Investigation of Auger Electron Emitting Radionuclides Effects in Therapy Using the Geant4-DNA Toolkit: A Simulation Study
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Abstract
Purpose: The biological effects of ionizing radiation at the cellular and subcellular scales are studied by the number of breaks in the DNA molecule that provides a quantitative description of the stochastic aspects of energy deposition at cellular scales. The Geant4 code represents a suitable theoretical toolkit in microdosimetry and nanodosimetry. In this study, radiation effects due to Auger electrons emitting radionuclides such as , , and are investigated using the Geant4-DNA.
Materials and Methods: The Geant4-DNA is the first Open-access software for the simulation of ionizing radiation and biological damage at the DNA scale. Low-energy electrons, especially Auger electron from Auger electron emitting radionuclides during the slowing-down process, deposit their energy within a nanometer volume.
Results: The average number of Single-Strand Breaks (SSB) and Double-Strand Breaks (DSB) of DNA as a function of energy and distance from the center of the DNA axis are shown.
Conclusion: The highest DSBs yield has occurred at energies less than 1 keV, and induces a higher DSBs yield.
1- Nikjoo H, Goodhead DT. “Track structure analysis illustrating the prominent role of low-energy electrons in radiobiological effects of low-LET radiations.” Physics in Medicine and Biology;36(2):229-38, 1991.
2- Nikjoo H, Uehara S, Emfietzoglou D, Cucinotta FA. “Track-structure codes in radiation research.” Radiation Measurements;41(9):1052-74, 2006.
3- Nikjoo H. “Track structure studies of biological systems. Charged particle and photon interactions with matter: chemical, physicochemical, and biological consequences with applications.” 2004.
4- Nikjoo H, O'Neill P, Wilson WE, Goodhead DT. “Computational approach for determining the spectrum of DNA damage induced by ionizing radiation.” Radiat Res;156(5 Pt 2):577-83, 2001.
5- Nikjoo H, Emfietzoglou D, Liamsuwan T, Taleei R, Liljequist D, Uehara S. “Radiation track, DNA damage and response-a review.” Rep Prog Phys;79(11):116601, 2016.
6- Kassis AI. “Cancer therapy with Auger electrons: are we almost there?” Journal of Nuclear Medicine;44(9):1479-81, 2003.
7- Kassis AI. “The amazing world of Auger electrons.” International journal of radiation biology;80(11-12):789-803, 2004.
8- Pszona S, Grosswendt B, Bantsar A, Cieszykowska I, Czarnacki W. “Nanodosimetry of 125I–Auger electrons–Experiment and modeling.” Radiation measurements;47(11-12):1092-6, 2012.
9- Raisali G, Mirzakhanian L, Masoudi SF, Semsarha F. “Calculation of DNA strand breaks due to direct and indirect effects of Auger electrons from incorporated 123I and 125I radionuclides using the Geant4 computer code.” International journal of radiation biology;89(1):57-64, 2013.
10- Yakushev EA, Kovalík A, Filosofov DV, Korolev NA, Lebedev NA, Lubashevski AV, et al. “An experimental comparison of the K- and L-Auger electron spectra generated in the decays of 140Nd and 111In.” Applied Radiation and Isotopes;62(3):451-6, 2005.
11- Piroozfar B, Alirezapoor B, Motamedi Sedeh F, Jalilian AR, Mirzaei M, Raisali G. “Evaluation of DNA damage in a Her2+ cell line induced by an Auger-emitting immunoconjugate.” Iranian Journal of Nuclear Medicine; 24(2):107-14, 2016.
12- Tajik M, Rozatian AS, Semsarha F. “Calculation of direct effects of 60Co gamma rays on the different DNA structural levels: A simulation study using the Geant4-DNA toolkit.” Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms; 346:53-60, 2015.
13- Balagurumoorthy P, Xu X, Wang K, Adelstein SJ, Kassis AI. Effect of distance between decaying 125I and DNA on Auger-electron induced double-strand break yield. International journal of radiation biology. 2012;88(12):998-1008.
14- Chauvie S, Francis Z, Guatelli S, Incerti S, Mascialino B, Montarou G, et al., editors. “Monte Carlo simulation of interactions of radiation with biological systems at the cellular and DNA levels: the Geant4-DNA project” 2006.
15- Nikjoo H, Uehara S, Emfietzoglou D. “Interaction of radiation with matter: CRC press”; 2012.
16- Agostinelli S, Allison J, Amako K, Apostolakis J, Araujo H, Arce P, et al. “Geant4—a simulation toolkit.” Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment; 506(3):250-303, 2003.
17- Wilson WE, Nikjoo H. “A Monte Carlo code for positive ion track simulation.” Radiat Environ Biophys;38(2):97-104, 1999.
