Radiosensitization of the Gold, Silver, and Gadolinium Nanoparticles in 177Lu Radionuclide Radiation Field in Microscopic and Macroscopic Scales in the Liver Radionuclide Therapy
,
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to estimate the dose enhancement of Gold, Silver, and Gadolinium on both microscopic and macroscopic scales in liver 177Lu nano-radionuclide therapy.
Materials and Methods: The 177Lu radionuclide at the nano-scale was simulated using the MCNP 6.1 Monte Carlo (MC) simulation method. The emitted radiation characteristics, such as type and energy of emitted radiation, were modeled at the center of the tumor. The tumor cell (phantom liver) was filled with cubic voxels with sides of 1µm. These cubic voxels were then filled with GNP, AgNP, and GdNP spherical nanoparticles with a diameter of 30 nm each, and in a concentration of 10 mg/g of tissue.
Results: The DEF was estimated at 5µm, 20µm, 50µm, 70µm, and 100µm from a single 177Lu nano-radionuclide radiation source at the center of the phantom liver cell, emitting both γ-ray and β- particles. A significant γ-ray DEF of up to 89% was observed at some µm around the source. Additionally, high DEF was derived for β- rays at some µm around the simulated radionuclides compared to greater distances. Estimated DEF in tumoral tissue including GNP was 89%, 78%, 72%, 47%, and 25% at 5µm, 20µm, 50µm, 70µm, and 100µm respectively from the center. DEF for the other nanoparticles was also derived.
Conclusion: A dramatic DEF was observed in the close vicinity of NPs around 177Lu as the radiation source, possibly due to the great gradient in dose and dominance of the photo-electric phenomenon.
1 Skidmore TB, Russell J, Bryant J, Alder S, Hayes JK: Dosimetric Comparison of High-Dose-Rate Brachytherapy, Helical Tomotherapy and Linac-Based Intensity Modulated Radiaiton Therapy for Definitive Localized Prostate Cancer Treatment. Brachytherapy 2014;13:S70.
2 Batooei S, Moslehi A, Islamian JP: A study on radiation interactions, dose enhancement, and hydrolysis with metallic nanoparticles irradiated by 6 megavoltage X-rays: Geant4 Monte Carlo simulation. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 2022;526:19-28.
3 Gray T, Bassiri N, David S, Patel DY, Stathakis S, Kirby N, Mayer KM: A detailed experimental and Monte Carlo analysis of gold nanoparticle dose enhancement using 6 MV and 18 MV external beam energies in a macroscopic scale. Applied Radiation and Isotopes 2021;171:109638.
4 Merkis M, Griskonis E, Laurikaitiene J, Puiso J, Ignas P, Palvanov S, Adliene D: Investigation of dose sensitivity and dose enhancement effect in silver nanoparticle enriched dose gels. Radiation Physics and Chemistry 2023;213:111213.
5 Banaee N: Enhanced dose measurement of zinc oxide nanoparticles by radiochromic polymer dosimeter and Monte Carlo simulation. Reports of Practical Oncology & Radiotherapy 2020;25:515-520.
6 Baghani HR, Nasrollahi S: Efficacy of various nanoparticle types in dose enhancement during low energy X-ray IORT: A Monte Carlo simulation study. Radiation Physics and Chemistry 2021;183:109432.
7 Rabus H, Li WB, Villagrasa C, Schuemann J, Hepperle PA, Fuente Rosales L, Beuve M, Di Maria S, Klapproth AP, Li CY, Poignant F, Rudek B, Nettelbeck H: Intercomparison of Monte Carlo calculated dose enhancement ratios for gold nanoparticles irradiated by X-rays: Assessing the uncertainty and correct methodology for extended beams. Physica Medica 2021;84:241-253.
8 Hashemi S, Aghamiri SMR, Jaberi R, Siavashpour Z: An in silico study on the effect of host tissue at brachytherapy dose enhancement by gold nanoparticles. Brachytherapy 2021;20:420-425.
