Antifungal efficacy of thymol powder addition on Candida albicans adhesion to room temperature vulcanised maxillofacial silicone
An in vitro study
,
Abstract
Purpose: Microorganism colonization, namely Candida albicans (C. albicans), on silicone facial prostheses, with subsequent dermatitis and prosthesis material degradation, are another problems added to the list for maxillofacial defect patients, who have already suffered a lot of physical and psychological pain during their injury and treatment journey. This study aimed to investigate the most effective percentage of thymol powder for retarding Candida albicans adhesion and colonisation on the surface of thymol-modified maxillofacial silicone material.
Materials and Methods: Study specimens were made from room temperature vulcanised VerSilTal (VST-50) maxillofacial silicone, which is impregnated with thymol powder in percentages of 0.75 wt.% and 1 wt.%, according to the results of the pilot study. Fourty silicone specimens were fabricated for the main study and divided into four groups: group A (negative control without additive), groups B and C (0.75 and 1 wt.% thymol additive, respectively), and group D (positive control with 1.4 wt.% nystatin additive). Candida adherence testing estimated the antifungal properties of thymol-modified maxillofacial silicone specimens through microscopic counting of adherent C. albicans cells on the silicone specimens’ surface. ANOVA and Games-Howell’s honesty significant difference tests were utilised for group comparisons (significance level set at P < 0.05).
Results: Statistically, group B exhibited the maximum significant reduction in candida adherence mean value which is 13.575 (P = 0.000) as compared to the rest of the study groups including the positive and the negative controls.
Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that thymol powder is a powerful antifungal agent that may be successfully incorporated into maxillofacial silicone to create material that has effective inherent sanitation against C. albicans fungi.
1. Haider, Y. M., Z. S. Abdullah, et al. (2019). "Evaluation of some mechanical properties of a maxillofacial silicon elastomer reinforced with polyester powder." International Journal of Dentistry 2019: 1-6.
2. Naji, G. A.-H., M. M. Ali, et al. (2020). "Physico-Mechanical Behavior of Room Temperature Vulcanized Maxillofacial Silicon after Addition of Glass Flakes." Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology 14(1): 1304-1310.
3. AbdulKareem, A. A. and T. I. Hamad (2019). "The effects of nano alumina on mechanical properties of room temperature vulcanized maxillofacial silicone (pilot study)." Journal of Baghdad College of Dentistry 31(4).
4. Abdul-Ameer, F. M. H. (2020). "Effect of plant-extract disinfectant solutions on the specific properties of reinforced maxillofacial silicone elastomers with nanofiller and intrinsic pigment." European Journal of General Dentistry 9(02): 55-61.
5. Tukmachi, M. S., I. N. Safi, et al. (2021). "Evaluation of mechanical properties and cytotoxicity of maxillofacial silicone material after incorporation of zirconia nanopowder." Materials Today: Proceedings 42: 2209-2217.
6. Ibrahim, H. I. and F. M. Abdul-Ameer (2021). "Influence of kappa-carrageenan powder addition on staphylococcus epidermidis adhesion on the room temperature vulcanized maxillofacial silicone." Pak. J. Med. Health Sci 15: 359.
7. Li, D., R. Xia, et al. (2017). "Evaluation of candidemia in epidemiology and risk factors among cancer patients in a cancer center of China: an 8-year case-control study." BMC infectious diseases 17: 1-8.
8. Mat-Rani, S., N. Chotprasert, et al. (2021). "Fungicidal effect of lemongrass essential oil on Candida albicans biofilm pre-established on maxillofacial silicone specimens." Journal of International Society of Preventive & Community Dentistry 11(5): 525.
9. Sofowora, A., E. Ogunbodede, et al. (2013). "The role and place of medicinal plants in the strategies for disease prevention." African journal of traditional, complementary and alternative medicines 10(5): 210-229.
10. Kuete, V. (2017). Medicinal spices and vegetables from Africa: therapeutic potential against metabolic, inflammatory, infectious and systemic diseases, Academic Press.
11. Nagoor Meeran, M. F., H. Javed, et al. (2017). "Pharmacological properties and molecular mechanisms of thymol: prospects for its therapeutic potential and pharmaceutical development." Frontiers in Pharmacology 8: 380.
12. Shihab, N. M. and F. M. Abdul-Ameer (2018). "Studying some mechanical properties of maxillofacial silicone elastomer before and after incorporation of intrinsic pigments and artificial aging." Future Dental Journal 4(2): 244-252.
