Influence of Gold, Rhodium and Flexy Blue titanium esthetic surface coating of NiTi archwire on mutans streptococci adhesion: An in vitro study
,
Abstract
Background and Objective: Orthodontic archwires play an important part in the demineralization of enamel during orthodontic treatment. Dental caries is thought to be caused by the adhesion and colonization of mutans streptococci on these surfaces, followed by the formation of pathogenic plaque. This research was conducted with the purpose of testing and comparing the adhesion of mutans streptococci to a variety of aesthetic archwires as well as a conventional archwire made of NiTi.
Methods: four types of nickel titanium archwires with round cross section 0.016 inch were used in the current study, one type uncoated NiTi and three types of coated NiTi (rhodium, gold and flexyblue). After two hours of agitation in 2 ml of sterile UWS, 5 pieces of each archwire incubated in a streptococcus mutans suspension for 5-, 90-, and 180-minutes time interval. Bacterial adhesion was assessed by a microbial culture technique and the amount of bacterial adhesion were counted by colony forming unit.
Results: there was no statistically significant differences in mutans streptococci adhesion among archwires at (90 and 180 minutes), However, at 5 minutes, the differences between gold and uncoated NiTi and rhodium and uncoated NiTi were statistically significant.
Conclusion: Clinical use of esthetic-coated archwires may provide the same risks for bacterial adhesion compared with uncoated conventional archwires and increased mutans streptococci adhesion was significantly related to longer incubation time.
1- Kirubaharan S Abraham, Nithya Jagdish, Vignesh Kailasam, and Sridevi Padmanabhan, "Streptococcus mutans adhesion on nickel titanium (NiTi) and copper-NiTi archwires: A comparative prospective clinical study." Angle Orthod., Vol. 87 (No. 3), pp. 448-54, (2017).
2- Li Mei, Joyce Chieng, Connie Wong, Gareth Benic, and Mauro Farella, "Factors affecting dental biofilm in patients wearing fixed orthodontic appliances." Prog Orthod., Vol. 18 (No. 1), pp. 1-6, (2017).
3- SG Damle, Ashish Loomba, Abhishek Dhindsa, Ashu Loomba, and Vikas Beniwal, "Correlation between dental caries experience and mutans streptococci counts by microbial and molecular (polymerase chain reaction) assay using saliva as microbial risk indicator." J. Dent. Res., Vol. 13 (No. 6), p. 552, (2016).
4- Seung-Pyo Lee, Shin-Jae Lee, Bum-Soon Lim, and Sug-Joon Ahn, "Surface characteristics of orthodontic materials and their effects on adhesion of mutans streptococci." Angle Orthod., Vol. 79 (No. 2), pp. 353-60, (2009).
5- Li Mei, Henk J Busscher, Henny C van der Mei, and Yijin Ren, "Influence of surface roughness on streptococcal adhesion forces to composite resins." Dent. Mater. J., Vol. 27 (No. 8), pp. 770-78, (2011).
6- Mahasen Taha, Abeer El-Fallal, and Heba Degla, "In vitro and in vivo biofilm adhesion to esthetic coated arch wires and its correlation with surface roughness." Angle Orthod., Vol. 86 (No. 2), pp. 285-91, (2016).
7- Cibele Gonçalves de Albuquerque, Américo Bortolazzo Correr, Giovana Cherubini Venezian, Milton Santamaria, Carlos Alberto Tubel, and Silvia Amélia Scudeler Vedovello, "Deflection and flexural strength effects on the roughness of aesthetic-coated orthodontic wires." Braz. Dent. J., Vol. 28pp. 40-45, (2017).
8- Jitesh Haryani and Rani Ranabhatt, "Contemporary Esthetic Orthodontic Archwires-A Review." J. dent. mater. tech., Vol. 5 (No. 3), (2016).
9- Ahmad Alobeid, Cornelius Dirk, Susanne Reimann, Tarek El-Bialy, Andreas Jäger, and Christoph Bourauel, "Mechanical properties of different esthetic and conventional orthodontic wires in bending tests." J. Orofac. Orthop., Vol. 78 (No. 3), (2017).
10- Roberto Rongo et al., "In vitro biocompatibility of nickel-titanium esthetic orthodontic archwires." Angle Orthod., Vol. 86 (No. 5), pp. 789-95, (2016).
11- Dayanne Lopes da Silva, Claudia Trindade Mattos, Renata Autoun Simão, and Antônio Carlos de Oliveira Ruellas, "Coating stability and surface characteristics of esthetic orthodontic coated archwires." Angle Orthod., Vol. 83 (No. 6), pp. 994-1001, (2013).