9 Bassiri N, Gray T, David S, Yogeshkumar Patel D, Locker A, Rasmussen K, Papanikolaou N, Mayer KM, Kirby N: Technical Note: Film-based measurement of gold nanoparticle dose enhancement for 192Ir. Medical physics 2020;47:260-266.
10 Batooei S, Moslehi A, Islamian JP: A study on radiation interactions, dose enhancement, and hydrolysis with metallic nanoparticles irradiated by 6 megavoltage X-rays: Geant4 Monte Carlo simulation. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 2022;526:19-28.
11 Berbeco R, Detappe A, Tsiamas P, Parsons D, Yewondwossen M, Robar J: Low Z target switching to increase tumor endothelial cell dose enhancement during gold nanoparticle-aided radiation therapy. Medical physics 2015;43:in.
12 Hsing CH, Cho IC, Chao TC, Hong JH, Tung CJ: GNP enhanced responses in microdosimetric spectra for 192Ir source. Radiation Measurements 2018;118:67-71.
13 Merkis M, Griskonis E, Laurikaitiene J, Puiso J, Ignas P, Palvanov S, Adliene D: Investigation of dose sensitivity and dose enhancement effect in silver nanoparticle enriched dose gels. Radiation Physics and Chemistry 2023;213:111213.
14 Taha E, Djouider F, Banoqitah E: Monte Carlo simulation of dose enhancement due to silver nanoparticles implantation in brain tumor brachytherapy using a digital phantom. Radiation Physics and Chemistry 2019;156:15-21.
15 Choo WH, Park CH, Jung SE, Moon B, Ahn H, Ryu JS, Kim KS, Lee YH, Yu IJ, Oh SM: Long-term exposures to low doses of silver nanoparticles enhanced in vitro malignant cell transformation in non-tumorigenic BEAS-2B cells. Toxicology in Vitro 2016;37:41-49.
16 Capia FP, Guidelli EJ: Enhanced thermoluminescence, radioluminescence, and optically stimulated luminescence from lithium fluoride and silver nanoparticles composites. Optical Materials: X 2024;21:100287.
17 Margalik DA, Chen J, Ho T, Ding L, Dhaliwal A, Doria AS, Zheng G: Prolonged Circulating Lipid Nanoparticles Enabled by High-Density Gd-DTPA-Bis(stearylamide) for Long-Lasting Enhanced Tumor Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Bioconjugate Chemistry 2022;33:2213-2222.
18 Fuentealba M, Santib+ي+¦ez M: Monte Carlo evaluation of the dose sparing and dose enhancement by combination of Gd-infused tumor and 241Am source for an endocavitary brachytherapy geometry. Applied Radiation and Isotopes 2020;163:109194.
19 Merkis M, Griskonis E, Laurikaitiene J, Puiso J, Ignas P, Palvanov S, Adliene D: Investigation of dose sensitivity and dose enhancement effect in silver nanoparticle enriched dose gels. Radiation Physics and Chemistry 2023;213:111213.
20 Santib+ي+¦ez M, Guillen Y, Chac+¦n D, Figueroa RG, Valente M: Feasibility of dose enhancement assessment: Preliminary results by means of Gd-infused polymer gel dosimeter and Monte Carlo study. Applied Radiation and Isotopes 2018;141:210-218.
21 Ghasemi Jangjoo A, Ghiasi H: Monte Carlo study on the gold and gadolinium nanoparticles radio-sensitizer effect in the prostate 125I seeds radiotherapy. Polish Journal of Medical Physics and Engineering 2019;25:165-169.
22 McMahon SJ, Hyland WB, Muir MF, Coulter JA, Jain S, Butterworth KT, Schettino G, Dickson GR, Hounsell AR, OGاضSullivan JM, Prise KM, Hirst DG, Currell FJ: Nanodosimetric effects of gold nanoparticles in megavoltage radiation therapy. Radiotherapy and Oncology 2011;100:412-416.
