Radiation-Induced Bystander Effect via GRID Radiotherapy and Medium Transfer in the A-375 Human Melanoma Cancer Cell Line: An In-vitro Study
,
Abstract
Purpose: The goal of this research was to investigate the bystander effect in the A-375 cell line under the spatially fractionated radiation therapy (GRID therapy technique). In GRID therapy, due to direct and indirect cell damage after high-dose radiation, evaluation of Radiation-Induced Bystander Effects (RIBE) is of the most importance for investigating the risk of therapy.
Materials and Methods: The potential role of RIBE was evaluated with different doses of 6 MeV electron radiation and different incubation times after irradiation using two methods; GRID therapy and medium transfer. Colony Formation Assay (CFA) and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) test were used to detect the mentioned effects. Alpha and beta parameters were calculated from the cell survival curve by the quadratic-linear model.
Results: The result showed that the survival fraction significantly decreases by increasing the radiation dose for both bystander and irradiated cells. However, a decrease in the number of colony-forming cells caused by electron radiation greater than 4MeV to target cells was significantly increased compared with bystander cells (P < 0.05). While increasing the incubation time after exposure to an electron beam, it had no significant effect on cell survival fraction (P > 0.05). Furthermore, the RIBE level in non-target cells increased up to a dose of 4Gy, but decreased significantly at doses higher than 4Gy. This result in high doses confirmed that a negative feedback mechanism was responsible for reducing the RIBE response.
Conclusion: Based on the results, we can state there are classic radiation-induced bystander effects in A-375 monolayer exposed by GRID therapy and medium transfer technique, which can play an important role in pre-clinical and clinical studies.
1- Sakine Shirvalilou et al., "Enhancement radiation-induced apoptosis in C6 glioma tumor-bearing rats via pH-responsive magnetic graphene oxide nanocarrier." Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, Vol. 205p. 111827, (2020).
2- Slavisa Tubin, Helmut H Popper, and Luka Brcic, "Novel stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT)-based partial tumor irradiation targeting hypoxic segment of bulky tumors (SBRT-PATHY): improvement of the radiotherapy outcome by exploiting the bystander and abscopal effects." Radiation Oncology, Vol. 14 (No. 1), p. 21, (2019).
3- MA Oghabian, M Jeddi-Tehrani, A Zolfaghari, F Shamsipour, S Khoei, and S Amanpour, "Detectability of Her2 positive tumors using monoclonal antibody conjugated iron oxide nanoparticles in MRI." Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology, Vol. 11 (No. 6), pp. 5340-44, (2011).
4- ANIJDAN SH MOUSAVI et al., "Megavoltage dose enhancement of gold nanoparticles for different geometric set-ups: Measurements and Monte Carlo simulation." (2012).
5- Fatemeh Pakniyat et al., "Enhanced response of radioresistant carcinoma cell line to heterogeneous dose distribution of grid; the role of high-dose bystander effect." International journal of radiation biology, Vol. 96 (No. 12), pp. 1585-96, (2020).
6- Ganesh Narayanasamy et al., "Therapeutic benefits in grid irradiation on Tomotherapy for bulky, radiation-resistant tumors." Acta Oncologica, Vol. 56 (No. 8), pp. 1043-47, (2017).
7- M. Mohiuddin, M. Fujita, W. F. Regine, A. S. Megooni, G. S. Ibbott, and M. M. Ahmed, "High-dose spatially-fractionated radiation (GRID): a new paradigm in the management of advanced cancers." Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, Vol. 45 (No. 3), pp. 721-7, Oct 1 (1999).
8- I Martínez‐Rovira, G Fois, and Y Prezado, "Dosimetric evaluation of new approaches in GRID therapy using nonconventional radiation sources." Medical Physics, Vol. 42 (No. 2), pp. 685-93, (2015).
9- AS Meigooni, SA Parker, J Zheng, KJ Kalbaugh, WF Regine, and M Mohiuddin, "Dosimetric characteristics with spatial fractionation using electron grid therapy." Medical Dosimetry, Vol. 27 (No. 1), pp. 37-42, (2002).
10- Gregory A Szalkowski, "Novel approaches to GRID therapy: Electron GRID and photon minibeams." Georgia Institute of Technology, (2019).
11- Thomas Henry, Ana Ureba, Alexander Valdman, and Albert Siegbahn, "Proton grid therapy: a proof-of-concept study." Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment, Vol. 16 (No. 6), pp. 749-57, (2017).