12- Takeshi Muguruma, Masahiro Iijima, Toshihiro Yuasa, Kyotaro Kawaguchi, and Itaru Mizoguchi, "Characterization of the coatings covering esthetic orthodontic archwires and their influence on the bending and frictional properties." Angle Orthod., Vol. 87 (No. 4), pp. 610-17, (2017).
13- Ali Jabbar Al-Sarray, Israa M. Al-Mussawi, Taghreed H. Al-Noor, and Yousif Abu-Zaid, "Organo-Clay Composites of Intercalated 4-Methylaniline and Its Schiff Base Derivative: Preparation and Characterization." J. Med. Chem. Sci., Vol. 5 (No. 6), pp. 1094-101, (2022).
14- Sridhar Kannan, DN Kapoor, Pradeep Tandon, and Ashish Gupta, "Evaluation of effects of sterilization on mechanical properties of orthodontic wires." J. Indian Orthod. Soc., Vol. 46 (No. 3), pp. 126-31, (2012).
15- Milad Shamohammadi, Elham Hormozi, Mehrnaz Moradinezhad, Mina Moradi, Masoumeh Skini, and Vahid Rakhshan, "Surface topography of plain nickel-titanium (NiTi), as-received aesthetic (coated) NiTi, and aesthetic NiTi archwires sterilized by autoclaving or glutaraldehyde immersion: A profilometry/SEM/AFM study." Int. Orthod., Vol. 17 (No. 1), pp. 60-72, (2019).
16- A Thylstrup and O Fejerskov, "Textbook of Clinical Cariology. 2nd." Copenhague: Ed. Munksgaard, (1994).
17- WP Holbrook and D Beighton, "Streptococcus mutans levels in saliva and distribution of serotypes among 9‐year‐old Icelandic children." Eur. J. Oral Sci., Vol. 95 (No. 1), pp. 37-42, (1987).
18- Ali J. A. Al-Sarray, Tarik Al-Kayat, Borhan Mustafa Mohammed, Mohammed Jassim Bader Al-assadi, and Yousif Abu-Zaid, "Dielectric and Electrical Properties of Intercalated 1-(4-nitrophenyl)-N-(p-tolyl) methanimine into the Interlayers of Bentonite Clay." J. Med. Chem. Sci., Vol. 5 (No. 7 (Special Issue)), pp. 1321-30, (2022).
19- Sug-Joon Ahn, Shin-Jae Lee, Bum-Soon Lim, and Dong-Seok Nahm, "Quantitative determination of adhesion patterns of cariogenic streptococci to various orthodontic brackets." Am. J. Orthod. Dentofacial Orthop., Vol. 132 (No. 6), pp. 815-21, (2007).
20- Il-Hyung Yang, Bum-Soon Lim, Ja-Ryeong Park, Jung-Yub Hyun, and Sug-Joon Ahn, "Effect of orthodontic bonding steps on the initial adhesion of mutans streptococci in the presence of saliva." Angle Orthod., Vol. 81 (No. 2), pp. 326-33, (2011).
21- Bum-Soon Lim, Shin-Jae Lee, Jae-Won Lee, and Sug-Joon Ahn, "Quantitative analysis of adhesion of cariogenic streptococci to orthodontic raw materials." Am. J. Orthod. Dentofacial Orthop., Vol. 133 (No. 6), pp. 882-88, (2008).
22- William Papaioannou, Sotiria Gizani, Maria Nassika, Efterpi Kontou, and Melachrini Nakou, "Adhesion of Streptococcus mutans to different types of brackets." Angle Orthod., Vol. 77 (No. 6), pp. 1090-95, (2007).
23- JP Harley and LM %J Laboratory Exercises in Microbiology Prescott, 5th Ed. New York, NY, "Nitrate Reduction." (2002).
24- David L Stachura and David Traver, "Cellular dissection of zebrafish hematopoiesis." Methods Cell Biol., Vol. 101pp. 75-110, (2011).
25- Morgan Wishney, "Potential risks of orthodontic therapy: a critical review and conceptual framework." Aust. Dent. J., Vol. 62pp. 86-96, (2017).
26- Ali Borzabadi-Farahani, Ebrahim Borzabadi, and Edward Lynch, "Nanoparticles in orthodontics, a review of antimicrobial and anti-caries applications." Acta Odontol. Scand., Vol. 72 (No. 6), pp. 413-17, (2014).