23 McMahon SJ, Hyland WB, Brun E, Butterworth KT, Coulter JA, Douki T, Hirst DG, Jain S, Kavanagh AP, Krpetic Z, Mendenhall MH, Muir MF, Prise KM, Requardt H, Sanche L+, Schettino G, Currell FJ, Sicard-Roselli C+: Energy Dependence of Gold Nanoparticle Radiosensitization in Plasmid DNA. J Phys Chem C 2011;115:20160-20167.
24 Martinov MP, Fletcher EM, Thomson RM: Multiscale Monte Carlo simulations of gold nanoparticle dose-enhanced radiotherapy I: Cellular dose enhancement in microscopic models. Medical physics 2023;50:5853-5864.
25 Martinov MP, Fletcher EM, Thomson RM: Multiscale Monte Carlo simulations of gold nanoparticle dose-enhanced radiotherapy I: Cellular dose enhancement in microscopic models. Medical physics 2023;50:5853-5864.
26 Ramonaheng K, van Staden JA, du Raan H: Accuracy of two dosimetry software programs for 177Lu radiopharmaceutical therapy using voxel-based patient-specific phantoms. Heliyon 2022;8:e09830.
27 MoraGاةRamirez E, Santoro L, Cassol E, OcampoGاةRamos JC, Clayton N, Kayal G, Chouaf S, Trauchessec D, Pouget J, Kotzki P: Comparison of commercial dosimetric software platforms in patients treated with 177LuGاةDOTATATE for peptide receptor radionuclide therapy. Medical physics 2020;47:4602-4615.
28 Santoro L, Pitalot L, Trauchessec D, Mora-Ramirez E, Kotzki PO, Bardi+؟s M, Deshayes E: Clinical implementation of PLANET-« Dose for dosimetric assessment after [177Lu] Lu-DOTA-TATE: comparison with Dosimetry Toolkit-« and OLINDA/EXM-« V1. 0. EJNMMI research 2021;11:1-17.
29 Taha E, Djouider F, Banoqitah E: Monte Carlo simulations for dose enhancement in cancer treatment using bismuth oxide nanoparticles implanted in brain soft tissue. Australasian Physical & Engineering Sciences in Medicine 2018;41:363-370.
30 Ladri+؟re T, Faudemer J, Levigoureux E, Peyronnet D, Desmonts C+, Vigne J: Safety and Therapeutic Optimization of Lutetium-177 Based Radiopharmaceuticals. 2023;15.
31 Taha E, Djouider F, Banoqitah E: Monte Carlo simulation of dose enhancement due to silver nanoparticles implantation in brain tumor brachytherapy using a digital phantom. Radiation Physics and Chemistry 2019;156:15-21.
32 Fuentealba M, Santib+ي+¦ez M: Monte Carlo evaluation of the dose sparing and dose enhancement by combination of Gd-infused tumor and 241Am source for an endocavitary brachytherapy geometry. Applied Radiation and Isotopes 2020;163:109194.
33 Merkis M, Griskonis E, Laurikaitiene J, Puiso J, Ignas P, Palvanov S, Adliene D: Investigation of dose sensitivity and dose enhancement effect in silver nanoparticle enriched dose gels. Radiation Physics and Chemistry 2023;213:111213.
34 McMahon SJ, Hyland WB, Muir MF, Coulter JA, Jain S, Butterworth KT, Schettino G, Dickson GR, Hounsell AR, OGاضSullivan JM, Prise KM, Hirst DG, Currell FJ: Nanodosimetric effects of gold nanoparticles in megavoltage radiation therapy. Radiotherapy and Oncology 2011;100:412-416.
35 Rasouli FS, Masoudi SF: Monte Carlo investigation of the effect of gold nanoparticlesGاض distribution on cellular dose enhancement. Radiation Physics and Chemistry 2019;158:6-12.
