Dosimetry Impact of Bladder Volume Changes and Rectum Filling/Emptying at Proton Therapy of Prostate Cancer: A Simulation Study
Abstract
Purpose: In the recent decade, proton therapy facilities are increasing worldwide. This study aimed to analyze the influence of volumetric changes in bladder and rectum filling on the dose received by normal surrounding tissues at prostate cancer proton therapy. In this work, an anthropomorphic phantom dedicated to the prostate organs and nearby tissues has been developed using the FLUKA simulation code.
Materials and Methods: The geometry of the prostate and normal nearby tissues, bladder volumetric changes, and rectum filling/emptying status were simulated according to a database of real patients to mimic actual treatment, assuming the prostate as the target receives the prescribed dose uniformly with no over- and under dosage at each treatment session. Furthermore, the dosimetric effect of air- and water-filled balloons as prostate fixation tools was considered on the rectum, during our simulation process.
Results: Final analyzed results showed that the overall dose received by normal nearby organs with be decreased at proton therapy of prostate cancer if the bladder is full, although this dose reduction is not remarkable. Moreover, rectum filling/emptying and also implementation of balloons with different matters have no significant effect on the amount of dose received by this organ.
Conclusion: The dosimetric impact of bladder volumetric variations onto normal nearby organs will not be a crucial issue in proton therapy of prostate cancer if the prescribed high dose is delivered on the target with proper uniformity laterally and in-depth. Based on the obtained results, a full bladder is recommended while target bombarding by a proton beam.
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2- Jaques Ferlay et al., "Cancer incidence and mortality patterns in Europe: estimates for 40 countries in 2012." European journal of cancer, Vol. 49 (No. 6), pp. 1374-403, (2013).
3- Jacques Ferlay et al., "Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012." International journal of cancer, Vol. 136 (No. 5), pp. E359-E86, (2015).
4- Osama Mohamad et al., "Risk of subsequent primary cancers after carbon ion radiotherapy, photon radiotherapy, or surgery for localised prostate cancer: a propensity score-weighted, retrospective, cohort study." The lancet oncology, Vol. 20 (No. 5), pp. 674-85, (2019).
5- Michael S Hofman et al., "Prostate-specific membrane antigen PET-CT in patients with high-risk prostate cancer before curative-intent surgery or radiotherapy (proPSMA): a prospective, randomised, multicentre study." The Lancet, Vol. 395 (No. 10231), pp. 1208-16, (2020).
6- AJ Hayden, C Catton, and T Pickles, "Radiation therapy in prostate cancer: a risk-adapted strategy." Current oncology, Vol. 17 (No. Suppl 2), p. S18, (2010).
7- Felix Böckelmann, Florian Putz, Karoline Kallis, Sebastian Lettmaier, Rainer Fietkau, and Christoph Bert, "Adaptive radiotherapy and the dosimetric impact of inter-and intrafractional motion on the planning target volume for prostate cancer patients." Strahlentherapie und Onkologie, pp. 1-10, (2020).
8- Hamid Sarmadi, Rafael Muñoz-Salinas, M Álvaro Berbís, Antonio Luna, and Rafael Medina-Carnicer, "3D Reconstruction and alignment by consumer RGB-D sensors and fiducial planar markers for patient positioning in radiation therapy." Computer methods and programs in biomedicine, Vol. 180p. 105004, (2019).
9- Shawn Malone, Juanita M Crook, and Wayne S Kendal, "Respiratory-induced prostate motion: quantification and characterization." International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics, Vol. 48 (No. 1), pp. 105-09, (2000).
10- Raymond Miralbell et al., "Dosimetric implications of changes in patient repositioning and organ motion in conformal radiotherapy for prostate cancer." Radiotherapy and oncology, Vol. 66 (No. 2), pp. 197-202, (2003).
11- Stefan Wachter et al., "The influence of a rectal balloon tube as internal immobilization device on variations of volumes and dose-volume histograms during treatment course of conformal radiotherapy for prostate cancer." International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics, Vol. 52 (No. 1), pp. 91-100, (2002).