27- Sarika Chhattani, Pradeep Chandra Shetty, SM Laxmikant, and CS Ramachandra, "In vitro assessment of photocatalytic titanium oxide surface-modified stainless steel and nickel titanium orthodontic wires for its antiadherent and antibacterial properties against Streptococcus mutans." J. Indian Orthod. Soc., Vol. 48 (No. 2), pp. 82-87, (2014).
28- Hayder F Saloom, Harraa S Mohammed-Salih, and Shaymaa F Rasheed, "The influence of different types of fixed orthodontic appliance on the growth and adherence of microorganisms (in vitro study)." J Clin. Exp. Dent., Vol. 5 (No. 1), p. e36, (2013).
29- Marc Quirynen and CML Bollen, "The influence of surface roughness and surface‐free energy on supra‐and subgingival plaque formation in man: A review of the literature." J. Clin. Periodontol., Vol. 22 (No. 1), pp. 1-14, (1995).
30- A.J.A. Al-Sarray, "Molecular and electronic properties of Schiff bases derived from different aniline derivatives: density functional theory study." Eurasian Chem. Commun., Vol. 5 (No. 4), pp. 317-26, (2023).
31- Aruna Dokku, Revathi Peddu, A Sai Prakash, Janardhanam Padhmanabhan, M Kalyani, and L Devikanth, "Surface and mechanical properties of different coated orthodontic archwires." J. Indian Orthod. Soc., Vol. 52 (No. 4), pp. 238-42, (2018).
32- T Gerard Bradley, David W Berzins, Nicholas Valeri, Jessica Pruszynski, Theodore Eliades, and Christos Katsaros, "An investigation into the mechanical and aesthetic properties of new generation coated nickel-titanium wires in the as-received state and after clinical use." Eur. J. Orthod., Vol. 36 (No. 3), pp. 290-96, (2014).
33- Vincenzo D'Antò et al., "Evaluation of surface roughness of orthodontic wires by means of atomic force microscopy." Angle Orthod., Vol. 82 (No. 5), pp. 922-28, (2012).
34- T Charng and F Lansing, "Review of corrosion causes and corrosion control in a technical facility." TDA Progr. rep., Vol. 42 (No. 69), pp. 145-56, (1982).
35- Noor M Garma, Hiba M Hussien, and Mohammed Nahidh, "Effect of Mouthwashes on Frictional Properties of Gold-plated and Ordinary Stainless Steel Orthodontic Brackets." World J. Dent., Vol. 9 (No. 6), pp. 489-94, (2019).
36- Moshabab A Asiry, Ibrahim AlShahrani, Salem Almoammar, Bangalore H Durgesh, Abdulaziz A Al Kheraif, and Mohamed I Hashem, "Influence of epoxy, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and rhodium surface coatings on surface roughness, nano-mechanical properties and biofilm adhesion of nickel titanium (Ni-Ti) archwires." Mater. Res. Express, Vol. 5 (No. 2), p. 026511, (2018).
37- Edin Bazochaharbakhsh, Surface nitriding and oxidation of nitinol. San Jose State University, (2011).
38- Deise C Oliveira et al., "In vitro Streptococcus mutans adhesion and biofilm formation on different esthetic orthodontic archwires." Angle Orthod., Vol. 91 (No. 6), pp. 786-93, (2021).
39- In-Hye Kim, Hyo-Sang Park, Young Kyung Kim, Kyo-Han Kim, and Tae-Yub Kwon, "Comparative short-term in vitro analysis of mutans streptococci adhesion on esthetic, nickel-titanium, and stainless-steel arch wires." Angle Orthod., Vol. 84 (No. 4), pp. 680-86, (2014).
40- AH Weerkamp, HC Van der Mei, and HJ %J Journal of dental research Busscher, "The surface free energy of oral streptococci after being coated with saliva and its relation to adhesion in the mouth." Vol. 64 (No. 10), pp. 1204-10, (1985).
41- Aliaa A Al-Lami and Iman I Al-Sheakli, "Quantitative assessment of Mutans Streptococci adhesion to coated and uncoated orthodontic archwires (In vitro study)." J. Baghdad Coll. Dent., Vol. 26 (No. 4), pp. 156-62, (2014).
42- V Roger, J Tenovuo, M Lenander-Lumikari, E Söderling, and P Vilja, "Lysozyme and lactoperoxidase inhibit the adherence of Streptococcus mutans NCTC 10449 (serotype c) to saliva-treated hydroxyapatite in vitro." Caries Res., Vol. 28 (No. 6), pp. 421-28, (1994).
