Assessment of Staff’s Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice on Radiation Protection Measures in Mazandaran Province, Iran
Abstract
Purpose: Ionizing radiation in medical imaging is one of the dominant diagnostic tools, and also correct knowledge of radiation protection affects staff safety behaviors during examinations. This study highlights the radiation protection Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) amongst a large number of hospitals and medical centers in Mazandaran province of Iran.
Materials and Methods: In order to assess the level of radiation protection KAP, a validated questionnaire was given to all MAZUMS-affiliated hospitals and clinics. Four hundred fifty-five staff members participated by responding to an original questionnaire. The sample consisted of nurses, radiographers, and medical doctors of various specialties involved daily in surgical procedures where ionizing radiation is required. The survey was conducted from April 2021 to January 2022, and the response rate was 72.3%.
Results: There were statistically significant differences in the level of staff KAP radiation protection with gender (p<0.05), practicing age KAP level and radiation protection (p<0.05), and there is no significant relationship between educational age and staff KAP level of radiation protection (p>0.05).
Conclusion: Our findings revealed that the level of overall radiation protection KAP level of workers regarding radiation protection safety was satisfactory but in some parameters it was insufficient. This could be due to a lack of consistent training and proper protection against ionizing radiation.
1- Nadin Jamal AbuAlRoos, Noorfatin Aida Baharul Amin, Rafidah %J Radiation Physics Zainon, and Chemistry, "Conventional and new lead-free radiation shielding materials for radiation protection in nuclear medicine: A review." Vol. 165p. 108439, (2019).
2- UNSCEAR %J Report to the General Assembly with Scientific Annexes, "Sources and effects of ionizing radiation." Vol. 1, ed: United Nations New York, (2000).
3- Jacqueline P Williams et al., "Animal models for medical countermeasures to radiation exposure." Vol. 173 (No. 4), pp. 557-78, (2010).
4- C Cousins et al., "ICRP PUBLICATION 120: Radiological protection in cardiology." Vol. 42 (No. 1), pp. 1-125, (2013).
5- Krzysztof W Fornalski and Ludwik %J Dose-Response Dobrzyński, "The healthy worker effect and nuclear industry workers." Vol. 8 (No. 2), pp. dose-response. 09-019. Fornalski, (2010).
6- Christopher H Clement et al., "Lung cancer risk from radon and progeny and statement on radon." Vol. 40 (No. 1), pp. 1-64, (2010).
7- Georg %J Environmental science Steinhauser and technology, "Fukushima’s forgotten radionuclides: a review of the understudied radioactive emissions." Vol. 48 (No. 9), pp. 4649-63, (2014).
8- Elaine %J Pediatric radiology Ron, "Ionizing radiation and cancer risk: evidence from epidemiology." Vol. 32 (No. 4), pp. 232-37, (2002).
9- Abel J González et al., "Radiological protection issues arising during and after the Fukushima nuclear reactor accident." Vol. 33 (No. 3), p. 497, (2013).
10- Eugenio Picano, Eliseo Vano, Luciano Domenici, Matteo Bottai, and Isabelle %J BMC cancer Thierry-Chef, "Cancer and non-cancer brain and eye effects of chronic low-dose ionizing radiation exposure." Vol. 12 (No. 1), pp. 1-13, (2012).
11- Alexandru Daşu, Iuliana Toma-Daşu, Jörgen Olofsson, and Mikael %J Acta Oncologica Karlsson, "The use of risk estimation models for the induction of secondary cancers following radiotherapy." Vol. 44 (No. 4), pp. 339-47, (2005).
12- Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran, Frank Haamann, and Albert %J European journal of medical research Nienhaus, "Radiation exposure of eyes, thyroid gland and hands in orthopaedic staff: a systematic review." Vol. 17 (No. 1), pp. 1-10, (2012).
13- Tarun %J Urologic Nursing Jindal, "The risk of radiation exposure to assisting staff in urological procedures: a literature review." Vol. 33 (No. 3), (2013).
14- Immanuel KH Ho et al., "Radiation exposure in gastroenterology: improving patient and staff protection." Vol. 109 (No. 8), pp. 1180-94, (2014).
15- Erik Edström et al., "Augmented reality surgical navigation in spine surgery to minimize staff radiation exposure." Vol. 45 (No. 1), pp. E45-E53, (2020).
16- Kelly Wilson‐Stewart, Madeleine Shanahan, Davide Fontanarosa, and Rob %J Journal of applied clinical medical physics Davidson, "Occupational radiation exposure to nursing staff during cardiovascular fluoroscopic procedures: A review of the literature." Vol. 19 (No. 6), pp. 282-97, (2018).