36 Zabihzadeh M, Moshirian T, Ghorbani M, Knaup C, Behrooz MA: A Monte Carlo Study on Dose Enhancement by Homogeneous and Inhomogeneous Distributions of Gold Nanoparticles in Radiotherapy with Low Energy X-rays. Journal of Biomedical Physics and Engineering 2018;8:13-28.
37 Zabihzadeh M, Moshirian T, Ghorbani M, Knaup C, Behrooz MA: A Monte Carlo Study on Dose Enhancement by Homogeneous and Inhomogeneous Distributions of Gold Nanoparticles in Radiotherapy with Low Energy X-rays. Journal of Biomedical Physics and Engineering 2018;8:13-28.
38 Hsing CH, Cho IC, Chao TC, Hong JH, Tung CJ: GNP enhanced responses in microdosimetric spectra for 192Ir source. Radiation Measurements 2018;118:67-71.
39 Rabus H, Schwarze M, Thomas L: Article commentary on GاےMicrodosimetric and radiobiological effects of gold nanoparticles at therapeutic radiation energiesGاض [T.M. Gray et-لal., IJRB 2023, 99(2), 308Gاô317]. International Journal of Radiation Biology 2024;100:7-17.
40 Tara M, David S, Bassiri N, Devanshi Y, Kirby N, Kathryn M: Microdosimetric and radiobiological effects of gold nanoparticles at therapeutic radiation energies. International Journal of Radiation Biology 2023;99:308-317.
41 Dykman LA, Khlebtsov NG: Gold nanoparticles in biology and medicine: recent advances and prospects. Acta Naturae (-¦-+-¦-+-+-إ-+-ï-ç-+-¦-إ -¦-¦-ا-ü-+-إ) 2011;3:34-55.
42 Kong T, Zeng J, Wang X, Yang X, Yang J, McQuarrie S, McEwan A, Roa W, Chen J, Xing JZ: Enhancement of Radiation Cytotoxicity in Breast-Cancer Cells by Localized Attachment of Gold Nanoparticles. Small 2008;4:1537-1543.
43 Kong T, Zeng J, Wang X, Yang X, Yang J, McQuarrie S, McEwan A, Roa W, Chen J, Xing JZ: Enhancement of Radiation Cytotoxicity in Breast-Cancer Cells by Localized Attachment of Gold Nanoparticles. Small 2008;4:1537-1543.
44 Matsudaira H, Ueno AM, Furuno I: Iodine Contrast Medium Sensitizes Cultured Mammalian Cells to X Rays but Not to +¦ Rays. Radiation Research 1980;84:144-148.
2 Batooei S, Moslehi A, Islamian JP: A study on radiation interactions, dose enhancement, and hydrolysis with metallic nanoparticles irradiated by 6 megavoltage X-rays: Geant4 Monte Carlo simulation. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 2022;526:19-28.
3 Gray T, Bassiri N, David S, Patel DY, Stathakis S, Kirby N, Mayer KM: A detailed experimental and Monte Carlo analysis of gold nanoparticle dose enhancement using 6 MV and 18 MV external beam energies in a macroscopic scale. Applied Radiation and Isotopes 2021;171:109638.
4 Merkis M, Griskonis E, Laurikaitiene J, Puiso J, Ignas P, Palvanov S, Adliene D: Investigation of dose sensitivity and dose enhancement effect in silver nanoparticle enriched dose gels. Radiation Physics and Chemistry 2023;213:111213.
5 Banaee N: Enhanced dose measurement of zinc oxide nanoparticles by radiochromic polymer dosimeter and Monte Carlo simulation. Reports of Practical Oncology & Radiotherapy 2020;25:515-520.
6 Baghani HR, Nasrollahi S: Efficacy of various nanoparticle types in dose enhancement during low energy X-ray IORT: A Monte Carlo simulation study. Radiation Physics and Chemistry 2021;183:109432.
