Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Brain-Spinal Injuries: From Molecular Imaging to Brain-Computer Interfaces
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Abstract
Purpose: This review aims to synthesize current literature on recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of Brain and Spinal Cord Injuries (SCIs), focusing on molecular imaging, cell therapy, Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs), and Craniosacral Therapy (CST).
Materials and Methods: A systematic search was done in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, WoS, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar to identify relevant articles published between 2015 and 2025. Keywords included "Brain Injury," "Spinal Cord Injury," "Molecular Imaging," "Cell Therapy," "Brain-Computer Interface," and "Craniosacral Therapy".
Results: Molecular imaging techniques, such as functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI), and Positron Emission Tomography (PET), enhance diagnostic accuracy by visualizing neural activity and structural integrity. Cell therapy, particularly with Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs), promotes axon regeneration and reduces inflammation. BCIs offer the potential for restoring motor function and enhancing neural plasticity. The evidence for CST is mixed, with some studies suggesting benefits in pain relief and cognitive improvement, while others raise concerns about methodological limitations.
Conclusion: Recent advances in molecular imaging, cell therapy, and BCIs offer hopeful avenues for improving the diagnosis and treatment of BSCI. However, further rigorous research is needed to validate the ability of these approaches and to address ethical considerations. While CST has gained attention as a complementary therapy, more high-quality studies are required to determine its effectiveness. This review highlights the need for interdisciplinary collaboration to translate scientific discoveries into clinical practice and to develop the quality of life for those affected by BSCI.
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16- Marybeth A Pysz, Sanjiv S Gambhir, and Jürgen K Willmann, "Molecular imaging: current status and emerging strategies." Clinical radiology, Vol. 65 (No. 7), pp. 500-16, (2010).
17- Patrick Freund et al., "MRI in traumatic spinal cord injury: from clinical assessment to neuroimaging biomarkers." The Lancet Neurology, Vol. 18 (No. 12), pp. 1123-35, (2019).
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21- Qian Chen et al., "Brain gray matter atrophy after spinal cord injury: a voxel-based morphometry study." Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, Vol. 11p. 211, (2017).
22- Nishant P Visavadiya, Samir P Patel, Jenna L VanRooyen, Patrick G Sullivan, and Alexander G Rabchevsky, "Cellular and subcellular oxidative stress parameters following severe spinal cord injury." Redox biology, Vol. 8pp. 59-67, (2016).
23- Katherine Lameka, Michael D Farwell, and Masanori Ichise, "Positron emission tomography." Handbook of clinical neurology, Vol. 135pp. 209-27, (2016).
24- Richard E Carson et al., "Imaging of synaptic density in neurodegenerative disorders." Journal of Nuclear Medicine, Vol. 63 (No. Supplement 1), pp. 60S-67S, (2022).
25- Yongjian Liu and Robert H Edwards, "The role of vesicular transport proteins in synaptic transmission and neural degeneration." Annual review of neuroscience, Vol. 20 (No. 1), pp. 125-56, (1997).
26- Wolfgang A Weber and Robert Figlin, "Monitoring cancer treatment with PET/CT: does it make a difference?" Journal of Nuclear Medicine, Vol. 48 (No. 1 suppl), pp. 36S-44S, (2007).
27- Abhishek Mahajan and Gary Cook, "Clinical applications of PET/CT in oncology." Basic science of PET imaging, pp. 429-50, (2017).
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29- Stefaan Vandenberghe and Paul K Marsden, "PET-MRI: a review of challenges and solutions in the development of integrated multimodality imaging." Physics in Medicine & Biology, Vol. 60 (No. 4), p. R115, (2015).
30- NV Srikanth Vallabani and Sanjay Singh, "Recent advances and future prospects of iron oxide nanoparticles in biomedicine and diagnostics." 3 Biotech, Vol. 8 (No. 6), p. 279, (2018).
31- Bernd J Pichler, Martin S Judenhofer, and Christina Pfannenberg, "Multimodal imaging approaches: pet/ct and pet/mri." Molecular Imaging I, pp. 109-32, (2008).
32- Johal G Tarighatnia A, Aghanejad A, Ghadiri H, Nader ND. , "Tips and tricks in molecular imaging: a practical approach." Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies, Vol. 8(3):226-35(2021).
33- Tohidkia MR Kheyrolahzadeh K, Tarighatnia A, Shahabi P, Nader ND, Aghanejad A, "Theranostic chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells: Insight into recent trends and challenges in solid tumors." Life Sciences, Vol. 328:121917(2023).
34- Yu Han, Xuezhou Li, Yanbo Zhang, Yuping Han, Fei Chang, and Jianxun Ding, "Mesenchymal stem cells for regenerative medicine." Cells, Vol. 8 (No. 8), p. 886, (2019).
35- Antonio Uccelli, Lorenzo Moretta, and Vito Pistoia, "Mesenchymal stem cells in health and disease." Nature reviews immunology, Vol. 8 (No. 9), pp. 726-36, (2008).