12- Kenta Kijima, Anchali Krisanachinda, Mikoto Tamura, Yasumasa Nishimura, and Hajime Monzen, "Feasibility of a tungsten rubber grid collimator for electron grid therapy." Anticancer Research, Vol. 39 (No. 6), pp. 2799-804, (2019).
13- Kamran Entezari, Bijan Hashemi, and Seied Rabi Mahdavi, "Dosimetric Evaluation of a Set of Specifically Designed Grids for Treating Subcutaneous Superficial Tumor with 6 and 18 MeV Electron Beam External Radiotherapy." (2021).
14- Kuei-Hua Lin, Chao-Yuan Huang, Jao-Perng Lin, and Tieh-Chi Chu, "Surface dose with grids in electron beam radiation therapy." Applied radiation and isotopes, Vol. 56 (No. 3), pp. 477-84, (2002).
15- H. Marks, "A new approach to the roentgen therapy of cancer with the use of a grid." J Mt Sinai Hosp N Y, Vol. 17 (No. 1), pp. 46-8, May-Jun (1950).
16- J Isabelle Choi, Janeen Daniels, Dane Cohen, Ying Li, Chul S Ha, and Tony Y Eng, "Clinical outcomes of spatially fractionated GRID radiotherapy in the treatment of bulky tumors of the head and neck." Cureus, Vol. 11 (No. 5), (2019).
17- Elisabeth Schültke et al., "Microbeam radiation therapy—grid therapy and beyond: a clinical perspective." The British Journal of Radiology, Vol. 90 (No. 1078), p. 20170073, (2017).
18- Samideh Khoei et al., "Enhancement of Radio-Thermo-Sensitivity of 5-Iodo-2-Deoxyuridine-Loaded Polymeric-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles Triggers Apoptosis in U87MG Human Glioblastoma Cancer Cell Line." Cellular and Molecular Bioengineering, pp. 1-13, (2021).
19- VV Petushkova, II Pelevina, IN Kogarko, EA Neifakh, BS Kogarko, and OV Ktitorova, "Some Aspects Related to Transmission of Radiation-Induced Alterations due to the Bystander Effect." Biology Bulletin, Vol. 47 (No. 12), pp. 1610-17, (2020).
20- Nasrollah Jabbari, Muhammad Nawaz, and Jafar Rezaie, "Bystander effects of ionizing radiation: conditioned media from X-ray irradiated MCF-7 cells increases the angiogenic ability of endothelial cells." Cell Communication and Signaling, Vol. 17 (No. 1), pp. 1-12, (2019).
21- K Kanagaraj, V Rajan, Badri N Pandey, K Thayalan, and P Venkatachalam, "Primary and secondary bystander effect and genomic instability in cells exposed to high and low linear energy transfer radiations." International journal of radiation biology, Vol. 95 (No. 12), pp. 1648-58, (2019).
22- A. Kaiser, M.M. Mohiuddin, and Jacksonm J.L., "Dramatic response from neoadjuvant, spatially fractionated GRID radiotherapy (SFGRT) for large, high-grade extremity sarcoma." Journal of Radiation Oncology, Vol. 2 (No. 1), pp. 103-06, (2013).
23- Samira Kargar, Samideh Khoei, Sepideh Khoee, Sakine Shirvalilou, and Seied Rabi Mahdavi, "Evaluation of the combined effect of NIR laser and ionizing radiation on cellular damages induced by IUdR-loaded PLGA-coated Nano-graphene oxide." Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy, Vol. 21pp. 91-97, (2018).
24- Zohreh Eftekhari-Kenzerki, Reza Fardid, and Abbas Behzad-Behbahani, "Impact of silver nanoparticles on the ultraviolet radiation direct and bystander effects on TK6 cell line." Journal of medical physics, Vol. 44 (No. 2), p. 118, (2019).
25- Carmel Mothersill and Colin Seymour, "Medium from irradiated human epithelial cells but not human fibroblasts reduces the clonogenic survival of unirradiated cells." International journal of radiation biology, Vol. 71 (No. 4), pp. 421-27, (1997).
26- Aisling B Heeran, Helen P Berrigan, and Jacintha O'Sullivan, "The radiation-induced bystander effect (RIBE) and its connections with the hallmarks of cancer." Radiation research, Vol. 192 (No. 6), pp. 668-79, (2019).
