Terahertz Computed Tomography and Imaging Challenges
,
Abstract
Background: Terahertz (THz) imaging has emerged as a promising technique for non-destructive evaluation and imaging applications, offering unique advantages over traditional imaging modalities. This paper presents an overview of the current state of Terahertz Computed Tomography (THz-CT) and highlights the challenges faced in its implementation.
Objective: THz-CT utilizes electromagnetic waves in the terahertz frequency range to reconstruct three-dimensional images of objects with high resolution and penetration capabilities. The ability to visualize internal structures without the use of ionizing radiation has significant implications for various fields, including medicine, security, and material science.
Materials and Methods: Despite its potential, THz-CT faces several challenges that need to be addressed for its widespread adoption. Firstly, the limited availability and complexity of THz sources and detectors hinder the practical implementation of THz-CT systems. Efforts are being made to develop compact, efficient, and cost-effective THz sources and detectors to overcome these limitations.
Secondly, THz waves are highly susceptible to scattering and absorption by various materials, including water and certain organic compounds. This poses challenges in achieving accurate and artifact-free reconstructions, especially in applications involving biological samples. Researchers are exploring advanced signal processing techniques and novel imaging algorithms to mitigate these effects and enhance image quality.
Results: Furthermore, the relatively long acquisition times required for THz-CT imaging limit its real-time applications. Efforts are underway to develop faster acquisition methods, such as multi-view imaging and compressed sensing, to reduce acquisition times while maintaining image quality.
Lastly, the lack of standardized protocols and benchmarks for THz-CT imaging hinders the comparison and reproducibility of results across different systems and studies. Establishing common evaluation metrics and guidelines will facilitate the development and validation of THz-CT techniques.
Also, in addition to its various applications, terahertz medical imaging and medical microbiological detection plays a significant role in the diagnosis of several types of cancers, including skin, oral, breast, and colon cancers. One of the key advantages of terahertz radiation is its exceptional sensitivity to water content, enabling the creation of high-contrast images that effectively differentiate between normal and cancerous tissues. This capability proves instrumental in accurately identifying and assessing the presence of cancer in affected areas.
Conclusion: In conclusion, Terahertz Computed Tomography holds great promise for various imaging applications, but several challenges need to be overcome for its widespread adoption. Addressing the limitations associated with THz sources, scattering and absorption effects, acquisition times, and standardization will pave the way for the realization of the full potential of THz-CT in the future.
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4. X. Li, Li, J., Li, Y. et al., "High-throughput terahertz imaging: progress and challenges." Light Sci Appl, Vol. 12 (No. 233), (2023).
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18. Y. Wang Zhang, C. Huai, B. Wang, S. Zhang, Y., Wang, D. Rong, L. Zheng, Y., " Continuous-Wave THz Imaging for Biomedical Samples." Appl. Sci., Vol. 11 (No. 71), (2021).
19. C. Booz, "State-of-the-Art Research: Current Developments in CT Imaging, " Diagnostics, Vol. 13p. 2305, (2023).
20. A. Di Fabrizio D’Arco, M. Dolci, V. Petrarca, M. Lupi, S., "THz Pulsed Imaging in Biomedical Applications, " Condens. Matter, Vol. 5 (No. 25), (2020).
21- A. Leitenstorfer et al, "The 2023 terahertz science and technology roadmap." J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., Vol. 56 (No. 223001), (2023).
22- B. Recur J. P. Guillet, H. Balacey, J. Bou Sleiman, F. Darracq, D. Lewis, and P. Mounaix, "Low-frequency noise effect on terahertz tomography using thermal detectors." Appl. Opt., Vol. 54pp. 6758-62, (2015)
23. R. Cristian Bucur-Portase,” Introduction to the Biological Effects of Terahertz Radiation,”
24. M. Gezimati, Ghanshyam Singh,” Terahertz cancer imaging and sensing: open research
challenges and opportunities,” Optical and Quantum Electronics (2023) 55:727.
25. X. Ruan, Xiaofu Ruan, Hai Huang,” Application of terahertz spectroscopy in medical
microbiological detection,” Journal of Physics ICSCAS-2022.
26. T. Punia, “Nanostructures based terahertz emission,” Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi Oct. 2022.
27. N. Sadykov, Irina Alekseevna Pilipenko, Semyon Evgenievich Jolnirov, “Terahertz Radiation Generation Process In The Medium Based On The Array of The Elongated Nanoparticles,” Research square 2022.
28. F. Taleb, Goretti G. Hernandez-Cardoso, Enrique Castro-Camus, and Martin Koch,” Transmission, Reflection, and Scattering Characterization of Building Materials for Indoor THz Communications,” IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology, Vol. 13, No. 5, Sep. 2023.
29- P. Fosodeder, Hubmer, S., Ploier, A., Ramlau, R., van Frank, S., & Rankl, C., " Phase-contrast THz-CT for non-destructive testing." Optics Express, Vol. 29 (No. 10), p. 15711, (2021).
30. M. Martin and E. R. Brown, “Photoconductive materials for THz generation at 1550 nm: ErAs: GaAs vs InGaAs based materials,” Proc. SPIE, vol. 9362, pp. 16–23, 2015
31. S. Makhlouf, Oleg Cojocari, Martin Hofmann , et al., ”Terahertz Sources and Receivers: From the Past to the Future,” 7 July 2023.
32. J. Faist, F. Capasso, D. L. Sivco, C. Sirtori, A. L. Hutchinson, and A. Y. Cho, “Quantum cascade laser,” Science, vol. 264, no. 5158, pp. 553–556, 1994.
33. H. W. Hübers, R. Eichholz, S. Pavlov, and H. Richter, “High resolution terahertz spectroscopy with quantum cascade lasers,” J. Infrared, Millimeter, Terahertz Waves, vol. 34, pp. 325–341, 2013
34. G. Xu et al., “Efficient power extraction in surface-emitting semiconductor lasers using graded photonic heterostructures,” Nature Commun., vol. 3, no. 1, 2012, Art. no. 952.
35. Y. Lia and Kwang-Je Kim, “Nonrelativistic electron bunch train for coherently enhanced terahertz radiation sources,” Applied Physics Letters 92, 014101 2008.
36. Q. Jin Yiwen E Kaia Williams Jianming Dai X.-C. Zhang,” Observation of broadband terahertz wave generation from
liquid water,” Aug. 18 2017.
37. M. Kumar, Kitae Lee, Seong Hee Park, Young Uk Jeong, and Nikolay Vinokurov,” Terahertz radiation generation by nonlinear mixing of two lasers in a plasma with density hill,” Physics of Plasmas 24, 033104 (2017).
38. G. Filatrella, V. Pierro, N.F. Pedersen, and M.P. Sørensen,” Negative Differential Resistance due to Nonlinearities in Single and Stacked
Josephson Junctions,” October 17, 2018.
39. T. Seifert et al., “Efficient metallic spintronic emitters of ultrabroadband terahertz radiation,” Nature Photon., vol. 10, no. 7, pp. 483–488, 2016.
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| Issue | Vol 13 No 1 (2026) | |
| Section | Literature (Narrative) Review(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/fbt.v13i1.20791 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Terahertz imaging Computed Tomography THz-CT challenges THz sources scattering absorption acquisition times standardization | ||
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How to Cite
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Mohamadian M, Hosseini M. Terahertz Computed Tomography and Imaging Challenges. Frontiers Biomed Technol. 2026;13(1):255-265.
