Iranian Normative Data for the Trail-Making Test Stratified by Age, Gender, and Education
Abstract
Purpose: Executive functions and attention are often impaired in neurological, medical, and psychiatric disorders. This study aimed to, in addition to collecting Iranian normative data, examine whether the demographic variables are associated with performance in one of the most widely used neuropsychological tools to measure cognitive status.
Materials & Methods: The present study as part of the Iranian Brain Imaging Database project was conducted on 300 healthy individuals in the age range of 20 to 70 years, with an equal number of participants and an equal proportion of genders in each age decade. Independent and dependent variables, respectively, were age (classified by five decades including 20-30-year-olds, 31-40-year-olds, 41-50-year-olds, 51-60-year-olds, and 61-70-year-olds) and performance in the Trail Making Test (TMT; defined in terms of two scores of the completion time of TMT-A and TMT-B).
Results: According to correlation coefficients, age and education had a significant negative and positive correlation with both TMT-A and TMT-B (p=0.01), respectively; however, no significant correlation was observed between gender and scores (p>0.05). According to multivariate analysis of variance, the interaction of age, gender, and education did not lead to a significant difference in the TMT scores (p=0.309). In addition, Tukey's post hoc test showed that participants under 40 took significantly less time to complete TMT-A than those over 50, while in TMT-B, participants under 30 years completed in a shorter time than those over 30 years old (p<0.01).
Conclusion: Our findings indicate that age and education have a significant association with the performance of the Iranian healthy population in the well-known measure of executive function and attention, and it is necessary to interpret TMT scores using regional normative data in clinical and research settings.
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3- L. Doshmangir, R. Khabiri, and V. S. Gordeev, "Policies to address the impact of an ageing population in Iran." (in eng), Lancet, Vol. 401 (No. 10382), p. 1078, Apr 1 (2023).
4- F. Sadeghian et al., "Road traffic injuries and associated mortality in the Islamic Republic of Iran." (in eng), East Mediterr Health J, Vol. 29 (No. 10), pp. 796-803, Nov 1 (2023).
5- D. V. C. Brito et al., "Assessing cognitive decline in the aging brain: lessons from rodent and human studies." (in eng), NPJ Aging, Vol. 9 (No. 1), p. 23, Oct 19 (2023).
6- Muriel Deutsch Lezak, Neuropsychological assessment. Oxford University Press, USA, (2004).
7- L. A. Rabin, E. Paolillo, and W. B. Barr, "Stability in Test-Usage Practices of Clinical Neuropsychologists in the United States and Canada Over a 10-Year Period: A Follow-Up Survey of INS and NAN Members." (in eng), Arch Clin Neuropsychol, Vol. 31 (No. 3), pp. 206-30, May (2016).
8- P. D. Harvey, "Domains of cognition and their assessment " (in eng), Dialogues Clin Neurosci, Vol. 21 (No. 3), pp. 227-37, Sep (2019).
9- Ralph M Reitan and Deborah Wolfson, "The Halstead-Reitan neuropsychological test battery: Theory and clinical interpretation." (No Title), (1985).
10- K. Stedal, I. Frampton, N. I. Landrø, and B. Lask, "An examination of the ravello profile--a neuropsychological test battery for anorexia nervosa." (in eng), Eur Eat Disord Rev, Vol. 20 (No. 3), pp. 175-81, May (2012).
11- A. Martini et al., "Differences in cognitive profiles between Lewy body and Parkinson's disease dementia." (in eng), J Neural Transm (Vienna), Vol. 127 (No. 3), pp. 323-30, Mar (2020).
12- A. Mühlbäck et al., "Validation Study of a German Cognitive Battery for Huntington's Disease: Relationship Between Cognitive Performance, Functional Decline, and Disease Burden." (in eng), Arch Clin Neuropsychol, Vol. 36 (No. 1), pp. 74-86, Jan 15 (2021).
13- J. A. Periáñez et al., "Trail Making Test in traumatic brain injury, schizophrenia, and normal ageing: sample comparisons and normative data." (in eng), Arch Clin Neuropsychol, Vol. 22 (No. 4), pp. 433-47, May (2007).
14- A. Borkowska, E. Pilaczyñska, and J. K. Rybakowski, "The frontal lobe neuropsychological tests in patients with schizophrenia and/or obsessive-compulsive disorder." (in eng), J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, Vol. 15 (No. 3), pp. 359-62, Summer (2003).