27- R. S. Asur et al., "Spatially fractionated radiation induces cytotoxicity and changes in gene expression in bystander and radiation adjacent murine carcinoma cells." Radiat Res, Vol. 177 (No. 6), pp. 751-65, Jun (2012).
28- K. T. Butterworth, C. K. McGarry, J. M. O'Sullivan, A. R. Hounsell, and K. M. Prise, "A study of the biological effects of modulated 6 MV radiation fields." Phys Med Biol, Vol. 55 (No. 6), pp. 1607-18, Mar 21 (2010).
29- Valery Peng et al., "Models for the bystander effect in gradient radiation fields: range and signalling type." Journal of theoretical biology, Vol. 455pp. 16-25, (2018).
30- Sara Mohammadi, Samideh Khoei, and Seyed Rabie Mahdavi, "The combination effect of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) coated iron oxide nanoparticles as 5-fluorouracil carrier and X-ray on the level of DNA damages in the DU 145 human prostate carcinoma cell line." Journal of Bionanoscience, Vol. 6 (No. 1), pp. 23-27, (2012).
31- Sakine Shirvalilou, Samideh Khoei, Sepideh Khoee, Nida Jamali Raoufi, Mohammad Reza Karimi, and Ali Shakeri-Zadeh, "Development of a magnetic nano-graphene oxide carrier for improved glioma-targeted drug delivery and imaging: in vitro and in vivo evaluations." Chemico-biological interactions, Vol. 295pp. 97-108, (2018).
32- Zhila Rajaee, Samideh Khoei, Alireza Mahdavian, Sakine Shirvalilou, Seied R Mahdavi, and Marzieh Ebrahimi, "Radio-thermo-sensitivity induced by gold magnetic nanoparticles in the monolayer culture of human prostate carcinoma cell line DU145." Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry (Formerly Current Medicinal Chemistry-Anti-Cancer Agents), Vol. 20 (No. 3), pp. 315-24, (2020).
33- Mehrdad Bakhtiary et al., "Comparison of transplantation of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) and stem cell mobilization by granulocyte colony stimulating factor after traumatic brain injury in rat." Iranian biomedical journal, Vol. 14 (No. 4), p. 142, (2010).
34- MV Williams, J Denekamp, and JF Fowler, "A review of αβ ratios for experimental tumors: implications for clinical studies of altered fractionation." International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics, Vol. 11 (No. 1), pp. 87-96, (1985).
35- S. Sathishkumar et al., "Elevated sphingomyelinase activity and ceramide concentration in serum of patients undergoing high dose spatially fractionated radiation treatment: implications for endothelial apoptosis." Cancer Biol Ther, Vol. 4 (No. 9), pp. 979-86, Sep (2005).
36- J. A. Penagaricano, E. G. Moros, V. Ratanatharathorn, Y. Yan, and P. Corry, "Evaluation of spatially fractionated radiotherapy (GRID) and definitive chemoradiotherapy with curative intent for locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: initial response rates and toxicity." Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, Vol. 76 (No. 5), pp. 1369-75, Apr (2010).
37- VA Sergeeva et al., "Low-dose ionizing radiation affects mesenchymal stem cells via extracellular oxidized cell-free DNA: a possible mediator of bystander effect and adaptive response." Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity, Vol. 2017(2017).
38- Gabriel Adrian, Crister Ceberg, Ana Carneiro, and Lars Ekblad, "Rescue effect inherited in colony formation assays affects radiation response." Radiation research, Vol. 189 (No. 1), pp. 44-52, (2018).
39- Mohammad Taghi Bahreyni Toossi, Sara Khademi, Hosein Azimian, Shokoufeh Mohebbi, and Shokouhozaman Soleymanifard, "Assessment of The Dose-Response Relationship of Radiation-Induced Bystander Effect in Two Cell Lines Exposed to High Doses of Ionizing Radiation (6 and 8 Gy)." Cell Journal (Yakhteh), Vol. 19 (No. 3), p. 434, (2017).
40- MD Gow, CB Seymour, Soo-Hyun Byun, and CE Mothersill, "Effect of dose rate on the radiation-induced bystander response." Physics in Medicine & Biology, Vol. 53 (No. 1), p. 119, (2007).
