Developing an Analytical Model for Knife-Edge Slit Collimator Optimization for Prompt Gamma Imaging in Proton Therapy
Abstract
Purpose: Gamma cameras are one of the most promising technologies for in-vivo range monitoring in proton therapy. Monte Carlo (MC) simulation is a common calculation-based technique to design and optimize gamma cameras. However, it is prohibitively time-consuming. Analytical modeling speeds up the process of finding the optimal design.
Materials and Methods: We proposed an analytical method using the efficiency-resolution trade-off for optimizing a knife-edge collimator based on the range retrieval precision of protons. Monte Carlo simulation was used for validation of obtained collimator efficiencies.
Results: The model predicts that for the optimal range retrieval precision, the ratio of the source-to-detector distance to the source-to-collimator distance should be ranging from . For a special case, it was found that assuming an ideal detector , the falloff retrieval precision is optimal at independent of the collimator resolution. Moreover, using the optimized camera, the difference between the MC calculated range and the absolute range was 0.5 cm (the relative error is about 3%).
Conclusion: It was found that the collimator parameters are in good agreement in comparison with that of the MC results reported in the literature. The analytical method studied in this work can be used to design and optimize imaging systems based on KE collimators in combination with new detectors in a fast and reliable way.
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11- Marco Durante and Harald Paganetti, "Nuclear physics in particle therapy: a review." Reports on Progress in Physics, Vol. 79 (No. 9), p. 096702, (2016).
12- Julien Smeets et al., "Prompt gamma imaging with a slit camera for real-time range control in proton therapy." Physics in Medicine & Biology, Vol. 57 (No. 11), p. 3371, (2012).
13- Victor Bom, Leila Joulaeizadeh, and Freek Beekman, "Real-time prompt gamma monitoring in spot-scanning proton therapy using imaging through a knife-edge-shaped slit." Physics in Medicine & Biology, Vol. 57 (No. 2), p. 297, (2011).
14- Hojjat Mahani, Gholamreza Raisali, Alireza Kamali-Asl, and Mohammad Reza Ay, "Spinning slithole collimation for high-sensitivity small animal SPECT: Design and assessment using GATE simulation." Physica Medica, Vol. 40pp. 42-50, (2017).
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16- Etesam Malekzadeh, Hossein Rajabi, Elisa Fiorina, and Faraz Kalantari, "Derivation and validation of a sensitivity formula for knife-edge slit gamma camera: A theoretical and Monte Carlo simulation study." Iranian Journal of Nuclear Medicine, Vol. 29 (No. 2), pp. 86-92, (2021).
17- Gengsheng L Zeng and Daniel Gagnon, "CdZnTe strip detector SPECT imaging with a slit collimator." Physics in Medicine & Biology, Vol. 49 (No. 11), p. 2257, (2004).
18- Jong Hoon Park et al., "Comparison of knife-edge and multi-slit camera for proton beam range verification by Monte Carlo simulation." Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Vol. 51 (No. 2), pp. 533-38, (2019).
19- M Priegnitz et al., "Measurement of prompt gamma profiles in inhomogeneous targets with a knife-edge slit camera during proton irradiation." Physics in Medicine & Biology, Vol. 60 (No. 12), p. 4849, (2015).
20- Saree Alnaghy et al., "Analytical modelling and simulation of single and double cone pinholes for real-time in-body tracking of an HDR brachytherapy source." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, Vol. 63 (No. 3), pp. 1375-85, (2016).
21- F Roellinghoff et al., "Real-time proton beam range monitoring by means of prompt-gamma detection with a collimated camera." Physics in Medicine & Biology, Vol. 59 (No. 5), p. 1327, (2014).
22- Jerimy C Polf et al., "Measurement of characteristic prompt gamma rays emitted from oxygen and carbon in tissue-equivalent samples during proton beam irradiation." Physics in Medicine & Biology, Vol. 58 (No. 17), p. 5821, (2013).
23- MCM Rentmeester, F Van Der Have, and FJ Beekman, "Optimizing multi-pinhole SPECT geometries using an analytical model." Physics in Medicine & Biology, Vol. 52 (No. 9), p. 2567, (2007).
24- Scott D Metzler, Roberto Accorsi, John R Novak, Ahmet S Ayan, and Ronald J Jaszczak, "On-axis sensitivity and resolution of a slit-slat collimator." Journal of Nuclear Medicine, Vol. 47 (No. 11), pp. 1884-90, (2006).
25- John Ready, "Development of a multi-knife-edge slit collimator for prompt gamma ray imaging during proton beam cancer therapy." UC Berkeley, (2016).
26- Hsin-Hon Lin, Hao-Ting Chang, Tsi-Chian Chao, and Keh-Shih Chuang, "A comparison of two prompt gamma imaging techniques with collimator-based cameras for range verification in proton therapy." Radiation Physics and Chemistry, Vol. 137pp. 144-50, (2017).
