Christopher M Ryan and Michelle Geckle, "Why is learning and memory dysfunction in Type 2 diabetes limited to older adults?" Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews, Vol. 16 (No. 5), pp. 308-15, (2000).
47- James Dougherty, Ron Kohavi, and Mehran Sahami, "Supervised and unsupervised discretization of continuous features." in Machine learning proceedings 1995: Elsevier, (1995), pp. 194-202.
48- Hans-Georg Menzel, "The language of radioactivity." Nature Physics, Vol. 14 (No. 7), pp. 768-68, (2018).
49- Robert A Meyers, Environmental Analysis and Remediation. Wiley Encyclopedia Series in Environmental Science, New York, (1998).
50- Helmut Geiger and Christoph Wanner, "Magnesium in disease." Clinical kidney journal, Vol. 5 (No. Suppl_1), pp. i25-i38, (2012).
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| Issue | Vol 10 No 2 (2023) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/fbt.v10i2.12226 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Radiation-Protective Agents Magnesium Sulfate Vitamin A Gene Expression Nox4 | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Mirdoraghi M, Abbasi S. The Effects of Vitamin A and Magnesium Sulfate on the Expression of Nox4 Following Irradiation in Bone Marrow Cells. Frontiers Biomed Technol. 2023;10(2):213-220.