18- Friedland W, Dingfelder M, Kundrat P, Jacob P. “Track structures, DNA targets and radiation effects in the biophysical Monte Carlo simulation code PARTRAC.” Mutation research;711(1-2):28-40, 2011.
19- Uehara S, Nikjoo H, Goodhead D. “Cross-sections for water vapour for the Monte Carlo electron track structure code from 10 eV to the MeV region.” Physics in Medicine & Biology;38(12):1841, 1993.
20- Rahmanian S, Taleei R, Nikjoo H. “Radiation induced base excision repair (BER): a mechanistic mathematical approach.” DNA repair; 22:89-103, 2014.
21- Taleei R, Girard PM, Nikjoo H. “DSB repair model for mammalian cells in early S and G1 phases of the cell cycle: Application to damage induced by ionizing radiation of different quality.” Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis; 779:5-14, 2015.
22- Incerti S, Douglass M, Penfold S, Guatelli S, Bezak E. “Review of Geant4-DNA applications for micro and nanoscale simulations.” Phys Med; 32(10):1187-200, 2016.
23- Lazarakis P, Bug MU, Gargioni E, Guatelli S, Incerti S, Rabus H, et al. “Effect of a static magnetic field on nanodosimetric quantities in a DNA volume.” International Journal of Radiation Biology; 88(1-2):183-8, 2012.
24- Howell RW. “Radiation spectra for Auger-electron emitting radionuclides: report No. 2 of AAPM Nuclear Medicine Task Group No. 6.” Med Phys; 19(6):1371-83, 1992.
25- Baverstock KF, Charlton DE. “DNA damage by Auger emitters.” 1988.
26- Incerti S, Baldacchino G, Bernal M, Capra R, Champion C, Francis Z, et al. “The geant4-dna project.” International Journal of Modeling, Simulation, and Scientific Computing; 1(02):157-78, 2010.
27- Incerti S, Ivanchenko A, Karamitros M, Mantero A, Moretto P, Tran HN, et al. “Comparison of GEANT4 very low energy cross section models with experimental data in water.” Med Phys; 37(9):4692-708, 2010.
28- Bernal MA, Bordage MC, Brown JMC, Davidkova M, Delage E, El Bitar Z, et al. “Track structure modeling in liquid water: A review of the Geant4-DNA very low energy extension of the Geant4 Monte Carlo simulation toolkit.” Phys Med; 31(8):861-74, 2015.
29- Incerti S, Kyriakou I, Bernal M, Bordage M, Francis Z, Guatelli S, et al. “Geant4‐DNA example applications for track structure simulations in liquid water: A report from the Geant4‐DNA Project.” Medical physics; 45(8): e722-e39, 2018.
30- Lampe N, Karamitros M, Breton V, Brown JMC, Kyriakou I, Sakata D, et al. “Mechanistic DNA damage simulations in Geant4-DNA part 1: A parameter study in a simplified geometry.” Physica Medica; 48:135-45, 2018.
31- Sakata D, Lampe N, Karamitros M, Kyriakou I, Belov O, Bernal MA, et al. “Evaluation of early radiation DNA damage in a fractal cell nucleus model using Geant4-DNA.” Physica Medica; 62:152-7, 2019.
32- Bernal M, Liendo J. “An investigation on the capabilities of the PENELOPE MC code in nanodosimetry.” Medical physics; 36(2):620-5, 2009.
33- Friedland W, Jacob P, Paretzke HG, Stork T. “Monte Carlo simulation of the production of short DNA fragments by low-linear energy transfer radiation using higher-order DNA models.” Radiation research; 150(2):170-82, 1998.
34- Pomplun E. “A New DNA Target Model for Track Structure Calculations and Its First Application to I-125 Auger Electrons.” International Journal of Radiation Biology; 59(3):625-42, 1991.
35- Bernal MA, Sikansi D, Cavalcante F, Incerti S, Champion C, Ivanchenko V, et al. “An atomistic geometrical model of the B-DNA configuration for DNA–radiation interaction simulations.” Computer Physics Communications; 184(12):2840-7, 2013.
36- Famulari G, Pater P, Enger SA. “Microdosimetry calculations for monoenergetic electrons using Geant4-DNA combined with a weighted track sampling algorithm.” Phys Med Biol; 62(13):5495-508, 2017.
37- Leslie AGW, Arnott S, Chandrasekaran R, Ratliff RL. “Polymorphism of DNA double helices.” Journal of Molecular Biology;143(1):49-72, 1980.
38- Kyriakou I, Šefl M, Nourry V, Incerti S. “The impact of new Geant4-DNA cross section models on electron track structure simulations in liquid water.” Journal of Applied Physics; 119(19):194902, 2016.
39- Delage E, Pham QT, Karamitros M, Payno H, Stepan V, Incerti S, et al. “PDB4DNA: Implementation of DNA geometry from the Protein Data Bank (PDB) description for Geant4-DNA Monte-Carlo simulations.” Computer Physics Communications; 192:282-8, 2015.