43- Sug-Joon Ahn, Bum-Soon Lim, and Shin-Jae Lee, "Surface characteristics of orthodontic adhesives and effects on streptococcal adhesion." Am. J. Orthod. Dentofacial Orthop., Vol. 137 (No. 4), pp. 489-95, (2010).
44- Hala M Jasim, Dhiaa A Al-Dabagh, and Maha AA Mahmood, "Effect of different bracket types on streptococcus mutans count in orthodontic patients using fluoridated toothpaste." J. Baghdad Coll. Dent., Vol. 32 (No. 2), pp. 1-4, (2020).
2- Li Mei, Joyce Chieng, Connie Wong, Gareth Benic, and Mauro Farella, "Factors affecting dental biofilm in patients wearing fixed orthodontic appliances." Prog Orthod., Vol. 18 (No. 1), pp. 1-6, (2017).
3- SG Damle, Ashish Loomba, Abhishek Dhindsa, Ashu Loomba, and Vikas Beniwal, "Correlation between dental caries experience and mutans streptococci counts by microbial and molecular (polymerase chain reaction) assay using saliva as microbial risk indicator." J. Dent. Res., Vol. 13 (No. 6), p. 552, (2016).
4- Seung-Pyo Lee, Shin-Jae Lee, Bum-Soon Lim, and Sug-Joon Ahn, "Surface characteristics of orthodontic materials and their effects on adhesion of mutans streptococci." Angle Orthod., Vol. 79 (No. 2), pp. 353-60, (2009).
5- Li Mei, Henk J Busscher, Henny C van der Mei, and Yijin Ren, "Influence of surface roughness on streptococcal adhesion forces to composite resins." Dent. Mater. J., Vol. 27 (No. 8), pp. 770-78, (2011).
6- Mahasen Taha, Abeer El-Fallal, and Heba Degla, "In vitro and in vivo biofilm adhesion to esthetic coated arch wires and its correlation with surface roughness." Angle Orthod., Vol. 86 (No. 2), pp. 285-91, (2016).
7- Cibele Gonçalves de Albuquerque, Américo Bortolazzo Correr, Giovana Cherubini Venezian, Milton Santamaria, Carlos Alberto Tubel, and Silvia Amélia Scudeler Vedovello, "Deflection and flexural strength effects on the roughness of aesthetic-coated orthodontic wires." Braz. Dent. J., Vol. 28pp. 40-45, (2017).
8- Jitesh Haryani and Rani Ranabhatt, "Contemporary Esthetic Orthodontic Archwires-A Review." J. dent. mater. tech., Vol. 5 (No. 3), (2016).
9- Ahmad Alobeid, Cornelius Dirk, Susanne Reimann, Tarek El-Bialy, Andreas Jäger, and Christoph Bourauel, "Mechanical properties of different esthetic and conventional orthodontic wires in bending tests." J. Orofac. Orthop., Vol. 78 (No. 3), (2017).
10- Roberto Rongo et al., "In vitro biocompatibility of nickel-titanium esthetic orthodontic archwires." Angle Orthod., Vol. 86 (No. 5), pp. 789-95, (2016).
11- Dayanne Lopes da Silva, Claudia Trindade Mattos, Renata Autoun Simão, and Antônio Carlos de Oliveira Ruellas, "Coating stability and surface characteristics of esthetic orthodontic coated archwires." Angle Orthod., Vol. 83 (No. 6), pp. 994-1001, (2013).
12- Takeshi Muguruma, Masahiro Iijima, Toshihiro Yuasa, Kyotaro Kawaguchi, and Itaru Mizoguchi, "Characterization of the coatings covering esthetic orthodontic archwires and their influence on the bending and frictional properties." Angle Orthod., Vol. 87 (No. 4), pp. 610-17, (2017).
13- Ali Jabbar Al-Sarray, Israa M. Al-Mussawi, Taghreed H. Al-Noor, and Yousif Abu-Zaid, "Organo-Clay Composites of Intercalated 4-Methylaniline and Its Schiff Base Derivative: Preparation and Characterization." J. Med. Chem. Sci., Vol. 5 (No. 6), pp. 1094-101, (2022).
14- Sridhar Kannan, DN Kapoor, Pradeep Tandon, and Ashish Gupta, "Evaluation of effects of sterilization on mechanical properties of orthodontic wires." J. Indian Orthod. Soc., Vol. 46 (No. 3), pp. 126-31, (2012).