17- Samia Massalha et al., "Strategies for minimizing occupational radiation exposure in cardiac imaging." Vol. 21 (No. 8), pp. 1-6, (2019).
18- WE %J Nederlands tijdschrift voor tandheelkunde Berkhout, "The ALARA-principle. Backgrounds and enforcement in dental practices." Vol. 122 (No. 5), pp. 263-70, (2015).
19- Donald L Miller and D %J philosophy Schauer, "The ALARA principle in medical imaging." Vol. 44 (No. 6), pp. 595-600, (1983).
20- Joseph John %J Health physics Bevelacqua, "Practical and effective ALARA." Vol. 98 (No. 2), pp. S39-S47, (2010).
21- AWK %J Radioprotection Yeung, "The'As Low As Reasonably Achievable'(ALARA) principle: a brief historical overview and a bibliometric analysis of the most cited publications." Vol. 54 (No. 2), pp. 103-09, (2019).
22- Jean-Francois Lecomte et al., "Summary of SFRP-IRPA workshops on the reasonableness in the practical implementation of the ALARA principle." Vol. 54 (No. 4), pp. 277-81, (2019).
23- A Sulieman et al., "Evaluation of Annual Radiation Exposure of Staff in A Cardiac Catheterization Department in Saudi Arabia." Vol. 195 (No. 3-4), pp. 314-18, (2021).
24- Peter Dankerl, Matthias Stefan May, Christian Canstein, Michael Uder, and Marc %J Diagnostics Saake, "Cutting Staff Radiation Exposure and Improving Freedom of Motion during CT Interventions: Comparison of a Novel Workflow Utilizing a Radiation Protection Cabin versus Two Conventional Workflows." Vol. 11 (No. 6), p. 1099, (2021).
25- Fatemeh Shabani et al., "Radiation protection knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) in interventional radiology." Vol. 33 (No. 2), p. 141, (2018).
26- Tahereh Khani et al., "Assessment Radiation Protection Knowledge, Attitude and Practice in Dental Radiography Staff." Vol. 4 (No. 3-4), pp. 84-89, (2017).
27- FA Stewart et al., "ICRP publication 118: ICRP statement on tissue reactions and early and late effects of radiation in normal tissues and organs–threshold doses for tissue reactions in a radiation protection context." Vol. 41 (No. 1-2), pp. 1-322, (2012).
28- Osward Bwanga, Ernest %J EAS Journal of Radiology Chanda, and Imaging Technology, "Challenges in radiation protection in healthcare: A case of Zambia." Vol. 2 (No. 1), pp. 7-14, (2020).
29- Huseyin Ozan Tekin et al., "An investigation on radiation protection and shielding properties of 16 slice computed tomography (CT) facilities." Vol. 4 (No. 2), pp. 37-40, (2018).
30- Danial Seifi et al., "Knowledge, attitude and practice of nuclear medicine staff towards radiation protection." Vol. 27 (No. 1), pp. 39-46, (2019).
31- Lloyd W Klein et al., "Occupational health hazards in the interventional laboratory: Time for a safer environment." Vol. 29 (No. 3), pp. 75-82, (2010).
32- James A Goldstein, Stephen Balter, Michael Cowley, John Hodgson, Lloyd W %J Catheterization Klein, and cardiovascular interventions, "Occupational hazards of interventional cardiologists: prevalence of orthopedic health problems in contemporary practice." Vol. 63 (No. 4), pp. 407-11, (2004).
33- SA Cremen and JP %J Radiography McNulty, "The availability of appropriately fitting personal protective aprons and jackets for angiographic and interventional radiology personnel." Vol. 20 (No. 2), pp. 126-30, (2014).
34- Gabriel Bartal, Anna M Sailer, Eliseo %J Techniques in vascular Vano, and interventional radiology, "Should we keep the lead in the aprons?" Vol. 21 (No. 1), pp. 2-6, (2018).
35- Maryam Mojiri and Abbas Moghimbeigi, "Awareness and attitude of radiographers towards radiation protection." (2011).
36- Lingam Amara Swapna et al., "Knowledge on radiation protection & practice among dental students." Vol. 59 (No. 4), pp. 1-7, (2017).
37- Shillah Nyaradzo Hundah, "Survey of radiation protection amongst non-radiology staff working in fluoroscopy-guided operating theatres at public health institutions in the eThekwini district of KwaZulu-Natal." (2019).