13. Govindswamy, D., S. Rodrigues, et al. (2014). "The influence of surface roughness on the retention of Candida albicans to denture base acrylic resins–An in vitro study." Journal of Nepal Dentists Association-JNDA 14(1).
14. Abdulwahhab, A. R. and R. K. Jassim (2018). "The effect of aloe vera extract on adherence of candida albicans and other properties of heat cure denture soft lining material." International Journal of Medical Research & Health Sciences 7(3): 94-103.
15. Atta Allah, J. and M. Muddhaffer (2017). "Influence of artificial weathering on some properties of nano silicon dioxide incorporated into maxillofacial silicone." Indian Journal of Scientific Research 6: 423-428.
16. Fatihallah, A. A. and M. E. Alsamaraay (2017). "Effect of polyamide (Nylon 6) micro-particles incorporation into RTV maxillofacial silicone elastomer on tear and tensile strength." Journal of Baghdad College of Dentistry 29(4): 7-12.
17. Filié Haddad, M., M. Coelho Goiato, et al. (2011). "Color stability of maxillofacial silicone with nanoparticle pigment and opacifier submitted to disinfection and artificial aging." Journal of Biomedical Optics 16(9): 095004-095004-095006.
18. ISO 23529. (2016) "Rubber – General procedures for preparing and conditioning test pieces for physical test methods."
19. ASTM D624_00. (2012) "Standard Test Method for Tear Strength of Conventional Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplastic Elastomers". West Conshohocken, PA, USA: ASTM International.
20. Factor II, Incorporated [Internet]. USA: The Art, Science and Technology of Silicones and Prosthetics, digital catalog ; c2023 [cited 2023 Jun 2]. Available from: http://www.factor2.com/v/vspfiles/Catalog_2017/mobile/index.html#p=9
21. Naser, H. J. and F. M. Abdul-Ameer (2023). "Evaluation of the Effect of Lemongrass Essential Oil on Candida Albicans Adhesion on Heat Cured Acrylic Based Soft Lining Material."
22. Issa, M. I. and N. Abdul-Fattah (2015). "Evaluating the effect of silver nanoparticles incorporation on antifungal activity and some properties of soft denture lining material." Journal of Baghdad College of Dentistry 325(2219): 1-15.
23. Zoccolotti, J. d. O., C. O. Tasso, et al. (2018). "Properties of an acrylic resin after immersion in antiseptic soaps: Low-cost, easy-access procedure for the prevention of denture stomatitis." PLoS ONE 13(8): e0203187.
24. ElFeky, D. S., N. M. Gohar, et al. (2016). "Species identification and antifungal susceptibility pattern of Candida isolates in cases of vulvovaginal candidiasis." Alexandria Journal of Medicine 52(3): 269–277-269–277.
25. Yasser, A. D. and N. A. Fatah (2017). "The effect of addition of zirconium nano particles on antifungal activity and some properties of soft denture lining material." Journal of Baghdad College of Dentistry 29(4): 27-33.
26. Marler, L. M., J. A. Siders, et al. (2001). Direct smear atlas: a monograph of gram-stained preparations of clinical specimens, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
27. Brooks, G., K. Carroll, et al. (2007). "Adelberg’s medical microbiology. Sultan Qaboos Univ." Med. J 7: 273.
28. Alves, M., M. J. Gonçalves, et al. (2019). "Unveiling the antifungal potential of two Iberian thyme essential oils: effect on C. albicans germ tube and preformed biofilms." Frontiers in Pharmacology 10: 446.
29. Kaur, R., M. S. Dhakad, et al. (2016). "Identification and antifungal susceptibility testing of Candida species: a comparison of Vitek-2 system with conventional and molecular methods." Journal of global infectious diseases 8(4): 139.
30. De Castro, R. D., T. M. P. A. de Souza, et al. (2015). "Antifungal activity and mode of action of thymol and its synergism with nystatin against Candida species involved with infections in the oral cavity: an in vitro study." BMC complementary and alternative medicine 15(1): 1-7.
31. Kowalczyk, A., M. Przychodna, et al. (2020). "Thymol and thyme essential oil—new insights into selected therapeutic applications." Molecules 25(18): 4125.