41- Valery Peng, Natalka Suchowerska, Linda Rogers, Elizabeth Claridge Mackonis, Samantha Oakes, and David R McKenzie, "Grid therapy using high definition multileaf collimators: realizing benefits of the bystander effect." Acta Oncologica, Vol. 56 (No. 8), pp. 1048-59, (2017).
42- Hiroko Kishikawa, Ketai Wang, S James Adelstein, and Amin I Kassis, "Inhibitory and stimulatory bystander effects are differentially induced by iodine-125 and iodine-123." Radiation research, Vol. 165 (No. 6), pp. 688-94, (2006).
43- Stephen J McMahon et al., "A computational model of cellular response to modulated radiation fields." International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics, Vol. 84 (No. 1), pp. 250-56, (2012).
2- Slavisa Tubin, Helmut H Popper, and Luka Brcic, "Novel stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT)-based partial tumor irradiation targeting hypoxic segment of bulky tumors (SBRT-PATHY): improvement of the radiotherapy outcome by exploiting the bystander and abscopal effects." Radiation Oncology, Vol. 14 (No. 1), p. 21, (2019).
3- MA Oghabian, M Jeddi-Tehrani, A Zolfaghari, F Shamsipour, S Khoei, and S Amanpour, "Detectability of Her2 positive tumors using monoclonal antibody conjugated iron oxide nanoparticles in MRI." Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology, Vol. 11 (No. 6), pp. 5340-44, (2011).
4- ANIJDAN SH MOUSAVI et al., "Megavoltage dose enhancement of gold nanoparticles for different geometric set-ups: Measurements and Monte Carlo simulation." (2012).
5- Fatemeh Pakniyat et al., "Enhanced response of radioresistant carcinoma cell line to heterogeneous dose distribution of grid; the role of high-dose bystander effect." International journal of radiation biology, Vol. 96 (No. 12), pp. 1585-96, (2020).
6- Ganesh Narayanasamy et al., "Therapeutic benefits in grid irradiation on Tomotherapy for bulky, radiation-resistant tumors." Acta Oncologica, Vol. 56 (No. 8), pp. 1043-47, (2017).
7- M. Mohiuddin, M. Fujita, W. F. Regine, A. S. Megooni, G. S. Ibbott, and M. M. Ahmed, "High-dose spatially-fractionated radiation (GRID): a new paradigm in the management of advanced cancers." Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, Vol. 45 (No. 3), pp. 721-7, Oct 1 (1999).
8- I Martínez‐Rovira, G Fois, and Y Prezado, "Dosimetric evaluation of new approaches in GRID therapy using nonconventional radiation sources." Medical Physics, Vol. 42 (No. 2), pp. 685-93, (2015).
9- AS Meigooni, SA Parker, J Zheng, KJ Kalbaugh, WF Regine, and M Mohiuddin, "Dosimetric characteristics with spatial fractionation using electron grid therapy." Medical Dosimetry, Vol. 27 (No. 1), pp. 37-42, (2002).
10- Gregory A Szalkowski, "Novel approaches to GRID therapy: Electron GRID and photon minibeams." Georgia Institute of Technology, (2019).
11- Thomas Henry, Ana Ureba, Alexander Valdman, and Albert Siegbahn, "Proton grid therapy: a proof-of-concept study." Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment, Vol. 16 (No. 6), pp. 749-57, (2017).
12- Kenta Kijima, Anchali Krisanachinda, Mikoto Tamura, Yasumasa Nishimura, and Hajime Monzen, "Feasibility of a tungsten rubber grid collimator for electron grid therapy." Anticancer Research, Vol. 39 (No. 6), pp. 2799-804, (2019).
13- Kamran Entezari, Bijan Hashemi, and Seied Rabi Mahdavi, "Dosimetric Evaluation of a Set of Specifically Designed Grids for Treating Subcutaneous Superficial Tumor with 6 and 18 MeV Electron Beam External Radiotherapy." (2021).
14- Kuei-Hua Lin, Chao-Yuan Huang, Jao-Perng Lin, and Tieh-Chi Chu, "Surface dose with grids in electron beam radiation therapy." Applied radiation and isotopes, Vol. 56 (No. 3), pp. 477-84, (2002).
15- H. Marks, "A new approach to the roentgen therapy of cancer with the use of a grid." J Mt Sinai Hosp N Y, Vol. 17 (No. 1), pp. 46-8, May-Jun (1950).