38- Mohamad Pursamimi et al., "Assessing the knowledge, attitude and practice of mammography staffs about the principles of protection against ionizing radiation." Vol. 5 (No. 3-4), pp. 58-62, (2018).
39- S Shohreh Alavi, Sima Taghizadeh Dabbagh, Mahya Abbasi, and Ramin %J Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal Mehrdad, "Radiation protection knowledge, attitude and practice (RP-KAP) as predictors of job stress among radiation workers in Tehran Province, Iran." Vol. 18 (No. 10), (2016).
40- Shima Moshfegh et al., "Evaluation of knowledge, attitude and practice of personnel in operating room, ERCP, and ESWL towards radiation hazards and protection." Vol. 4 (No. 3), (2017).
41- M. A. Abdelrahman, A. Abu Alfwares, H. Alewaidat, M. Alhasan, M. A. Rawashdeh, and D. S. Al Mousa, "Compliance With Radiation Protection Practices Among Radiologists." (in eng), Health Phys, Vol. 115 (No. 3), pp. 338-43, Sep (2018).
42- M. N. Mahabob, M. Alabdulsalam, A. Alabduladhem, S. Alfayz, A. Alzuriq, and A. M. Almomin, "Knowledge, Attitude and Practice about radiation safety among the undergraduates in Eastern province dental college." (in eng), J Pharm Bioallied Sci, Vol. 13 (No. Suppl 2), pp. S1442-s47, Nov (2021).
43- V. M. D. Batista, M. O. Bernardo, F. Morgado, and F. A. Almeida, "Radiological protection in the perspective of health professionals exposed to radiation." (in eng), Rev Bras Enferm, Vol. 72 (No. suppl 1), pp. 9-16, Jan-Feb (2019).
44- F. Campanella, L. Rossi, E. Giroletti, P. Micheletti, F. Buzzi, and S. Villani, "Are physicians aware enough of patient radiation protection? Results from a survey among physicians of Pavia District- Italy." (in eng), BMC Health Serv Res, Vol. 17 (No. 1), p. 406, Jun 14 (2017).
45- L. Faggioni, F. Paolicchi, L. Bastiani, D. Guido, and D. Caramella, "Awareness of radiation protection and dose levels of imaging procedures among medical students, radiography students, and radiology residents at an academic hospital: Results of a comprehensive survey." (in eng), Eur J Radiol, Vol. 86pp. 135-42, Jan (2017).
46- L. Hirvonen et al., "Nurses' knowledge of radiation protection: A cross-sectional study." (in eng), Radiography (Lond), Vol. 25 (No. 4), pp. e108-e12, Nov (2019).
47- Kyung-Hyun %J Journal of Korean medical science Do, "General principles of radiation protection in fields of diagnostic medical exposure." Vol. 31 (No. Suppl 1), pp. S6-S9, (2016).
2- UNSCEAR %J Report to the General Assembly with Scientific Annexes, "Sources and effects of ionizing radiation." Vol. 1, ed: United Nations New York, (2000).
3- Jacqueline P Williams et al., "Animal models for medical countermeasures to radiation exposure." Vol. 173 (No. 4), pp. 557-78, (2010).
4- C Cousins et al., "ICRP PUBLICATION 120: Radiological protection in cardiology." Vol. 42 (No. 1), pp. 1-125, (2013).
5- Krzysztof W Fornalski and Ludwik %J Dose-Response Dobrzyński, "The healthy worker effect and nuclear industry workers." Vol. 8 (No. 2), pp. dose-response. 09-019. Fornalski, (2010).
6- Christopher H Clement et al., "Lung cancer risk from radon and progeny and statement on radon." Vol. 40 (No. 1), pp. 1-64, (2010).
7- Georg %J Environmental science Steinhauser and technology, "Fukushima’s forgotten radionuclides: a review of the understudied radioactive emissions." Vol. 48 (No. 9), pp. 4649-63, (2014).
8- Elaine %J Pediatric radiology Ron, "Ionizing radiation and cancer risk: evidence from epidemiology." Vol. 32 (No. 4), pp. 232-37, (2002).
9- Abel J González et al., "Radiological protection issues arising during and after the Fukushima nuclear reactor accident." Vol. 33 (No. 3), p. 497, (2013).
10- Eugenio Picano, Eliseo Vano, Luciano Domenici, Matteo Bottai, and Isabelle %J BMC cancer Thierry-Chef, "Cancer and non-cancer brain and eye effects of chronic low-dose ionizing radiation exposure." Vol. 12 (No. 1), pp. 1-13, (2012).