7 Rabus H, Li WB, Villagrasa C, Schuemann J, Hepperle PA, Fuente Rosales L, Beuve M, Di Maria S, Klapproth AP, Li CY, Poignant F, Rudek B, Nettelbeck H: Intercomparison of Monte Carlo calculated dose enhancement ratios for gold nanoparticles irradiated by X-rays: Assessing the uncertainty and correct methodology for extended beams. Physica Medica 2021;84:241-253.
8 Hashemi S, Aghamiri SMR, Jaberi R, Siavashpour Z: An in silico study on the effect of host tissue at brachytherapy dose enhancement by gold nanoparticles. Brachytherapy 2021;20:420-425.
9 Bassiri N, Gray T, David S, Yogeshkumar Patel D, Locker A, Rasmussen K, Papanikolaou N, Mayer KM, Kirby N: Technical Note: Film-based measurement of gold nanoparticle dose enhancement for 192Ir. Medical physics 2020;47:260-266.
10 Batooei S, Moslehi A, Islamian JP: A study on radiation interactions, dose enhancement, and hydrolysis with metallic nanoparticles irradiated by 6 megavoltage X-rays: Geant4 Monte Carlo simulation. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 2022;526:19-28.
11 Berbeco R, Detappe A, Tsiamas P, Parsons D, Yewondwossen M, Robar J: Low Z target switching to increase tumor endothelial cell dose enhancement during gold nanoparticle-aided radiation therapy. Medical physics 2015;43:in.
12 Hsing CH, Cho IC, Chao TC, Hong JH, Tung CJ: GNP enhanced responses in microdosimetric spectra for 192Ir source. Radiation Measurements 2018;118:67-71.
13 Merkis M, Griskonis E, Laurikaitiene J, Puiso J, Ignas P, Palvanov S, Adliene D: Investigation of dose sensitivity and dose enhancement effect in silver nanoparticle enriched dose gels. Radiation Physics and Chemistry 2023;213:111213.
14 Taha E, Djouider F, Banoqitah E: Monte Carlo simulation of dose enhancement due to silver nanoparticles implantation in brain tumor brachytherapy using a digital phantom. Radiation Physics and Chemistry 2019;156:15-21.
15 Choo WH, Park CH, Jung SE, Moon B, Ahn H, Ryu JS, Kim KS, Lee YH, Yu IJ, Oh SM: Long-term exposures to low doses of silver nanoparticles enhanced in vitro malignant cell transformation in non-tumorigenic BEAS-2B cells. Toxicology in Vitro 2016;37:41-49.
16 Capia FP, Guidelli EJ: Enhanced thermoluminescence, radioluminescence, and optically stimulated luminescence from lithium fluoride and silver nanoparticles composites. Optical Materials: X 2024;21:100287.
17 Margalik DA, Chen J, Ho T, Ding L, Dhaliwal A, Doria AS, Zheng G: Prolonged Circulating Lipid Nanoparticles Enabled by High-Density Gd-DTPA-Bis(stearylamide) for Long-Lasting Enhanced Tumor Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Bioconjugate Chemistry 2022;33:2213-2222.
18 Fuentealba M, Santib+ي+¦ez M: Monte Carlo evaluation of the dose sparing and dose enhancement by combination of Gd-infused tumor and 241Am source for an endocavitary brachytherapy geometry. Applied Radiation and Isotopes 2020;163:109194.
19 Merkis M, Griskonis E, Laurikaitiene J, Puiso J, Ignas P, Palvanov S, Adliene D: Investigation of dose sensitivity and dose enhancement effect in silver nanoparticle enriched dose gels. Radiation Physics and Chemistry 2023;213:111213.