27- Stephen C Moore, Kypros Kouris, and Ian Cullum, "Collimator design for single photon emission tomography." European journal of nuclear medicine, Vol. 19 (No. 2), pp. 138-50, (1992).
28- Sea Agostinelli et al., "GEANT4—a simulation toolkit." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 506 (No. 3), pp. 250-303, (2003).
29- Karine Assie et al., "Monte Carlo simulation in PET and SPECT instrumentation using GATE." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 527 (No. 1-2), pp. 180-89, (2004).
30- Sébastien Jan et al., "GATE V6: a major enhancement of the GATE simulation platform enabling modelling of CT and radiotherapy." Physics in Medicine & Biology, Vol. 56 (No. 4), p. 881, (2011).
31- Estelle Hilaire, David Sarrut, Françoise Peyrin, and Voichiţa Maxim, "Proton therapy monitoring by Compton imaging: influence of the large energy spectrum of the prompt-γ radiation." Physics in Medicine & Biology, Vol. 61 (No. 8), p. 3127, (2016).
32- Edward C Halperin, "Particle therapy and treatment of cancer." The lancet oncology, Vol. 7 (No. 8), pp. 676-85, (2006).
33- Guntram Pausch et al., "Detection systems for range monitoring in proton therapy: Needs and challenges." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 954p. 161227, (2020).
34- Shelan T Mahmood, Kjell Erlandsson, Ian Cullum, and Brian Forbes Hutton, "Design of a novel slit-slat collimator system for SPECT imaging of the human brain." Physics in Medicine & Biology, Vol. 54 (No. 11), p. 3433, (2009).
2- Harald Paganetti, "Range uncertainties in proton therapy and the role of Monte Carlo simulations." Physics in Medicine & Biology, Vol. 57 (No. 11), p. R99, (2012).
3- Marco Durante and Jay S Loeffler, "Charged particles in radiation oncology." Nature reviews Clinical oncology, Vol. 7 (No. 1), pp. 37-43, (2010).
4- Sebastian Tattenberg, Thomas M Madden, Bram L Gorissen, Thomas Bortfeld, Katia Parodi, and Joost Verburg, "Proton range uncertainty reduction benefits for skull base tumors in terms of normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) and healthy tissue doses." Medical physics, (2021).
5- Marco Toppi et al., "Monitoring carbon ion beams transverse position detecting charged secondary fragments: results from patient treatment performed at CNAO." Frontiers in oncology, Vol. 11(2021).
6- Aleksandra Wrońska, "Prompt gamma imaging in proton therapy-status, challenges and developments." in Journal of Physics: Conference Series, (2020), Vol. 1561 (No. 1): IOP Publishing, p. 012021.
7- Yunhe Xie et al., "Prompt gamma imaging for the identification of regional proton range deviations due to anatomic change in a heterogeneous region." The British Journal of Radiology, Vol. 93 (No. 1116), p. 20190619, (2020).
8- Hyun Joon Choi, Ji Won Jang, Wook-Geun Shin, Hyojun Park, Sebastien Incerti, and Chul Hee Min, "Development of integrated prompt gamma imaging and positron emission tomography system for in vivo 3-D dose verification: a Monte Carlo study." Physics in Medicine & Biology, Vol. 65 (No. 10), p. 105005, (2020).
9- Elisa Fiorina et al., "Detection of inter-fractional morphological changes in proton therapy: a simulation and in-vivo study with the INSIDE in-beam PET." Frontiers in Physics, Vol. 8p. 660, (2020).
10- Wenzhuo Lu et al., "Simulation Study of a 3D Multi-slit Prompt Gamma Imaging System for Proton Therapy Monitoring." IEEE Transactions on Radiation and Plasma Medical Sciences, (2021).
11- Marco Durante and Harald Paganetti, "Nuclear physics in particle therapy: a review." Reports on Progress in Physics, Vol. 79 (No. 9), p. 096702, (2016).
12- Julien Smeets et al., "Prompt gamma imaging with a slit camera for real-time range control in proton therapy." Physics in Medicine & Biology, Vol. 57 (No. 11), p. 3371, (2012).
13- Victor Bom, Leila Joulaeizadeh, and Freek Beekman, "Real-time prompt gamma monitoring in spot-scanning proton therapy using imaging through a knife-edge-shaped slit." Physics in Medicine & Biology, Vol. 57 (No. 2), p. 297, (2011).
14- Hojjat Mahani, Gholamreza Raisali, Alireza Kamali-Asl, and Mohammad Reza Ay, "Spinning slithole collimation for high-sensitivity small animal SPECT: Design and assessment using GATE simulation." Physica Medica, Vol. 40pp. 42-50, (2017).