15- M. Fislage et al., "Trail making test B in postoperative delirium: a replication study." (in eng), BJA Open, Vol. 8p. 100239, Dec (2023).
16- A. Vallesi, "On the utility of the trail making test in migraine with and without aura: a meta-analysis." (in eng), J Headache Pain, Vol. 21 (No. 1), p. 63, Jun 3 (2020).
17- G. P. Kurita, M. Sandvad, L. Lundorff, C. A. De Mattos-Pimenta, J. Højsted, and P. Sjøgren, "Assessment of cognitive function in patients with metastatic cancer: Are we using the right tools?" (in eng), Palliat Support Care, Vol. 16 (No. 1), pp. 80-89, Feb (2018).
18- E. Tamez, J. Myerson, L. Morris, D. A. White, C. Baum, and L. T. Connor, "Assessing executive abilities following acute stroke with the trail making test and digit span." (in eng), Behav Neurol, Vol. 24 (No. 3), pp. 177-85, (2011).
19- P. Vaucher, D. Herzig, I. Cardoso, M. H. Herzog, P. Mangin, and B. Favrat, "The trail making test as a screening instrument for driving performance in older drivers; a translational research." (in eng), BMC Geriatr, Vol. 14p. 123, Nov 24 (2014).
20- C. Hirota et al., "Association between the Trail Making Test and physical performance in elderly Japanese." (in eng), Geriatr Gerontol Int, Vol. 10 (No. 1), pp. 40-7, Jan (2010).
21- K. A. Espy and M. F. Cwik, "The development of a trial making test in young children: the TRAILS-P." (in eng), Clin Neuropsychol, Vol. 18 (No. 3), pp. 411-22, Aug (2004).
22- P. H. Lu and G. J. Lee, "The Role of Neuropsychology in the Assessment of the Cognitively Impaired Elderly." (in eng), Neurol Clin, Vol. 35 (No. 2), pp. 191-206, May (2017).
23- T. L. Dassanayake, C. Hewawasam, A. Baminiwatta, and D. I. Ariyasinghe, "Regression-based, demographically adjusted norms for Victoria Stroop Test, Digit Span, and Verbal Fluency for Sri Lankan adults." (in eng), Clin Neuropsychol, Vol. 35 (No. sup1), pp. S32-s49, Dec (2021).
24- S. Ye et al., "The Chinese Brief Cognitive Test: Normative Data Stratified by Gender, Age and Education." (in eng), Front Psychiatry, Vol. 13p. 933642, (2022).
25- A. St-Hilaire et al., "Trail Making Tests A and B: regression-based normative data for Quebec French-speaking mid and older aged adults." (in eng), Clin Neuropsychol, Vol. 32 (No. sup1), pp. 77-90, Jan-Dec (2018).
26- C. Iñesta, J. Oltra-Cucarella, B. Bonete-López, E. Calderón-Rubio, and E. Sitges-Maciá, "Regression-Based Normative Data for Independent and Cognitively Active Spanish Older Adults: Digit Span, Letters and Numbers, Trail Making Test and Symbol Digit Modalities Test." (in eng), Int J Environ Res Public Health, Vol. 18 (No. 19), Sep 22 (2021).
27- J. Espenes et al., "Demographically adjusted trail making test norms in a Scandinavian sample from 41 to 84 years." (in eng), Clin Neuropsychol, Vol. 34 (No. sup1), pp. 110-26, Dec (2020).
28- J. Abi Chahine, S. Rammal, Y. Fares, and L. Abou Abbas, "Trail Making Test: normative data for the Lebanese adult population." (in eng), Clin Neuropsychol, Vol. 34 (No. sup1), pp. 29-42, Dec (2020).
29- Elisabeth Sherman and Marianne Hrabok, A compendium of neuropsychological tests: Fundamentals of neuropsychological assessment and test reviews for clinical practice. Oxford University Press, (2023).
30- A. L. Fernández and B. A. Marcopulos, "A comparison of normative data for the Trail Making Test from several countries: equivalence of norms and considerations for interpretation." (in eng), Scand J Psychol, Vol. 49 (No. 3), pp. 239-46, Jun (2008).
31- Gregory J Boyle, Charles J Golden, Dan J Stein, and Yaakov Stern, "The SAGE Handbook of Clinical Neuropsychology: Clinical Neuropsychological Assessment and Diagnosis." (2023).