20 Santib+ي+¦ez M, Guillen Y, Chac+¦n D, Figueroa RG, Valente M: Feasibility of dose enhancement assessment: Preliminary results by means of Gd-infused polymer gel dosimeter and Monte Carlo study. Applied Radiation and Isotopes 2018;141:210-218.
21 Ghasemi Jangjoo A, Ghiasi H: Monte Carlo study on the gold and gadolinium nanoparticles radio-sensitizer effect in the prostate 125I seeds radiotherapy. Polish Journal of Medical Physics and Engineering 2019;25:165-169.
22 McMahon SJ, Hyland WB, Muir MF, Coulter JA, Jain S, Butterworth KT, Schettino G, Dickson GR, Hounsell AR, OGاضSullivan JM, Prise KM, Hirst DG, Currell FJ: Nanodosimetric effects of gold nanoparticles in megavoltage radiation therapy. Radiotherapy and Oncology 2011;100:412-416.
23 McMahon SJ, Hyland WB, Brun E, Butterworth KT, Coulter JA, Douki T, Hirst DG, Jain S, Kavanagh AP, Krpetic Z, Mendenhall MH, Muir MF, Prise KM, Requardt H, Sanche L+, Schettino G, Currell FJ, Sicard-Roselli C+: Energy Dependence of Gold Nanoparticle Radiosensitization in Plasmid DNA. J Phys Chem C 2011;115:20160-20167.
24 Martinov MP, Fletcher EM, Thomson RM: Multiscale Monte Carlo simulations of gold nanoparticle dose-enhanced radiotherapy I: Cellular dose enhancement in microscopic models. Medical physics 2023;50:5853-5864.
25 Martinov MP, Fletcher EM, Thomson RM: Multiscale Monte Carlo simulations of gold nanoparticle dose-enhanced radiotherapy I: Cellular dose enhancement in microscopic models. Medical physics 2023;50:5853-5864.
26 Ramonaheng K, van Staden JA, du Raan H: Accuracy of two dosimetry software programs for 177Lu radiopharmaceutical therapy using voxel-based patient-specific phantoms. Heliyon 2022;8:e09830.
27 MoraGاةRamirez E, Santoro L, Cassol E, OcampoGاةRamos JC, Clayton N, Kayal G, Chouaf S, Trauchessec D, Pouget J, Kotzki P: Comparison of commercial dosimetric software platforms in patients treated with 177LuGاةDOTATATE for peptide receptor radionuclide therapy. Medical physics 2020;47:4602-4615.
28 Santoro L, Pitalot L, Trauchessec D, Mora-Ramirez E, Kotzki PO, Bardi+؟s M, Deshayes E: Clinical implementation of PLANET-« Dose for dosimetric assessment after [177Lu] Lu-DOTA-TATE: comparison with Dosimetry Toolkit-« and OLINDA/EXM-« V1. 0. EJNMMI research 2021;11:1-17.
29 Taha E, Djouider F, Banoqitah E: Monte Carlo simulations for dose enhancement in cancer treatment using bismuth oxide nanoparticles implanted in brain soft tissue. Australasian Physical & Engineering Sciences in Medicine 2018;41:363-370.
30 Ladri+؟re T, Faudemer J, Levigoureux E, Peyronnet D, Desmonts C+, Vigne J: Safety and Therapeutic Optimization of Lutetium-177 Based Radiopharmaceuticals. 2023;15.
31 Taha E, Djouider F, Banoqitah E: Monte Carlo simulation of dose enhancement due to silver nanoparticles implantation in brain tumor brachytherapy using a digital phantom. Radiation Physics and Chemistry 2019;156:15-21.
32 Fuentealba M, Santib+ي+¦ez M: Monte Carlo evaluation of the dose sparing and dose enhancement by combination of Gd-infused tumor and 241Am source for an endocavitary brachytherapy geometry. Applied Radiation and Isotopes 2020;163:109194.