12- Michael J Zelefsky et al., "Quantification and predictors of prostate position variability in 50 patients evaluated with multiple CT scans during conformal radiotherapy." Radiotherapy and oncology, Vol. 50 (No. 2), pp. 225-34, (1999).
13- Richard C Zellars et al., "Prostate position late in the course of external beam therapy: patterns and predictors." International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics, Vol. 47 (No. 3), pp. 655-60, (2000).
14- Paul MA van Haaren, Arjan Bel, Pieter Hofman, Marco van Vulpen, Alexis NTJ Kotte, and Uulke A van der Heide, "Influence of daily setup measurements and corrections on the estimated delivered dose during IMRT treatment of prostate cancer patients." Radiotherapy and oncology, Vol. 90 (No. 3), pp. 291-98, (2009).
15- Vitali Moiseenko, Mitchell Liu, Sarah Kristensen, Gerald Gelowitz, and Eric Berthelet, "Effect of bladder filling on doses to prostate and organs at risk: a treatment planning study." Journal of applied clinical medical physics, Vol. 8 (No. 1), pp. 55-68, (2007).
16- Michele Stasi et al., "Emptying the rectum before treatment delivery limits the variations of rectal dose–volume parameters during 3DCRT of prostate cancer." Radiotherapy and oncology, Vol. 80 (No. 3), pp. 363-70, (2006).
17- Andrea Hille, Heinz Schmidberger, Nadja Töws, Elisabeth Weiss, Hilke Vorwerk, and Clemens F Hess, "The impact of varying volumes in rectal balloons on rectal dose sparing in conformal radiation therapy of prostate cancer." Strahlentherapie und Onkologie, Vol. 181 (No. 11), pp. 709-16, (2005).
18- Zhi Chen, Zhaozhi Yang, Jiazhou Wang, and Weigang Hu, "Dosimetric impact of different bladder and rectum filling during prostate cancer radiotherapy." Radiation Oncology, Vol. 11 (No. 1), p. 103, (2016).
19- Om Prakash Gurjar, Ramesh Arya, and Harsh Goyal, "A study on prostate movement and dosimetric variation because of bladder and rectum volumes changes during the course of image guided radiotherapy in prostate cancer." Prostate International, (2020).
20- Martin Jermann, "Particle therapy statistics in 2014." International Journal of Particle Therapy, Vol. 2 (No. 1), pp. 50-54, (2015).
21- Joseph John Bevelacqua, "Practical and effective ALARA." Health physics, Vol. 98 (No. 2), pp. S39-S47, (2010).
22- Alfredo Ferrari, Paola R Sala, Alberto Fasso, and Johannes Ranft, "Fluka." CERN-library in: http://fluka. web. cern. ch/fluka, Vol. 55 (No. 99), p. 100, (2005).
23- Alfredo Ferrari, Paola R Sala, Alberto Fasso, Johannes Ranft, and U Siegen, "FLUKA: a multi-particle transport code." Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), (2005).
24- Giuseppe Battistoni et al., "Applications of FLUKA Monte Carlo code for nuclear and accelerator physics." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, Vol. 269 (No. 24), pp. 2850-56, (2011).
25- TT Böhlen et al., "The FLUKA code: developments and challenges for high energy and medical applications." Nuclear data sheets, Vol. 120pp. 211-14, (2014).
26- Giuseppe Battistoni et al., "The FLUKA code: an accurate simulation tool for particle therapy." Frontiers in oncology, Vol. 6p. 116, (2016).
27- Moritz Guthoff, Wim de Boer, and Steffen Müller, "Simulation of beam induced lattice defects of diamond detectors using FLUKA." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 735pp. 223-28, (2014).
28- S Yalcin, ORHAN Gurler, G Kaynak, and O Gundogdu, "Calculation of total counting efficiency of a NaI (Tl) detector by hybrid Monte-Carlo method for point and disk sources." Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Vol. 65 (No. 10), pp. 1179-86, (2007).