11- Alexandru Daşu, Iuliana Toma-Daşu, Jörgen Olofsson, and Mikael %J Acta Oncologica Karlsson, "The use of risk estimation models for the induction of secondary cancers following radiotherapy." Vol. 44 (No. 4), pp. 339-47, (2005).
12- Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran, Frank Haamann, and Albert %J European journal of medical research Nienhaus, "Radiation exposure of eyes, thyroid gland and hands in orthopaedic staff: a systematic review." Vol. 17 (No. 1), pp. 1-10, (2012).
13- Tarun %J Urologic Nursing Jindal, "The risk of radiation exposure to assisting staff in urological procedures: a literature review." Vol. 33 (No. 3), (2013).
14- Immanuel KH Ho et al., "Radiation exposure in gastroenterology: improving patient and staff protection." Vol. 109 (No. 8), pp. 1180-94, (2014).
15- Erik Edström et al., "Augmented reality surgical navigation in spine surgery to minimize staff radiation exposure." Vol. 45 (No. 1), pp. E45-E53, (2020).
16- Kelly Wilson‐Stewart, Madeleine Shanahan, Davide Fontanarosa, and Rob %J Journal of applied clinical medical physics Davidson, "Occupational radiation exposure to nursing staff during cardiovascular fluoroscopic procedures: A review of the literature." Vol. 19 (No. 6), pp. 282-97, (2018).
17- Samia Massalha et al., "Strategies for minimizing occupational radiation exposure in cardiac imaging." Vol. 21 (No. 8), pp. 1-6, (2019).
18- WE %J Nederlands tijdschrift voor tandheelkunde Berkhout, "The ALARA-principle. Backgrounds and enforcement in dental practices." Vol. 122 (No. 5), pp. 263-70, (2015).
19- Donald L Miller and D %J philosophy Schauer, "The ALARA principle in medical imaging." Vol. 44 (No. 6), pp. 595-600, (1983).
20- Joseph John %J Health physics Bevelacqua, "Practical and effective ALARA." Vol. 98 (No. 2), pp. S39-S47, (2010).
21- AWK %J Radioprotection Yeung, "The'As Low As Reasonably Achievable'(ALARA) principle: a brief historical overview and a bibliometric analysis of the most cited publications." Vol. 54 (No. 2), pp. 103-09, (2019).
22- Jean-Francois Lecomte et al., "Summary of SFRP-IRPA workshops on the reasonableness in the practical implementation of the ALARA principle." Vol. 54 (No. 4), pp. 277-81, (2019).
23- A Sulieman et al., "Evaluation of Annual Radiation Exposure of Staff in A Cardiac Catheterization Department in Saudi Arabia." Vol. 195 (No. 3-4), pp. 314-18, (2021).
24- Peter Dankerl, Matthias Stefan May, Christian Canstein, Michael Uder, and Marc %J Diagnostics Saake, "Cutting Staff Radiation Exposure and Improving Freedom of Motion during CT Interventions: Comparison of a Novel Workflow Utilizing a Radiation Protection Cabin versus Two Conventional Workflows." Vol. 11 (No. 6), p. 1099, (2021).
25- Fatemeh Shabani et al., "Radiation protection knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) in interventional radiology." Vol. 33 (No. 2), p. 141, (2018).
26- Tahereh Khani et al., "Assessment Radiation Protection Knowledge, Attitude and Practice in Dental Radiography Staff." Vol. 4 (No. 3-4), pp. 84-89, (2017).
27- FA Stewart et al., "ICRP publication 118: ICRP statement on tissue reactions and early and late effects of radiation in normal tissues and organs–threshold doses for tissue reactions in a radiation protection context." Vol. 41 (No. 1-2), pp. 1-322, (2012).
28- Osward Bwanga, Ernest %J EAS Journal of Radiology Chanda, and Imaging Technology, "Challenges in radiation protection in healthcare: A case of Zambia." Vol. 2 (No. 1), pp. 7-14, (2020).
29- Huseyin Ozan Tekin et al., "An investigation on radiation protection and shielding properties of 16 slice computed tomography (CT) facilities." Vol. 4 (No. 2), pp. 37-40, (2018).
30- Danial Seifi et al., "Knowledge, attitude and practice of nuclear medicine staff towards radiation protection." Vol. 27 (No. 1), pp. 39-46, (2019).