15- P Cambraia Lopes et al., "Optimization of collimator designs for real-time proton range verification by measuring prompt gamma rays." in 2012 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference Record (NSS/MIC), (2012): IEEE, pp. 3864-70.
16- Etesam Malekzadeh, Hossein Rajabi, Elisa Fiorina, and Faraz Kalantari, "Derivation and validation of a sensitivity formula for knife-edge slit gamma camera: A theoretical and Monte Carlo simulation study." Iranian Journal of Nuclear Medicine, Vol. 29 (No. 2), pp. 86-92, (2021).
17- Gengsheng L Zeng and Daniel Gagnon, "CdZnTe strip detector SPECT imaging with a slit collimator." Physics in Medicine & Biology, Vol. 49 (No. 11), p. 2257, (2004).
18- Jong Hoon Park et al., "Comparison of knife-edge and multi-slit camera for proton beam range verification by Monte Carlo simulation." Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Vol. 51 (No. 2), pp. 533-38, (2019).
19- M Priegnitz et al., "Measurement of prompt gamma profiles in inhomogeneous targets with a knife-edge slit camera during proton irradiation." Physics in Medicine & Biology, Vol. 60 (No. 12), p. 4849, (2015).
20- Saree Alnaghy et al., "Analytical modelling and simulation of single and double cone pinholes for real-time in-body tracking of an HDR brachytherapy source." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, Vol. 63 (No. 3), pp. 1375-85, (2016).
21- F Roellinghoff et al., "Real-time proton beam range monitoring by means of prompt-gamma detection with a collimated camera." Physics in Medicine & Biology, Vol. 59 (No. 5), p. 1327, (2014).
22- Jerimy C Polf et al., "Measurement of characteristic prompt gamma rays emitted from oxygen and carbon in tissue-equivalent samples during proton beam irradiation." Physics in Medicine & Biology, Vol. 58 (No. 17), p. 5821, (2013).
23- MCM Rentmeester, F Van Der Have, and FJ Beekman, "Optimizing multi-pinhole SPECT geometries using an analytical model." Physics in Medicine & Biology, Vol. 52 (No. 9), p. 2567, (2007).
24- Scott D Metzler, Roberto Accorsi, John R Novak, Ahmet S Ayan, and Ronald J Jaszczak, "On-axis sensitivity and resolution of a slit-slat collimator." Journal of Nuclear Medicine, Vol. 47 (No. 11), pp. 1884-90, (2006).
25- John Ready, "Development of a multi-knife-edge slit collimator for prompt gamma ray imaging during proton beam cancer therapy." UC Berkeley, (2016).
26- Hsin-Hon Lin, Hao-Ting Chang, Tsi-Chian Chao, and Keh-Shih Chuang, "A comparison of two prompt gamma imaging techniques with collimator-based cameras for range verification in proton therapy." Radiation Physics and Chemistry, Vol. 137pp. 144-50, (2017).
27- Stephen C Moore, Kypros Kouris, and Ian Cullum, "Collimator design for single photon emission tomography." European journal of nuclear medicine, Vol. 19 (No. 2), pp. 138-50, (1992).
28- Sea Agostinelli et al., "GEANT4—a simulation toolkit." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 506 (No. 3), pp. 250-303, (2003).
29- Karine Assie et al., "Monte Carlo simulation in PET and SPECT instrumentation using GATE." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 527 (No. 1-2), pp. 180-89, (2004).
30- Sébastien Jan et al., "GATE V6: a major enhancement of the GATE simulation platform enabling modelling of CT and radiotherapy." Physics in Medicine & Biology, Vol. 56 (No. 4), p. 881, (2011).
31- Estelle Hilaire, David Sarrut, Françoise Peyrin, and Voichiţa Maxim, "Proton therapy monitoring by Compton imaging: influence of the large energy spectrum of the prompt-γ radiation." Physics in Medicine & Biology, Vol. 61 (No. 8), p. 3127, (2016).
32- Edward C Halperin, "Particle therapy and treatment of cancer." The lancet oncology, Vol. 7 (No. 8), pp. 676-85, (2006).
33- Guntram Pausch et al., "Detection systems for range monitoring in proton therapy: Needs and challenges." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 954p. 161227, (2020).
34- Shelan T Mahmood, Kjell Erlandsson, Ian Cullum, and Brian Forbes Hutton, "Design of a novel slit-slat collimator system for SPECT imaging of the human brain." Physics in Medicine & Biology, Vol. 54 (No. 11), p. 3433, (2009).
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| Issue | Vol 10 No 4 (2023) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/fbt.v10i4.13725 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Monte Carlo Gamma Camera Range Verification Proton Therapy Analytical Optimization | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Malekzadeh E. Developing an Analytical Model for Knife-Edge Slit Collimator Optimization for Prompt Gamma Imaging in Proton Therapy. Frontiers Biomed Technol. 2023;10(4):433-440.