29- V Andersen et al., "The FLUKA code for space applications: recent developments." Advances in Space Research, Vol. 34 (No. 6), pp. 1302-10, (2004).
30- A Mairani et al., "The FLUKA Monte Carlo code coupled with the local effect model for biological calculations in carbon ion therapy." Physics in Medicine & Biology, Vol. 55 (No. 15), p. 4273, (2010).
31- Kine Johnsen, "Simulations of a Therapeutic Proton Beam with FLUKA Monte Carlo Code and Varian Eclipse Proton Planning Software." The University of Bergen, (2013).
32- Harald Paganetti, Proton therapy physics. CRC press, (2018).
33- Marcel van Herk, Allison Bruce, AP Guus Kroes, Tarek Shouman, Adriaan Touw, and Joos V Lebesque, "Quantification of organ motion during conformal radiotherapy of the prostate by three dimensional image registration." International Journal of Radiation Oncology• Biology• Physics, Vol. 33 (No. 5), pp. 1311-20, (1995).
34- John C Roeske et al., "Evaluation of changes in the size and location of the prostate, seminal vesicles, bladder, and rectum during a course of external beam radiation therapy." International Journal of Radiation Oncology• Biology• Physics, Vol. 33 (No. 5), pp. 1321-29, (1995).
35- Joep C Stroom et al., "Internal organ motion in prostate cancer patients treated in prone and supine treatment position." Radiotherapy and oncology, Vol. 51 (No. 3), pp. 237-48, (1999).
36- Tomas Kron et al., "Intra-fraction prostate displacement in radiotherapy estimated from pre-and post-treatment imaging of patients with implanted fiducial markers." Radiotherapy and oncology, Vol. 95 (No. 2), pp. 191-97, (2010).
37- David Skarsgard et al., "Planning target volume margins for prostate radiotherapy using daily electronic portal imaging and implanted fiducial markers." Radiation Oncology, Vol. 5 (No. 1), p. 52, (2010).
38- Daniel Létourneau et al., "Assessment of residual error for online cone-beam CT-guided treatment of prostate cancer patients." International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics, Vol. 62 (No. 4), pp. 1239-46, (2005).
39- Patrick Cheung et al., "Individualized planning target volumes for intrafraction motion during hypofractionated intensity-modulated radiotherapy boost for prostate cancer." International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics, Vol. 62 (No. 2), pp. 418-25, (2005).
40- Aart J Nederveen, Uulke A van der Heide, Homan Dehnad, R Jeroen A van Moorselaar, Pieter Hofman, and Jan JW Lagendijk, "Measurements and clinical consequences of prostate motion during a radiotherapy fraction." International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics, Vol. 53 (No. 1), pp. 206-14, (2002).
41- Eugene Huang et al., "Intrafraction prostate motion during IMRT for prostate cancer." International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics, Vol. 53 (No. 2), pp. 261-68, (2002).
42- Keith R Britton, Yoshihiro Takai, Masatoshi Mitsuya, Kenji Nemoto, Yoshihiro Ogawa, and Shogo Yamada, "Evaluation of inter-and intrafraction organ motion during intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for localized prostate cancer measured by a newly developed on-board image-guided system." Radiation medicine, Vol. 23 (No. 1), pp. 14-24, (2005).
43- Shinichi Shimizu et al., "Use of an implanted marker and real-time tracking of the marker for the positioning of prostate and bladder cancers." International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics, Vol. 48 (No. 5), pp. 1591-97, (2000).
44- RK Ten Haken et al., "Treatment planning issues related to prostate movement in response to differential filling of the rectum and bladder." International Journal of Radiation Oncology• Biology• Physics, Vol. 20 (No. 6), pp. 1317-24, (1991).
45- Jean-Francois Aubry et al., "Measurements of intrafraction motion and interfraction and intrafraction rotation of prostate by three-dimensional analysis of daily portal imaging with radiopaque markers." International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics, Vol. 60 (No. 1), pp. 30-39, (2004).