32- Seyed Amir Hossein Batouli and Minoo Sisakhti, "Some points to consider in a task-based fMRI study: A guideline for beginners." Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies, (2020).
33- S. A. H. Batouli et al., "Iranian Brain Imaging Database: A Neuropsychiatric Database of Healthy Brain." (in eng), Basic Clin Neurosci, Vol. 12 (No. 1), pp. 115-32, Jan-Feb (2021).
34- Minoo Sisakhti, Helia Hosseini, Seyed Amir Hossein Batouli, and Hassan Farrahi, "The Benson Complex Figure Test: Normative Data for the Healthy Iranian Population." Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies, (2023).
35- Hassan Farrahi, Minoo Sisakhti, and Seyed Amir Hossein Batouli, "The rey auditory verbal learning test: Age-, gender-and education-related normative data for the Iranian healthy population." Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies, Vol. 10 (No. 3), pp. 308-20, (2023).
36- C. R. Bowie and P. D. Harvey, "Administration and interpretation of the Trail Making Test." (in eng), Nat Protoc, Vol. 1 (No. 5), pp. 2277-81, (2006).
37- Gary Groth-Marnat, Handbook of psychological assessment. John Wiley & Sons, (2003).
38- T. N. Tombaugh, "Trail Making Test A and B: normative data stratified by age and education." (in eng), Arch Clin Neuropsychol, Vol. 19 (No. 2), pp. 203-14, Mar (2004).
39- B. Cangoz, E. Karakoc, and K. Selekler, "Trail Making Test: normative data for Turkish elderly population by age, sex and education." (in eng), J Neurol Sci, Vol. 283 (No. 1-2), pp. 73-8, Aug 15 (2009).
40- H. Suzuki et al., "Normative Data of the Trail Making Test Among Urban Community-Dwelling Older Adults in Japan." (in eng), Front Aging Neurosci, Vol. 14p. 832158, (2022).
41- J. C. Arango-Lasprilla et al., "Trail Making Test: Normative data for the Latin American Spanish speaking adult population." (in eng), NeuroRehabilitation, Vol. 37 (No. 4), pp. 639-61, (2015).
42- S. E. O'Bryant, M. Edwards, L. Johnson, J. Hall, A. Gamboa, and J. O'Jile, "Texas Mexican American adult normative studies: Normative data for commonly used clinical neuropsychological measures for English- and Spanish-speakers." (in eng), Dev Neuropsychol, Vol. 43 (No. 1), pp. 1-26, Jan (2018).
43- J. Llinàs-Reglà, J. Vilalta-Franch, S. López-Pousa, L. Calvó-Perxas, D. Torrents Rodas, and J. Garre-Olmo, "The Trail Making Test." (in eng), Assessment, Vol. 24 (No. 2), pp. 183-96, Mar (2017).
44- T. B. Robins Wahlin, L. Bäckman, A. Wahlin, and B. Winblad, "Trail Making Test performance in a community-based sample of healthy very old adults: effects of age on completion time, but not on accuracy." (in eng), Arch Gerontol Geriatr, Vol. 22 (No. 1), pp. 87-102, Jan-Feb (1996).
45- O. Bezdicek et al., "Czech version of the Trail Making Test: normative data and clinical utility." (in eng), Arch Clin Neuropsychol, Vol. 27 (No. 8), pp. 906-14, Dec (2012).
46- Amer C Hamdan and Eli Mara LR Hamdan, "Effects of age and education level on the Trail Making Test in a healthy Brazilian sample." Psychology & Neuroscience, Vol. 2pp. 199-203, (2009).
47- M. Siciliano et al., "Regression-based normative data and equivalent scores for Trail Making Test (TMT): an updated Italian normative study." (in eng), Neurol Sci, Vol. 40 (No. 3), pp. 469-77, Mar (2019).
48- N. Beker, S. A. M. Sikkes, M. Hulsman, B. Schmand, P. Scheltens, and H. Holstege, "Neuropsychological Test Performance of Cognitively Healthy Centenarians: Normative Data From the Dutch 100-Plus Study." (in eng), J Am Geriatr Soc, Vol. 67 (No. 4), pp. 759-67, Apr (2019).