32. Mawlood, Z. S. (2019) "The Effect of adding Citrus Bergamia EssentialOil on Candida Albicans Activity and Some Properties o f a Heat Cured Acrylic resin material." [dissertation], University of Baghdad.
33. Hatim, N. A., A. A. Taqa, et al. (2010). "The Effect of thyme and nigella oil on some properties of acrylic resin denture base." Al-Rafidain Dental Journal 10(2): 205-213.
34. Ahmad, A., A. Khan, et al. (2011). "Fungicidal activity of thymol and carvacrol by disrupting ergosterol biosynthesis and membrane integrity against Candida." European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases 30: 41-50.
35. Moussa, H., B. El Omari, et al. (2021). "Action of thymol, carvacrol and eugenol on Penicillium and Geotrichum isolates resistant to commercial fungicides and causing postharvest citrus decay." Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 43(1): 26-34.
2. Naji, G. A.-H., M. M. Ali, et al. (2020). "Physico-Mechanical Behavior of Room Temperature Vulcanized Maxillofacial Silicon after Addition of Glass Flakes." Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology 14(1): 1304-1310.
3. AbdulKareem, A. A. and T. I. Hamad (2019). "The effects of nano alumina on mechanical properties of room temperature vulcanized maxillofacial silicone (pilot study)." Journal of Baghdad College of Dentistry 31(4).
4. Abdul-Ameer, F. M. H. (2020). "Effect of plant-extract disinfectant solutions on the specific properties of reinforced maxillofacial silicone elastomers with nanofiller and intrinsic pigment." European Journal of General Dentistry 9(02): 55-61.
5. Tukmachi, M. S., I. N. Safi, et al. (2021). "Evaluation of mechanical properties and cytotoxicity of maxillofacial silicone material after incorporation of zirconia nanopowder." Materials Today: Proceedings 42: 2209-2217.
6. Ibrahim, H. I. and F. M. Abdul-Ameer (2021). "Influence of kappa-carrageenan powder addition on staphylococcus epidermidis adhesion on the room temperature vulcanized maxillofacial silicone." Pak. J. Med. Health Sci 15: 359.
7. Li, D., R. Xia, et al. (2017). "Evaluation of candidemia in epidemiology and risk factors among cancer patients in a cancer center of China: an 8-year case-control study." BMC infectious diseases 17: 1-8.
8. Mat-Rani, S., N. Chotprasert, et al. (2021). "Fungicidal effect of lemongrass essential oil on Candida albicans biofilm pre-established on maxillofacial silicone specimens." Journal of International Society of Preventive & Community Dentistry 11(5): 525.
9. Sofowora, A., E. Ogunbodede, et al. (2013). "The role and place of medicinal plants in the strategies for disease prevention." African journal of traditional, complementary and alternative medicines 10(5): 210-229.
10. Kuete, V. (2017). Medicinal spices and vegetables from Africa: therapeutic potential against metabolic, inflammatory, infectious and systemic diseases, Academic Press.
11. Nagoor Meeran, M. F., H. Javed, et al. (2017). "Pharmacological properties and molecular mechanisms of thymol: prospects for its therapeutic potential and pharmaceutical development." Frontiers in Pharmacology 8: 380.
12. Shihab, N. M. and F. M. Abdul-Ameer (2018). "Studying some mechanical properties of maxillofacial silicone elastomer before and after incorporation of intrinsic pigments and artificial aging." Future Dental Journal 4(2): 244-252.
13. Govindswamy, D., S. Rodrigues, et al. (2014). "The influence of surface roughness on the retention of Candida albicans to denture base acrylic resins–An in vitro study." Journal of Nepal Dentists Association-JNDA 14(1).
14. Abdulwahhab, A. R. and R. K. Jassim (2018). "The effect of aloe vera extract on adherence of candida albicans and other properties of heat cure denture soft lining material." International Journal of Medical Research & Health Sciences 7(3): 94-103.
15. Atta Allah, J. and M. Muddhaffer (2017). "Influence of artificial weathering on some properties of nano silicon dioxide incorporated into maxillofacial silicone." Indian Journal of Scientific Research 6: 423-428.
16. Fatihallah, A. A. and M. E. Alsamaraay (2017). "Effect of polyamide (Nylon 6) micro-particles incorporation into RTV maxillofacial silicone elastomer on tear and tensile strength." Journal of Baghdad College of Dentistry 29(4): 7-12.