46- Gianluca Ingrosso et al., "Interfraction prostate displacement during image-guided radiotherapy using intraprostatic fiducial markers and a cone-beam computed tomography system: a volumetric off-line analysis in relation to the variations of rectal and bladder volumes." Journal of cancer research and therapeutics, Vol. 15 (No. 8), p. 69, (2019).
47- Brenner DJ. Hall EJ. “Secondary neutrons in clinical proton radiotherapy: A charged issue". Radiotherapy and Oncology,86: pp. 165-170, (2008).
2- Jaques Ferlay et al., "Cancer incidence and mortality patterns in Europe: estimates for 40 countries in 2012." European journal of cancer, Vol. 49 (No. 6), pp. 1374-403, (2013).
3- Jacques Ferlay et al., "Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012." International journal of cancer, Vol. 136 (No. 5), pp. E359-E86, (2015).
4- Osama Mohamad et al., "Risk of subsequent primary cancers after carbon ion radiotherapy, photon radiotherapy, or surgery for localised prostate cancer: a propensity score-weighted, retrospective, cohort study." The lancet oncology, Vol. 20 (No. 5), pp. 674-85, (2019).
5- Michael S Hofman et al., "Prostate-specific membrane antigen PET-CT in patients with high-risk prostate cancer before curative-intent surgery or radiotherapy (proPSMA): a prospective, randomised, multicentre study." The Lancet, Vol. 395 (No. 10231), pp. 1208-16, (2020).
6- AJ Hayden, C Catton, and T Pickles, "Radiation therapy in prostate cancer: a risk-adapted strategy." Current oncology, Vol. 17 (No. Suppl 2), p. S18, (2010).
7- Felix Böckelmann, Florian Putz, Karoline Kallis, Sebastian Lettmaier, Rainer Fietkau, and Christoph Bert, "Adaptive radiotherapy and the dosimetric impact of inter-and intrafractional motion on the planning target volume for prostate cancer patients." Strahlentherapie und Onkologie, pp. 1-10, (2020).
8- Hamid Sarmadi, Rafael Muñoz-Salinas, M Álvaro Berbís, Antonio Luna, and Rafael Medina-Carnicer, "3D Reconstruction and alignment by consumer RGB-D sensors and fiducial planar markers for patient positioning in radiation therapy." Computer methods and programs in biomedicine, Vol. 180p. 105004, (2019).
9- Shawn Malone, Juanita M Crook, and Wayne S Kendal, "Respiratory-induced prostate motion: quantification and characterization." International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics, Vol. 48 (No. 1), pp. 105-09, (2000).
10- Raymond Miralbell et al., "Dosimetric implications of changes in patient repositioning and organ motion in conformal radiotherapy for prostate cancer." Radiotherapy and oncology, Vol. 66 (No. 2), pp. 197-202, (2003).
11- Stefan Wachter et al., "The influence of a rectal balloon tube as internal immobilization device on variations of volumes and dose-volume histograms during treatment course of conformal radiotherapy for prostate cancer." International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics, Vol. 52 (No. 1), pp. 91-100, (2002).
12- Michael J Zelefsky et al., "Quantification and predictors of prostate position variability in 50 patients evaluated with multiple CT scans during conformal radiotherapy." Radiotherapy and oncology, Vol. 50 (No. 2), pp. 225-34, (1999).
13- Richard C Zellars et al., "Prostate position late in the course of external beam therapy: patterns and predictors." International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics, Vol. 47 (No. 3), pp. 655-60, (2000).
14- Paul MA van Haaren, Arjan Bel, Pieter Hofman, Marco van Vulpen, Alexis NTJ Kotte, and Uulke A van der Heide, "Influence of daily setup measurements and corrections on the estimated delivered dose during IMRT treatment of prostate cancer patients." Radiotherapy and oncology, Vol. 90 (No. 3), pp. 291-98, (2009).