15- Milad Shamohammadi, Elham Hormozi, Mehrnaz Moradinezhad, Mina Moradi, Masoumeh Skini, and Vahid Rakhshan, "Surface topography of plain nickel-titanium (NiTi), as-received aesthetic (coated) NiTi, and aesthetic NiTi archwires sterilized by autoclaving or glutaraldehyde immersion: A profilometry/SEM/AFM study." Int. Orthod., Vol. 17 (No. 1), pp. 60-72, (2019).
16- A Thylstrup and O Fejerskov, "Textbook of Clinical Cariology. 2nd." Copenhague: Ed. Munksgaard, (1994).
17- WP Holbrook and D Beighton, "Streptococcus mutans levels in saliva and distribution of serotypes among 9‐year‐old Icelandic children." Eur. J. Oral Sci., Vol. 95 (No. 1), pp. 37-42, (1987).
18- Ali J. A. Al-Sarray, Tarik Al-Kayat, Borhan Mustafa Mohammed, Mohammed Jassim Bader Al-assadi, and Yousif Abu-Zaid, "Dielectric and Electrical Properties of Intercalated 1-(4-nitrophenyl)-N-(p-tolyl) methanimine into the Interlayers of Bentonite Clay." J. Med. Chem. Sci., Vol. 5 (No. 7 (Special Issue)), pp. 1321-30, (2022).
19- Sug-Joon Ahn, Shin-Jae Lee, Bum-Soon Lim, and Dong-Seok Nahm, "Quantitative determination of adhesion patterns of cariogenic streptococci to various orthodontic brackets." Am. J. Orthod. Dentofacial Orthop., Vol. 132 (No. 6), pp. 815-21, (2007).
20- Il-Hyung Yang, Bum-Soon Lim, Ja-Ryeong Park, Jung-Yub Hyun, and Sug-Joon Ahn, "Effect of orthodontic bonding steps on the initial adhesion of mutans streptococci in the presence of saliva." Angle Orthod., Vol. 81 (No. 2), pp. 326-33, (2011).
21- Bum-Soon Lim, Shin-Jae Lee, Jae-Won Lee, and Sug-Joon Ahn, "Quantitative analysis of adhesion of cariogenic streptococci to orthodontic raw materials." Am. J. Orthod. Dentofacial Orthop., Vol. 133 (No. 6), pp. 882-88, (2008).
22- William Papaioannou, Sotiria Gizani, Maria Nassika, Efterpi Kontou, and Melachrini Nakou, "Adhesion of Streptococcus mutans to different types of brackets." Angle Orthod., Vol. 77 (No. 6), pp. 1090-95, (2007).
23- JP Harley and LM %J Laboratory Exercises in Microbiology Prescott, 5th Ed. New York, NY, "Nitrate Reduction." (2002).
24- David L Stachura and David Traver, "Cellular dissection of zebrafish hematopoiesis." Methods Cell Biol., Vol. 101pp. 75-110, (2011).
25- Morgan Wishney, "Potential risks of orthodontic therapy: a critical review and conceptual framework." Aust. Dent. J., Vol. 62pp. 86-96, (2017).
26- Ali Borzabadi-Farahani, Ebrahim Borzabadi, and Edward Lynch, "Nanoparticles in orthodontics, a review of antimicrobial and anti-caries applications." Acta Odontol. Scand., Vol. 72 (No. 6), pp. 413-17, (2014).
27- Sarika Chhattani, Pradeep Chandra Shetty, SM Laxmikant, and CS Ramachandra, "In vitro assessment of photocatalytic titanium oxide surface-modified stainless steel and nickel titanium orthodontic wires for its antiadherent and antibacterial properties against Streptococcus mutans." J. Indian Orthod. Soc., Vol. 48 (No. 2), pp. 82-87, (2014).
28- Hayder F Saloom, Harraa S Mohammed-Salih, and Shaymaa F Rasheed, "The influence of different types of fixed orthodontic appliance on the growth and adherence of microorganisms (in vitro study)." J Clin. Exp. Dent., Vol. 5 (No. 1), p. e36, (2013).
29- Marc Quirynen and CML Bollen, "The influence of surface roughness and surface‐free energy on supra‐and subgingival plaque formation in man: A review of the literature." J. Clin. Periodontol., Vol. 22 (No. 1), pp. 1-14, (1995).