49- J. Peña-Casanova et al., "Spanish Multicenter Normative Studies (NEURONORMA Project): norms for verbal span, visuospatial span, letter and number sequencing, trail making test, and symbol digit modalities test." (in eng), Arch Clin Neuropsychol, Vol. 24 (No. 4), pp. 321-41, Jun (2009).
50- R. Hashimoto, K. Meguro, E. Lee, M. Kasai, H. Ishii, and S. Yamaguchi, "Effect of age and education on the Trail Making Test and determination of normative data for Japanese elderly people: the Tajiri Project." (in eng), Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, Vol. 60 (No. 4), pp. 422-8, Aug (2006).
2- E. Mitchell and R. Walker, "Global ageing: successes, challenges and opportunities." (in eng), Br J Hosp Med (Lond), Vol. 81 (No. 2), pp. 1-9, Feb 2 (2020).
3- L. Doshmangir, R. Khabiri, and V. S. Gordeev, "Policies to address the impact of an ageing population in Iran." (in eng), Lancet, Vol. 401 (No. 10382), p. 1078, Apr 1 (2023).
4- F. Sadeghian et al., "Road traffic injuries and associated mortality in the Islamic Republic of Iran." (in eng), East Mediterr Health J, Vol. 29 (No. 10), pp. 796-803, Nov 1 (2023).
5- D. V. C. Brito et al., "Assessing cognitive decline in the aging brain: lessons from rodent and human studies." (in eng), NPJ Aging, Vol. 9 (No. 1), p. 23, Oct 19 (2023).
6- Muriel Deutsch Lezak, Neuropsychological assessment. Oxford University Press, USA, (2004).
7- L. A. Rabin, E. Paolillo, and W. B. Barr, "Stability in Test-Usage Practices of Clinical Neuropsychologists in the United States and Canada Over a 10-Year Period: A Follow-Up Survey of INS and NAN Members." (in eng), Arch Clin Neuropsychol, Vol. 31 (No. 3), pp. 206-30, May (2016).
8- P. D. Harvey, "Domains of cognition and their assessment " (in eng), Dialogues Clin Neurosci, Vol. 21 (No. 3), pp. 227-37, Sep (2019).
9- Ralph M Reitan and Deborah Wolfson, "The Halstead-Reitan neuropsychological test battery: Theory and clinical interpretation." (No Title), (1985).
10- K. Stedal, I. Frampton, N. I. Landrø, and B. Lask, "An examination of the ravello profile--a neuropsychological test battery for anorexia nervosa." (in eng), Eur Eat Disord Rev, Vol. 20 (No. 3), pp. 175-81, May (2012).
11- A. Martini et al., "Differences in cognitive profiles between Lewy body and Parkinson's disease dementia." (in eng), J Neural Transm (Vienna), Vol. 127 (No. 3), pp. 323-30, Mar (2020).
12- A. Mühlbäck et al., "Validation Study of a German Cognitive Battery for Huntington's Disease: Relationship Between Cognitive Performance, Functional Decline, and Disease Burden." (in eng), Arch Clin Neuropsychol, Vol. 36 (No. 1), pp. 74-86, Jan 15 (2021).
13- J. A. Periáñez et al., "Trail Making Test in traumatic brain injury, schizophrenia, and normal ageing: sample comparisons and normative data." (in eng), Arch Clin Neuropsychol, Vol. 22 (No. 4), pp. 433-47, May (2007).
14- A. Borkowska, E. Pilaczyñska, and J. K. Rybakowski, "The frontal lobe neuropsychological tests in patients with schizophrenia and/or obsessive-compulsive disorder." (in eng), J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, Vol. 15 (No. 3), pp. 359-62, Summer (2003).
15- M. Fislage et al., "Trail making test B in postoperative delirium: a replication study." (in eng), BJA Open, Vol. 8p. 100239, Dec (2023).
16- A. Vallesi, "On the utility of the trail making test in migraine with and without aura: a meta-analysis." (in eng), J Headache Pain, Vol. 21 (No. 1), p. 63, Jun 3 (2020).
17- G. P. Kurita, M. Sandvad, L. Lundorff, C. A. De Mattos-Pimenta, J. Højsted, and P. Sjøgren, "Assessment of cognitive function in patients with metastatic cancer: Are we using the right tools?" (in eng), Palliat Support Care, Vol. 16 (No. 1), pp. 80-89, Feb (2018).
18- E. Tamez, J. Myerson, L. Morris, D. A. White, C. Baum, and L. T. Connor, "Assessing executive abilities following acute stroke with the trail making test and digit span." (in eng), Behav Neurol, Vol. 24 (No. 3), pp. 177-85, (2011).