15- Vitali Moiseenko, Mitchell Liu, Sarah Kristensen, Gerald Gelowitz, and Eric Berthelet, "Effect of bladder filling on doses to prostate and organs at risk: a treatment planning study." Journal of applied clinical medical physics, Vol. 8 (No. 1), pp. 55-68, (2007).
16- Michele Stasi et al., "Emptying the rectum before treatment delivery limits the variations of rectal dose–volume parameters during 3DCRT of prostate cancer." Radiotherapy and oncology, Vol. 80 (No. 3), pp. 363-70, (2006).
17- Andrea Hille, Heinz Schmidberger, Nadja Töws, Elisabeth Weiss, Hilke Vorwerk, and Clemens F Hess, "The impact of varying volumes in rectal balloons on rectal dose sparing in conformal radiation therapy of prostate cancer." Strahlentherapie und Onkologie, Vol. 181 (No. 11), pp. 709-16, (2005).
18- Zhi Chen, Zhaozhi Yang, Jiazhou Wang, and Weigang Hu, "Dosimetric impact of different bladder and rectum filling during prostate cancer radiotherapy." Radiation Oncology, Vol. 11 (No. 1), p. 103, (2016).
19- Om Prakash Gurjar, Ramesh Arya, and Harsh Goyal, "A study on prostate movement and dosimetric variation because of bladder and rectum volumes changes during the course of image guided radiotherapy in prostate cancer." Prostate International, (2020).
20- Martin Jermann, "Particle therapy statistics in 2014." International Journal of Particle Therapy, Vol. 2 (No. 1), pp. 50-54, (2015).
21- Joseph John Bevelacqua, "Practical and effective ALARA." Health physics, Vol. 98 (No. 2), pp. S39-S47, (2010).
22- Alfredo Ferrari, Paola R Sala, Alberto Fasso, and Johannes Ranft, "Fluka." CERN-library in: http://fluka. web. cern. ch/fluka, Vol. 55 (No. 99), p. 100, (2005).
23- Alfredo Ferrari, Paola R Sala, Alberto Fasso, Johannes Ranft, and U Siegen, "FLUKA: a multi-particle transport code." Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), (2005).
24- Giuseppe Battistoni et al., "Applications of FLUKA Monte Carlo code for nuclear and accelerator physics." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, Vol. 269 (No. 24), pp. 2850-56, (2011).
25- TT Böhlen et al., "The FLUKA code: developments and challenges for high energy and medical applications." Nuclear data sheets, Vol. 120pp. 211-14, (2014).
26- Giuseppe Battistoni et al., "The FLUKA code: an accurate simulation tool for particle therapy." Frontiers in oncology, Vol. 6p. 116, (2016).
27- Moritz Guthoff, Wim de Boer, and Steffen Müller, "Simulation of beam induced lattice defects of diamond detectors using FLUKA." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 735pp. 223-28, (2014).
28- S Yalcin, ORHAN Gurler, G Kaynak, and O Gundogdu, "Calculation of total counting efficiency of a NaI (Tl) detector by hybrid Monte-Carlo method for point and disk sources." Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Vol. 65 (No. 10), pp. 1179-86, (2007).
29- V Andersen et al., "The FLUKA code for space applications: recent developments." Advances in Space Research, Vol. 34 (No. 6), pp. 1302-10, (2004).
30- A Mairani et al., "The FLUKA Monte Carlo code coupled with the local effect model for biological calculations in carbon ion therapy." Physics in Medicine & Biology, Vol. 55 (No. 15), p. 4273, (2010).
31- Kine Johnsen, "Simulations of a Therapeutic Proton Beam with FLUKA Monte Carlo Code and Varian Eclipse Proton Planning Software." The University of Bergen, (2013).
32- Harald Paganetti, Proton therapy physics. CRC press, (2018).
33- Marcel van Herk, Allison Bruce, AP Guus Kroes, Tarek Shouman, Adriaan Touw, and Joos V Lebesque, "Quantification of organ motion during conformal radiotherapy of the prostate by three dimensional image registration." International Journal of Radiation Oncology• Biology• Physics, Vol. 33 (No. 5), pp. 1311-20, (1995).