16- J Isabelle Choi, Janeen Daniels, Dane Cohen, Ying Li, Chul S Ha, and Tony Y Eng, "Clinical outcomes of spatially fractionated GRID radiotherapy in the treatment of bulky tumors of the head and neck." Cureus, Vol. 11 (No. 5), (2019).
17- Elisabeth Schültke et al., "Microbeam radiation therapy—grid therapy and beyond: a clinical perspective." The British Journal of Radiology, Vol. 90 (No. 1078), p. 20170073, (2017).
18- Samideh Khoei et al., "Enhancement of Radio-Thermo-Sensitivity of 5-Iodo-2-Deoxyuridine-Loaded Polymeric-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles Triggers Apoptosis in U87MG Human Glioblastoma Cancer Cell Line." Cellular and Molecular Bioengineering, pp. 1-13, (2021).
19- VV Petushkova, II Pelevina, IN Kogarko, EA Neifakh, BS Kogarko, and OV Ktitorova, "Some Aspects Related to Transmission of Radiation-Induced Alterations due to the Bystander Effect." Biology Bulletin, Vol. 47 (No. 12), pp. 1610-17, (2020).
20- Nasrollah Jabbari, Muhammad Nawaz, and Jafar Rezaie, "Bystander effects of ionizing radiation: conditioned media from X-ray irradiated MCF-7 cells increases the angiogenic ability of endothelial cells." Cell Communication and Signaling, Vol. 17 (No. 1), pp. 1-12, (2019).
21- K Kanagaraj, V Rajan, Badri N Pandey, K Thayalan, and P Venkatachalam, "Primary and secondary bystander effect and genomic instability in cells exposed to high and low linear energy transfer radiations." International journal of radiation biology, Vol. 95 (No. 12), pp. 1648-58, (2019).
22- A. Kaiser, M.M. Mohiuddin, and Jacksonm J.L., "Dramatic response from neoadjuvant, spatially fractionated GRID radiotherapy (SFGRT) for large, high-grade extremity sarcoma." Journal of Radiation Oncology, Vol. 2 (No. 1), pp. 103-06, (2013).
23- Samira Kargar, Samideh Khoei, Sepideh Khoee, Sakine Shirvalilou, and Seied Rabi Mahdavi, "Evaluation of the combined effect of NIR laser and ionizing radiation on cellular damages induced by IUdR-loaded PLGA-coated Nano-graphene oxide." Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy, Vol. 21pp. 91-97, (2018).
24- Zohreh Eftekhari-Kenzerki, Reza Fardid, and Abbas Behzad-Behbahani, "Impact of silver nanoparticles on the ultraviolet radiation direct and bystander effects on TK6 cell line." Journal of medical physics, Vol. 44 (No. 2), p. 118, (2019).
25- Carmel Mothersill and Colin Seymour, "Medium from irradiated human epithelial cells but not human fibroblasts reduces the clonogenic survival of unirradiated cells." International journal of radiation biology, Vol. 71 (No. 4), pp. 421-27, (1997).
26- Aisling B Heeran, Helen P Berrigan, and Jacintha O'Sullivan, "The radiation-induced bystander effect (RIBE) and its connections with the hallmarks of cancer." Radiation research, Vol. 192 (No. 6), pp. 668-79, (2019).
27- R. S. Asur et al., "Spatially fractionated radiation induces cytotoxicity and changes in gene expression in bystander and radiation adjacent murine carcinoma cells." Radiat Res, Vol. 177 (No. 6), pp. 751-65, Jun (2012).
28- K. T. Butterworth, C. K. McGarry, J. M. O'Sullivan, A. R. Hounsell, and K. M. Prise, "A study of the biological effects of modulated 6 MV radiation fields." Phys Med Biol, Vol. 55 (No. 6), pp. 1607-18, Mar 21 (2010).
29- Valery Peng et al., "Models for the bystander effect in gradient radiation fields: range and signalling type." Journal of theoretical biology, Vol. 455pp. 16-25, (2018).
30- Sara Mohammadi, Samideh Khoei, and Seyed Rabie Mahdavi, "The combination effect of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) coated iron oxide nanoparticles as 5-fluorouracil carrier and X-ray on the level of DNA damages in the DU 145 human prostate carcinoma cell line." Journal of Bionanoscience, Vol. 6 (No. 1), pp. 23-27, (2012).