19- P. Vaucher, D. Herzig, I. Cardoso, M. H. Herzog, P. Mangin, and B. Favrat, "The trail making test as a screening instrument for driving performance in older drivers; a translational research." (in eng), BMC Geriatr, Vol. 14p. 123, Nov 24 (2014).
20- C. Hirota et al., "Association between the Trail Making Test and physical performance in elderly Japanese." (in eng), Geriatr Gerontol Int, Vol. 10 (No. 1), pp. 40-7, Jan (2010).
21- K. A. Espy and M. F. Cwik, "The development of a trial making test in young children: the TRAILS-P." (in eng), Clin Neuropsychol, Vol. 18 (No. 3), pp. 411-22, Aug (2004).
22- P. H. Lu and G. J. Lee, "The Role of Neuropsychology in the Assessment of the Cognitively Impaired Elderly." (in eng), Neurol Clin, Vol. 35 (No. 2), pp. 191-206, May (2017).
23- T. L. Dassanayake, C. Hewawasam, A. Baminiwatta, and D. I. Ariyasinghe, "Regression-based, demographically adjusted norms for Victoria Stroop Test, Digit Span, and Verbal Fluency for Sri Lankan adults." (in eng), Clin Neuropsychol, Vol. 35 (No. sup1), pp. S32-s49, Dec (2021).
24- S. Ye et al., "The Chinese Brief Cognitive Test: Normative Data Stratified by Gender, Age and Education." (in eng), Front Psychiatry, Vol. 13p. 933642, (2022).
25- A. St-Hilaire et al., "Trail Making Tests A and B: regression-based normative data for Quebec French-speaking mid and older aged adults." (in eng), Clin Neuropsychol, Vol. 32 (No. sup1), pp. 77-90, Jan-Dec (2018).
26- C. Iñesta, J. Oltra-Cucarella, B. Bonete-López, E. Calderón-Rubio, and E. Sitges-Maciá, "Regression-Based Normative Data for Independent and Cognitively Active Spanish Older Adults: Digit Span, Letters and Numbers, Trail Making Test and Symbol Digit Modalities Test." (in eng), Int J Environ Res Public Health, Vol. 18 (No. 19), Sep 22 (2021).
27- J. Espenes et al., "Demographically adjusted trail making test norms in a Scandinavian sample from 41 to 84 years." (in eng), Clin Neuropsychol, Vol. 34 (No. sup1), pp. 110-26, Dec (2020).
28- J. Abi Chahine, S. Rammal, Y. Fares, and L. Abou Abbas, "Trail Making Test: normative data for the Lebanese adult population." (in eng), Clin Neuropsychol, Vol. 34 (No. sup1), pp. 29-42, Dec (2020).
29- Elisabeth Sherman and Marianne Hrabok, A compendium of neuropsychological tests: Fundamentals of neuropsychological assessment and test reviews for clinical practice. Oxford University Press, (2023).
30- A. L. Fernández and B. A. Marcopulos, "A comparison of normative data for the Trail Making Test from several countries: equivalence of norms and considerations for interpretation." (in eng), Scand J Psychol, Vol. 49 (No. 3), pp. 239-46, Jun (2008).
31- Gregory J Boyle, Charles J Golden, Dan J Stein, and Yaakov Stern, "The SAGE Handbook of Clinical Neuropsychology: Clinical Neuropsychological Assessment and Diagnosis." (2023).
32- Seyed Amir Hossein Batouli and Minoo Sisakhti, "Some points to consider in a task-based fMRI study: A guideline for beginners." Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies, (2020).
33- S. A. H. Batouli et al., "Iranian Brain Imaging Database: A Neuropsychiatric Database of Healthy Brain." (in eng), Basic Clin Neurosci, Vol. 12 (No. 1), pp. 115-32, Jan-Feb (2021).
34- Minoo Sisakhti, Helia Hosseini, Seyed Amir Hossein Batouli, and Hassan Farrahi, "The Benson Complex Figure Test: Normative Data for the Healthy Iranian Population." Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies, (2023).
35- Hassan Farrahi, Minoo Sisakhti, and Seyed Amir Hossein Batouli, "The rey auditory verbal learning test: Age-, gender-and education-related normative data for the Iranian healthy population." Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies, Vol. 10 (No. 3), pp. 308-20, (2023).