34- John C Roeske et al., "Evaluation of changes in the size and location of the prostate, seminal vesicles, bladder, and rectum during a course of external beam radiation therapy." International Journal of Radiation Oncology• Biology• Physics, Vol. 33 (No. 5), pp. 1321-29, (1995).
35- Joep C Stroom et al., "Internal organ motion in prostate cancer patients treated in prone and supine treatment position." Radiotherapy and oncology, Vol. 51 (No. 3), pp. 237-48, (1999).
36- Tomas Kron et al., "Intra-fraction prostate displacement in radiotherapy estimated from pre-and post-treatment imaging of patients with implanted fiducial markers." Radiotherapy and oncology, Vol. 95 (No. 2), pp. 191-97, (2010).
37- David Skarsgard et al., "Planning target volume margins for prostate radiotherapy using daily electronic portal imaging and implanted fiducial markers." Radiation Oncology, Vol. 5 (No. 1), p. 52, (2010).
38- Daniel Létourneau et al., "Assessment of residual error for online cone-beam CT-guided treatment of prostate cancer patients." International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics, Vol. 62 (No. 4), pp. 1239-46, (2005).
39- Patrick Cheung et al., "Individualized planning target volumes for intrafraction motion during hypofractionated intensity-modulated radiotherapy boost for prostate cancer." International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics, Vol. 62 (No. 2), pp. 418-25, (2005).
40- Aart J Nederveen, Uulke A van der Heide, Homan Dehnad, R Jeroen A van Moorselaar, Pieter Hofman, and Jan JW Lagendijk, "Measurements and clinical consequences of prostate motion during a radiotherapy fraction." International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics, Vol. 53 (No. 1), pp. 206-14, (2002).
41- Eugene Huang et al., "Intrafraction prostate motion during IMRT for prostate cancer." International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics, Vol. 53 (No. 2), pp. 261-68, (2002).
42- Keith R Britton, Yoshihiro Takai, Masatoshi Mitsuya, Kenji Nemoto, Yoshihiro Ogawa, and Shogo Yamada, "Evaluation of inter-and intrafraction organ motion during intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for localized prostate cancer measured by a newly developed on-board image-guided system." Radiation medicine, Vol. 23 (No. 1), pp. 14-24, (2005).
43- Shinichi Shimizu et al., "Use of an implanted marker and real-time tracking of the marker for the positioning of prostate and bladder cancers." International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics, Vol. 48 (No. 5), pp. 1591-97, (2000).
44- RK Ten Haken et al., "Treatment planning issues related to prostate movement in response to differential filling of the rectum and bladder." International Journal of Radiation Oncology• Biology• Physics, Vol. 20 (No. 6), pp. 1317-24, (1991).
45- Jean-Francois Aubry et al., "Measurements of intrafraction motion and interfraction and intrafraction rotation of prostate by three-dimensional analysis of daily portal imaging with radiopaque markers." International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics, Vol. 60 (No. 1), pp. 30-39, (2004).
46- Gianluca Ingrosso et al., "Interfraction prostate displacement during image-guided radiotherapy using intraprostatic fiducial markers and a cone-beam computed tomography system: a volumetric off-line analysis in relation to the variations of rectal and bladder volumes." Journal of cancer research and therapeutics, Vol. 15 (No. 8), p. 69, (2019).
47- Brenner DJ. Hall EJ. “Secondary neutrons in clinical proton radiotherapy: A charged issue". Radiotherapy and Oncology,86: pp. 165-170, (2008).
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| Issue | Vol 11 No 1 (2024) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/fbt.v11i1.14511 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Prostate Cancer Proton Beam Therapy Bladder Rectum Balloon | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Payedar A, Esmaili Torshabi A. Dosimetry Impact of Bladder Volume Changes and Rectum Filling/Emptying at Proton Therapy of Prostate Cancer: A Simulation Study. Frontiers Biomed Technol. 2023;11(1):48-58.