33 Merkis M, Griskonis E, Laurikaitiene J, Puiso J, Ignas P, Palvanov S, Adliene D: Investigation of dose sensitivity and dose enhancement effect in silver nanoparticle enriched dose gels. Radiation Physics and Chemistry 2023;213:111213.
34 McMahon SJ, Hyland WB, Muir MF, Coulter JA, Jain S, Butterworth KT, Schettino G, Dickson GR, Hounsell AR, OGاضSullivan JM, Prise KM, Hirst DG, Currell FJ: Nanodosimetric effects of gold nanoparticles in megavoltage radiation therapy. Radiotherapy and Oncology 2011;100:412-416.
35 Rasouli FS, Masoudi SF: Monte Carlo investigation of the effect of gold nanoparticlesGاض distribution on cellular dose enhancement. Radiation Physics and Chemistry 2019;158:6-12.
36 Zabihzadeh M, Moshirian T, Ghorbani M, Knaup C, Behrooz MA: A Monte Carlo Study on Dose Enhancement by Homogeneous and Inhomogeneous Distributions of Gold Nanoparticles in Radiotherapy with Low Energy X-rays. Journal of Biomedical Physics and Engineering 2018;8:13-28.
37 Zabihzadeh M, Moshirian T, Ghorbani M, Knaup C, Behrooz MA: A Monte Carlo Study on Dose Enhancement by Homogeneous and Inhomogeneous Distributions of Gold Nanoparticles in Radiotherapy with Low Energy X-rays. Journal of Biomedical Physics and Engineering 2018;8:13-28.
38 Hsing CH, Cho IC, Chao TC, Hong JH, Tung CJ: GNP enhanced responses in microdosimetric spectra for 192Ir source. Radiation Measurements 2018;118:67-71.
39 Rabus H, Schwarze M, Thomas L: Article commentary on GاےMicrodosimetric and radiobiological effects of gold nanoparticles at therapeutic radiation energiesGاض [T.M. Gray et-لal., IJRB 2023, 99(2), 308Gاô317]. International Journal of Radiation Biology 2024;100:7-17.
40 Tara M, David S, Bassiri N, Devanshi Y, Kirby N, Kathryn M: Microdosimetric and radiobiological effects of gold nanoparticles at therapeutic radiation energies. International Journal of Radiation Biology 2023;99:308-317.
41 Dykman LA, Khlebtsov NG: Gold nanoparticles in biology and medicine: recent advances and prospects. Acta Naturae (-¦-+-¦-+-+-إ-+-ï-ç-+-¦-إ -¦-¦-ا-ü-+-إ) 2011;3:34-55.
42 Kong T, Zeng J, Wang X, Yang X, Yang J, McQuarrie S, McEwan A, Roa W, Chen J, Xing JZ: Enhancement of Radiation Cytotoxicity in Breast-Cancer Cells by Localized Attachment of Gold Nanoparticles. Small 2008;4:1537-1543.
43 Kong T, Zeng J, Wang X, Yang X, Yang J, McQuarrie S, McEwan A, Roa W, Chen J, Xing JZ: Enhancement of Radiation Cytotoxicity in Breast-Cancer Cells by Localized Attachment of Gold Nanoparticles. Small 2008;4:1537-1543.
44 Matsudaira H, Ueno AM, Furuno I: Iodine Contrast Medium Sensitizes Cultured Mammalian Cells to X Rays but Not to +¦ Rays. Radiation Research 1980;84:144-148.
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| Issue | Vol 12 No 3 (2025) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/fbt.v12i3.19173 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Monte Carlo Radionuclide Dose Enhancement Nanoparticle | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Parwaie W, Molazadeh M, Mortezazadeh T, Ghiasi H. Radiosensitization of the Gold, Silver, and Gadolinium Nanoparticles in 177Lu Radionuclide Radiation Field in Microscopic and Macroscopic Scales in the Liver Radionuclide Therapy. Frontiers Biomed Technol. 2025;12(3):509-518.