31- Sakine Shirvalilou, Samideh Khoei, Sepideh Khoee, Nida Jamali Raoufi, Mohammad Reza Karimi, and Ali Shakeri-Zadeh, "Development of a magnetic nano-graphene oxide carrier for improved glioma-targeted drug delivery and imaging: in vitro and in vivo evaluations." Chemico-biological interactions, Vol. 295pp. 97-108, (2018).
32- Zhila Rajaee, Samideh Khoei, Alireza Mahdavian, Sakine Shirvalilou, Seied R Mahdavi, and Marzieh Ebrahimi, "Radio-thermo-sensitivity induced by gold magnetic nanoparticles in the monolayer culture of human prostate carcinoma cell line DU145." Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry (Formerly Current Medicinal Chemistry-Anti-Cancer Agents), Vol. 20 (No. 3), pp. 315-24, (2020).
33- Mehrdad Bakhtiary et al., "Comparison of transplantation of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) and stem cell mobilization by granulocyte colony stimulating factor after traumatic brain injury in rat." Iranian biomedical journal, Vol. 14 (No. 4), p. 142, (2010).
34- MV Williams, J Denekamp, and JF Fowler, "A review of αβ ratios for experimental tumors: implications for clinical studies of altered fractionation." International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics, Vol. 11 (No. 1), pp. 87-96, (1985).
35- S. Sathishkumar et al., "Elevated sphingomyelinase activity and ceramide concentration in serum of patients undergoing high dose spatially fractionated radiation treatment: implications for endothelial apoptosis." Cancer Biol Ther, Vol. 4 (No. 9), pp. 979-86, Sep (2005).
36- J. A. Penagaricano, E. G. Moros, V. Ratanatharathorn, Y. Yan, and P. Corry, "Evaluation of spatially fractionated radiotherapy (GRID) and definitive chemoradiotherapy with curative intent for locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: initial response rates and toxicity." Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, Vol. 76 (No. 5), pp. 1369-75, Apr (2010).
37- VA Sergeeva et al., "Low-dose ionizing radiation affects mesenchymal stem cells via extracellular oxidized cell-free DNA: a possible mediator of bystander effect and adaptive response." Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity, Vol. 2017(2017).
38- Gabriel Adrian, Crister Ceberg, Ana Carneiro, and Lars Ekblad, "Rescue effect inherited in colony formation assays affects radiation response." Radiation research, Vol. 189 (No. 1), pp. 44-52, (2018).
39- Mohammad Taghi Bahreyni Toossi, Sara Khademi, Hosein Azimian, Shokoufeh Mohebbi, and Shokouhozaman Soleymanifard, "Assessment of The Dose-Response Relationship of Radiation-Induced Bystander Effect in Two Cell Lines Exposed to High Doses of Ionizing Radiation (6 and 8 Gy)." Cell Journal (Yakhteh), Vol. 19 (No. 3), p. 434, (2017).
40- MD Gow, CB Seymour, Soo-Hyun Byun, and CE Mothersill, "Effect of dose rate on the radiation-induced bystander response." Physics in Medicine & Biology, Vol. 53 (No. 1), p. 119, (2007).
41- Valery Peng, Natalka Suchowerska, Linda Rogers, Elizabeth Claridge Mackonis, Samantha Oakes, and David R McKenzie, "Grid therapy using high definition multileaf collimators: realizing benefits of the bystander effect." Acta Oncologica, Vol. 56 (No. 8), pp. 1048-59, (2017).
42- Hiroko Kishikawa, Ketai Wang, S James Adelstein, and Amin I Kassis, "Inhibitory and stimulatory bystander effects are differentially induced by iodine-125 and iodine-123." Radiation research, Vol. 165 (No. 6), pp. 688-94, (2006).
43- Stephen J McMahon et al., "A computational model of cellular response to modulated radiation fields." International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics, Vol. 84 (No. 1), pp. 250-56, (2012).
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 10 No 3 (2023) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/fbt.v10i3.13164 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Melanoma GRID Therapy Medium Transfer Radiation-Induced Bystander Effect Colony Formation Assay | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Nabikhani M, Khoei S, Mahdavi SR, Rajaee J, Shirvalilou S. Radiation-Induced Bystander Effect via GRID Radiotherapy and Medium Transfer in the A-375 Human Melanoma Cancer Cell Line: An In-vitro Study. Frontiers Biomed Technol. 2023;10(3):339-348.