36- C. R. Bowie and P. D. Harvey, "Administration and interpretation of the Trail Making Test." (in eng), Nat Protoc, Vol. 1 (No. 5), pp. 2277-81, (2006).
37- Gary Groth-Marnat, Handbook of psychological assessment. John Wiley & Sons, (2003).
38- T. N. Tombaugh, "Trail Making Test A and B: normative data stratified by age and education." (in eng), Arch Clin Neuropsychol, Vol. 19 (No. 2), pp. 203-14, Mar (2004).
39- B. Cangoz, E. Karakoc, and K. Selekler, "Trail Making Test: normative data for Turkish elderly population by age, sex and education." (in eng), J Neurol Sci, Vol. 283 (No. 1-2), pp. 73-8, Aug 15 (2009).
40- H. Suzuki et al., "Normative Data of the Trail Making Test Among Urban Community-Dwelling Older Adults in Japan." (in eng), Front Aging Neurosci, Vol. 14p. 832158, (2022).
41- J. C. Arango-Lasprilla et al., "Trail Making Test: Normative data for the Latin American Spanish speaking adult population." (in eng), NeuroRehabilitation, Vol. 37 (No. 4), pp. 639-61, (2015).
42- S. E. O'Bryant, M. Edwards, L. Johnson, J. Hall, A. Gamboa, and J. O'Jile, "Texas Mexican American adult normative studies: Normative data for commonly used clinical neuropsychological measures for English- and Spanish-speakers." (in eng), Dev Neuropsychol, Vol. 43 (No. 1), pp. 1-26, Jan (2018).
43- J. Llinàs-Reglà, J. Vilalta-Franch, S. López-Pousa, L. Calvó-Perxas, D. Torrents Rodas, and J. Garre-Olmo, "The Trail Making Test." (in eng), Assessment, Vol. 24 (No. 2), pp. 183-96, Mar (2017).
44- T. B. Robins Wahlin, L. Bäckman, A. Wahlin, and B. Winblad, "Trail Making Test performance in a community-based sample of healthy very old adults: effects of age on completion time, but not on accuracy." (in eng), Arch Gerontol Geriatr, Vol. 22 (No. 1), pp. 87-102, Jan-Feb (1996).
45- O. Bezdicek et al., "Czech version of the Trail Making Test: normative data and clinical utility." (in eng), Arch Clin Neuropsychol, Vol. 27 (No. 8), pp. 906-14, Dec (2012).
46- Amer C Hamdan and Eli Mara LR Hamdan, "Effects of age and education level on the Trail Making Test in a healthy Brazilian sample." Psychology & Neuroscience, Vol. 2pp. 199-203, (2009).
47- M. Siciliano et al., "Regression-based normative data and equivalent scores for Trail Making Test (TMT): an updated Italian normative study." (in eng), Neurol Sci, Vol. 40 (No. 3), pp. 469-77, Mar (2019).
48- N. Beker, S. A. M. Sikkes, M. Hulsman, B. Schmand, P. Scheltens, and H. Holstege, "Neuropsychological Test Performance of Cognitively Healthy Centenarians: Normative Data From the Dutch 100-Plus Study." (in eng), J Am Geriatr Soc, Vol. 67 (No. 4), pp. 759-67, Apr (2019).
49- J. Peña-Casanova et al., "Spanish Multicenter Normative Studies (NEURONORMA Project): norms for verbal span, visuospatial span, letter and number sequencing, trail making test, and symbol digit modalities test." (in eng), Arch Clin Neuropsychol, Vol. 24 (No. 4), pp. 321-41, Jun (2009).
50- R. Hashimoto, K. Meguro, E. Lee, M. Kasai, H. Ishii, and S. Yamaguchi, "Effect of age and education on the Trail Making Test and determination of normative data for Japanese elderly people: the Tajiri Project." (in eng), Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, Vol. 60 (No. 4), pp. 422-8, Aug (2006).
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| Issue | Vol 11 No 3 (2024) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/fbt.v11i3.15886 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Trail Making Test Attention Executive Function Neuropsychological Assessment Normative Data | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Sisakhti M, Batouli SAH, Delazar E, Farrahi H. Iranian Normative Data for the Trail-Making Test Stratified by Age, Gender, and Education. Frontiers Biomed Technol. 2024;11(3):433-442.