30- A.J.A. Al-Sarray, "Molecular and electronic properties of Schiff bases derived from different aniline derivatives: density functional theory study." Eurasian Chem. Commun., Vol. 5 (No. 4), pp. 317-26, (2023).
31- Aruna Dokku, Revathi Peddu, A Sai Prakash, Janardhanam Padhmanabhan, M Kalyani, and L Devikanth, "Surface and mechanical properties of different coated orthodontic archwires." J. Indian Orthod. Soc., Vol. 52 (No. 4), pp. 238-42, (2018).
32- T Gerard Bradley, David W Berzins, Nicholas Valeri, Jessica Pruszynski, Theodore Eliades, and Christos Katsaros, "An investigation into the mechanical and aesthetic properties of new generation coated nickel-titanium wires in the as-received state and after clinical use." Eur. J. Orthod., Vol. 36 (No. 3), pp. 290-96, (2014).
33- Vincenzo D'Antò et al., "Evaluation of surface roughness of orthodontic wires by means of atomic force microscopy." Angle Orthod., Vol. 82 (No. 5), pp. 922-28, (2012).
34- T Charng and F Lansing, "Review of corrosion causes and corrosion control in a technical facility." TDA Progr. rep., Vol. 42 (No. 69), pp. 145-56, (1982).
35- Noor M Garma, Hiba M Hussien, and Mohammed Nahidh, "Effect of Mouthwashes on Frictional Properties of Gold-plated and Ordinary Stainless Steel Orthodontic Brackets." World J. Dent., Vol. 9 (No. 6), pp. 489-94, (2019).
36- Moshabab A Asiry, Ibrahim AlShahrani, Salem Almoammar, Bangalore H Durgesh, Abdulaziz A Al Kheraif, and Mohamed I Hashem, "Influence of epoxy, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and rhodium surface coatings on surface roughness, nano-mechanical properties and biofilm adhesion of nickel titanium (Ni-Ti) archwires." Mater. Res. Express, Vol. 5 (No. 2), p. 026511, (2018).
37- Edin Bazochaharbakhsh, Surface nitriding and oxidation of nitinol. San Jose State University, (2011).
38- Deise C Oliveira et al., "In vitro Streptococcus mutans adhesion and biofilm formation on different esthetic orthodontic archwires." Angle Orthod., Vol. 91 (No. 6), pp. 786-93, (2021).
39- In-Hye Kim, Hyo-Sang Park, Young Kyung Kim, Kyo-Han Kim, and Tae-Yub Kwon, "Comparative short-term in vitro analysis of mutans streptococci adhesion on esthetic, nickel-titanium, and stainless-steel arch wires." Angle Orthod., Vol. 84 (No. 4), pp. 680-86, (2014).
40- AH Weerkamp, HC Van der Mei, and HJ %J Journal of dental research Busscher, "The surface free energy of oral streptococci after being coated with saliva and its relation to adhesion in the mouth." Vol. 64 (No. 10), pp. 1204-10, (1985).
41- Aliaa A Al-Lami and Iman I Al-Sheakli, "Quantitative assessment of Mutans Streptococci adhesion to coated and uncoated orthodontic archwires (In vitro study)." J. Baghdad Coll. Dent., Vol. 26 (No. 4), pp. 156-62, (2014).
42- V Roger, J Tenovuo, M Lenander-Lumikari, E Söderling, and P Vilja, "Lysozyme and lactoperoxidase inhibit the adherence of Streptococcus mutans NCTC 10449 (serotype c) to saliva-treated hydroxyapatite in vitro." Caries Res., Vol. 28 (No. 6), pp. 421-28, (1994).
43- Sug-Joon Ahn, Bum-Soon Lim, and Shin-Jae Lee, "Surface characteristics of orthodontic adhesives and effects on streptococcal adhesion." Am. J. Orthod. Dentofacial Orthop., Vol. 137 (No. 4), pp. 489-95, (2010).
44- Hala M Jasim, Dhiaa A Al-Dabagh, and Maha AA Mahmood, "Effect of different bracket types on streptococcus mutans count in orthodontic patients using fluoridated toothpaste." J. Baghdad Coll. Dent., Vol. 32 (No. 2), pp. 1-4, (2020).
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| Keywords | ||
| Archwire adhesion Surface coating Mutans streptococci Esthetic archwires NiTi alloys | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Qasim Khazaal H, Shaker Taha S. Influence of Gold, Rhodium and Flexy Blue titanium esthetic surface coating of NiTi archwire on mutans streptococci adhesion: An in vitro study. Frontiers Biomed Technol. 2024;.