17. Filié Haddad, M., M. Coelho Goiato, et al. (2011). "Color stability of maxillofacial silicone with nanoparticle pigment and opacifier submitted to disinfection and artificial aging." Journal of Biomedical Optics 16(9): 095004-095004-095006.
18. ISO 23529. (2016) "Rubber – General procedures for preparing and conditioning test pieces for physical test methods."
19. ASTM D624_00. (2012) "Standard Test Method for Tear Strength of Conventional Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplastic Elastomers". West Conshohocken, PA, USA: ASTM International.
20. Factor II, Incorporated [Internet]. USA: The Art, Science and Technology of Silicones and Prosthetics, digital catalog ; c2023 [cited 2023 Jun 2]. Available from: http://www.factor2.com/v/vspfiles/Catalog_2017/mobile/index.html#p=9
21. Naser, H. J. and F. M. Abdul-Ameer (2023). "Evaluation of the Effect of Lemongrass Essential Oil on Candida Albicans Adhesion on Heat Cured Acrylic Based Soft Lining Material."
22. Issa, M. I. and N. Abdul-Fattah (2015). "Evaluating the effect of silver nanoparticles incorporation on antifungal activity and some properties of soft denture lining material." Journal of Baghdad College of Dentistry 325(2219): 1-15.
23. Zoccolotti, J. d. O., C. O. Tasso, et al. (2018). "Properties of an acrylic resin after immersion in antiseptic soaps: Low-cost, easy-access procedure for the prevention of denture stomatitis." PLoS ONE 13(8): e0203187.
24. ElFeky, D. S., N. M. Gohar, et al. (2016). "Species identification and antifungal susceptibility pattern of Candida isolates in cases of vulvovaginal candidiasis." Alexandria Journal of Medicine 52(3): 269–277-269–277.
25. Yasser, A. D. and N. A. Fatah (2017). "The effect of addition of zirconium nano particles on antifungal activity and some properties of soft denture lining material." Journal of Baghdad College of Dentistry 29(4): 27-33.
26. Marler, L. M., J. A. Siders, et al. (2001). Direct smear atlas: a monograph of gram-stained preparations of clinical specimens, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
27. Brooks, G., K. Carroll, et al. (2007). "Adelberg’s medical microbiology. Sultan Qaboos Univ." Med. J 7: 273.
28. Alves, M., M. J. Gonçalves, et al. (2019). "Unveiling the antifungal potential of two Iberian thyme essential oils: effect on C. albicans germ tube and preformed biofilms." Frontiers in Pharmacology 10: 446.
29. Kaur, R., M. S. Dhakad, et al. (2016). "Identification and antifungal susceptibility testing of Candida species: a comparison of Vitek-2 system with conventional and molecular methods." Journal of global infectious diseases 8(4): 139.
30. De Castro, R. D., T. M. P. A. de Souza, et al. (2015). "Antifungal activity and mode of action of thymol and its synergism with nystatin against Candida species involved with infections in the oral cavity: an in vitro study." BMC complementary and alternative medicine 15(1): 1-7.
31. Kowalczyk, A., M. Przychodna, et al. (2020). "Thymol and thyme essential oil—new insights into selected therapeutic applications." Molecules 25(18): 4125.
32. Mawlood, Z. S. (2019) "The Effect of adding Citrus Bergamia EssentialOil on Candida Albicans Activity and Some Properties o f a Heat Cured Acrylic resin material." [dissertation], University of Baghdad.
33. Hatim, N. A., A. A. Taqa, et al. (2010). "The Effect of thyme and nigella oil on some properties of acrylic resin denture base." Al-Rafidain Dental Journal 10(2): 205-213.
34. Ahmad, A., A. Khan, et al. (2011). "Fungicidal activity of thymol and carvacrol by disrupting ergosterol biosynthesis and membrane integrity against Candida." European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases 30: 41-50.
35. Moussa, H., B. El Omari, et al. (2021). "Action of thymol, carvacrol and eugenol on Penicillium and Geotrichum isolates resistant to commercial fungicides and causing postharvest citrus decay." Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 43(1): 26-34.
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| Issue | Articles in Press | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| Keywords | ||
| Candida adherence test; Candida albicans; Maxillofacial silicone; Thymol | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Ramadhan M, Abdul-Ameer F. Antifungal efficacy of thymol powder addition on Candida albicans adhesion to room temperature vulcanised maxillofacial silicone. Frontiers Biomed Technol. 2024;.