31- Lloyd W Klein et al., "Occupational health hazards in the interventional laboratory: Time for a safer environment." Vol. 29 (No. 3), pp. 75-82, (2010).
32- James A Goldstein, Stephen Balter, Michael Cowley, John Hodgson, Lloyd W %J Catheterization Klein, and cardiovascular interventions, "Occupational hazards of interventional cardiologists: prevalence of orthopedic health problems in contemporary practice." Vol. 63 (No. 4), pp. 407-11, (2004).
33- SA Cremen and JP %J Radiography McNulty, "The availability of appropriately fitting personal protective aprons and jackets for angiographic and interventional radiology personnel." Vol. 20 (No. 2), pp. 126-30, (2014).
34- Gabriel Bartal, Anna M Sailer, Eliseo %J Techniques in vascular Vano, and interventional radiology, "Should we keep the lead in the aprons?" Vol. 21 (No. 1), pp. 2-6, (2018).
35- Maryam Mojiri and Abbas Moghimbeigi, "Awareness and attitude of radiographers towards radiation protection." (2011).
36- Lingam Amara Swapna et al., "Knowledge on radiation protection & practice among dental students." Vol. 59 (No. 4), pp. 1-7, (2017).
37- Shillah Nyaradzo Hundah, "Survey of radiation protection amongst non-radiology staff working in fluoroscopy-guided operating theatres at public health institutions in the eThekwini district of KwaZulu-Natal." (2019).
38- Mohamad Pursamimi et al., "Assessing the knowledge, attitude and practice of mammography staffs about the principles of protection against ionizing radiation." Vol. 5 (No. 3-4), pp. 58-62, (2018).
39- S Shohreh Alavi, Sima Taghizadeh Dabbagh, Mahya Abbasi, and Ramin %J Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal Mehrdad, "Radiation protection knowledge, attitude and practice (RP-KAP) as predictors of job stress among radiation workers in Tehran Province, Iran." Vol. 18 (No. 10), (2016).
40- Shima Moshfegh et al., "Evaluation of knowledge, attitude and practice of personnel in operating room, ERCP, and ESWL towards radiation hazards and protection." Vol. 4 (No. 3), (2017).
41- M. A. Abdelrahman, A. Abu Alfwares, H. Alewaidat, M. Alhasan, M. A. Rawashdeh, and D. S. Al Mousa, "Compliance With Radiation Protection Practices Among Radiologists." (in eng), Health Phys, Vol. 115 (No. 3), pp. 338-43, Sep (2018).
42- M. N. Mahabob, M. Alabdulsalam, A. Alabduladhem, S. Alfayz, A. Alzuriq, and A. M. Almomin, "Knowledge, Attitude and Practice about radiation safety among the undergraduates in Eastern province dental college." (in eng), J Pharm Bioallied Sci, Vol. 13 (No. Suppl 2), pp. S1442-s47, Nov (2021).
43- V. M. D. Batista, M. O. Bernardo, F. Morgado, and F. A. Almeida, "Radiological protection in the perspective of health professionals exposed to radiation." (in eng), Rev Bras Enferm, Vol. 72 (No. suppl 1), pp. 9-16, Jan-Feb (2019).
44- F. Campanella, L. Rossi, E. Giroletti, P. Micheletti, F. Buzzi, and S. Villani, "Are physicians aware enough of patient radiation protection? Results from a survey among physicians of Pavia District- Italy." (in eng), BMC Health Serv Res, Vol. 17 (No. 1), p. 406, Jun 14 (2017).
45- L. Faggioni, F. Paolicchi, L. Bastiani, D. Guido, and D. Caramella, "Awareness of radiation protection and dose levels of imaging procedures among medical students, radiography students, and radiology residents at an academic hospital: Results of a comprehensive survey." (in eng), Eur J Radiol, Vol. 86pp. 135-42, Jan (2017).
46- L. Hirvonen et al., "Nurses' knowledge of radiation protection: A cross-sectional study." (in eng), Radiography (Lond), Vol. 25 (No. 4), pp. e108-e12, Nov (2019).
47- Kyung-Hyun %J Journal of Korean medical science Do, "General principles of radiation protection in fields of diagnostic medical exposure." Vol. 31 (No. Suppl 1), pp. S6-S9, (2016).
| Files | ||
| Issue | Articles in Press | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| Keywords | ||
| Knowledge Attitude Practice Radiation Protection | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Seifi D, Khorrami A. Assessment of Staff’s Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice on Radiation Protection Measures in Mazandaran Province, Iran. Frontiers Biomed Technol. 2024;.