36- Katarzyna Drela, Patrycja Siedlecka, Anna Sarnowska, and Krystyna Domanska-Janik, "Human mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of neurological diseases." Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis, Vol. 73 (No. 1), pp. 38-56, (2013).
37- Seyed Mojtaba Hosseini, Ben Borys, and Soheila Karimi-Abdolrezaee, "Neural stem cell therapies for spinal cord injury repair: an update on recent preclinical and clinical advances." Brain, Vol. 147 (No. 3), pp. 766-93, (2024).
38- Mohammad Ronaghi, Slaven Erceg, Victoria Moreno-Manzano, and Miodrag Stojkovic, "Challenges of stem cell therapy for spinal cord injury: human embryonic stem cells, endogenous neural stem cells, or induced pluripotent stem cells?" Stem cells, Vol. 28 (No. 1), pp. 93-99, (2010).
39- Kazutoshi Takahashi and Shinya Yamanaka, "Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors." cell, Vol. 126 (No. 4), pp. 663-76, (2006).
40- Vimal K Singh, Manisha Kalsan, Neeraj Kumar, Abhishek Saini, and Ramesh Chandra, "Induced pluripotent stem cells: applications in regenerative medicine, disease modeling, and drug discovery." Frontiers in cell and developmental biology, Vol. 3p. 2, (2015).
41- Gordana Velikic et al., "Harnessing the stem cell niche in regenerative medicine: innovative avenue to combat neurodegenerative diseases." International journal of molecular sciences, Vol. 25 (No. 2), p. 993, (2024).
42- Sun Kyu Oh, Kyoung Hyo Choi, Jong Yoon Yoo, Dae Yul Kim, Sang Joon Kim, and Sang Ryong Jeon, "A phase III clinical trial showing limited efficacy of autologous mesenchymal stem cell therapy for spinal cord injury." Neurosurgery, Vol. 78 (No. 3), pp. 436-47, (2016).
43- Guang-Peng Zhou, Yi-Zhou Jiang, Li-Ying Sun, and Zhi-Jun Zhu, "Therapeutic effect and safety of stem cell therapy for chronic liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials." Stem Cell Research & Therapy, Vol. 11pp. 1-19, (2020).
44- Serena Silvestro, Placido Bramanti, Oriana Trubiani, and Emanuela Mazzon, "Stem cells therapy for spinal cord injury: an overview of clinical trials." International journal of molecular sciences, Vol. 21 (No. 2), p. 659, (2020).
45- Chih-Wei Zeng, "Multipotent mesenchymal stem cell-based therapies for spinal cord injury: current progress and future prospects." Biology, Vol. 12 (No. 5), p. 653, (2023).
46- Jamileh Saremi et al., "Advanced approaches to regenerate spinal cord injury: the development of cell and tissue engineering therapy and combinational treatments." Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, Vol. 146p. 112529, (2022).
47- Cobra Ghasemi, "Advances in Bioengineering & Biomedical Science Research."
48- Foroughi-Nia B Tarighatnia A, Nader ND, Aghanejad A, "Recent trends and advances in nanosystems with tyrosine kinase inhibitors for image-guided cancer treatments." Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, Vol. 88:104938(2023 ).
49- Yasin Ayyami et al., "Characterization and application of targeted MnO2/CS@ ALA-MTX nano-radiosensitizers for boosting X-ray radiotherapy of brain tumors." Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, Vol. 692p. 133975, (2024).
50- Reza Malekzadeh et al., "Nanoarchitecture-based photothermal ablation of cancer: a systematic review." Environmental Research, p. 116526, (2023).
51- Maedeh Yektamanesh, Yasin Ayyami, Marjan Ghorbani, Masoumeh Dastgir, Reza Malekzadeh, and Tohid Mortezazadeh, "Characterization of multifunctional β-cyclodextrin-coated Bi2O3 nanoparticles conjugated with curcumin for CT imaging-guided synergetic chemo-radiotherapy in breast cancer." International Journal of Pharmaceutics, Vol. 659, p. 124264, (2024).
52- Bahman Alipour et al., "Advances in Nano-Scale Metal-Based Contrast Agents for Computed Tomography: A Systematic Review." Radiation Physics and Chemistry, p. 112195, (2024).
53- Yasin Ayyami, Marjan Ghorbani, Masoumeh Dastgir, Reza Malekzadeh, and Tohid Mortezazadeh, "Chitosan-modified manganese oxide-conjugated methotrexate nanoparticles delivering 5-aminolevulinic acid as a dual-modal T1–T2* MRI contrast agent in U87MG cell detection." Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics, Biology and Medicine, pp. 1-16, (2024).
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| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 13 No 3 (2026) | |
| Section | Literature (Narrative) Review(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/fbt.v13i3.22755 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Spinal Cord Injury Molecular Imaging Brain-Computer Interface Craniosacral Therapy Neurotrauma | ||
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Ghasemi C, Taslimi F, Masoumi Verki Z. Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Brain-Spinal Injuries: From Molecular Imaging to Brain-Computer Interfaces. Frontiers Biomed Technol. 2026;13(3):830-840.