40- Incerti S, Champion C, Tran HN, Karamitros M, Bernal M, Francis Z, et al. “Energy deposition in small-scale targets of liquid water using the very low energy electromagnetic physics processes of the Geant4 toolkit.” Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms; 306:158-64, 2013.
41- Pomplun E, editor “123 I: calculation of the Auger electron spectrum and assessment of the strand breakage efficiency.” Biophysical aspects of Auger processes American Association of Physicists in Medicine symposium proceedings No 8; 1992.
42- Aydogan B, Bolch WE, Swarts SG, Turner JE, Marshall DT. “Monte Carlo Simulations of Site-Specific Radical Attack to DNA Bases.” Radiation Research;169(2):223-31, 2008.
43- Milligan JR, Aguilera JA, Ward JF. “Variation of single-strand break yield with scavenger concentration for plasmid DNA irradiated in aqueous solution.” Radiat Res;133(2):151-7, 1993.
44- Murthy Cherla P, Deeble David J, Sonntag Clemens v. “The Formation of Phosphate End Groups in the Radiolysis of Polynucleotides in Aqueous Solution.” Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C, p. 572, 1988.
45- Frankenberg D, Frankenberg-Schwager M, Blöcher D, Harbich R. “Evidence for DNA Double-Strand Breaks as the Critical Lesions in Yeast Cells Irradiated with Sparsely or Densely Ionizing Radiation under Oxic or Anoxic Conditions.” Radiation Research;88(3):524-32, 1981.
46- de Lara CM, Hill MA, Jenner TJ, Papworth D, O'Neill P. “Dependence of the yield of DNA double-strand breaks in Chinese hamster V79-4 cells on the photon energy of ultrasoft X rays.” Radiat Res;155(3):440-8, 2001.
47- Semenenko VA, Stewart RD. “A fast Monte Carlo algorithm to simulate the spectrum of DNA damages formed by ionizing radiation.” Radiat Res; 161(4):451-7, 2004.
48- Humm JL, Charlton DE. “A new calculational method to assess the therapeutic potential of auger electron emission.” International Journal of Radiation Oncology • Biology • Physics;17(2):351-60, 1989.
49- Radford IR, Hodgson GS. “125I-induced DNA double strand breaks: use in calibration of the neutral filter elution technique and comparison with X-ray induced breaks.” International journal of radiation biology and related studies in physics, chemistry, and medicine;48(4):555-66, 1985.
50- Blöcher D, Pohlit W. “DNA double strand breaks in Ehrlich ascites tumour cells at low doses of X-rays. II. Can cell death be attributed to double strand breaks? “International Journal of Radiation Biology and Related Studies in Physics, Chemistry and Medicine;42(3):329-38, 1982.
51- Roots R, Kraft G, Gosschalk E. “The formation of radiation-induced DNA breaks: the ratio of double-strand breaks to single-strand breaks.” International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics; 11(2):259-65, 1985.
2- Nikjoo H, Uehara S, Emfietzoglou D, Cucinotta FA. “Track-structure codes in radiation research.” Radiation Measurements;41(9):1052-74, 2006.
3- Nikjoo H. “Track structure studies of biological systems. Charged particle and photon interactions with matter: chemical, physicochemical, and biological consequences with applications.” 2004.
4- Nikjoo H, O'Neill P, Wilson WE, Goodhead DT. “Computational approach for determining the spectrum of DNA damage induced by ionizing radiation.” Radiat Res;156(5 Pt 2):577-83, 2001.
5- Nikjoo H, Emfietzoglou D, Liamsuwan T, Taleei R, Liljequist D, Uehara S. “Radiation track, DNA damage and response-a review.” Rep Prog Phys;79(11):116601, 2016.
6- Kassis AI. “Cancer therapy with Auger electrons: are we almost there?” Journal of Nuclear Medicine;44(9):1479-81, 2003.
7- Kassis AI. “The amazing world of Auger electrons.” International journal of radiation biology;80(11-12):789-803, 2004.
8- Pszona S, Grosswendt B, Bantsar A, Cieszykowska I, Czarnacki W. “Nanodosimetry of 125I–Auger electrons–Experiment and modeling.” Radiation measurements;47(11-12):1092-6, 2012.
9- Raisali G, Mirzakhanian L, Masoudi SF, Semsarha F. “Calculation of DNA strand breaks due to direct and indirect effects of Auger electrons from incorporated 123I and 125I radionuclides using the Geant4 computer code.” International journal of radiation biology;89(1):57-64, 2013.
10- Yakushev EA, Kovalík A, Filosofov DV, Korolev NA, Lebedev NA, Lubashevski AV, et al. “An experimental comparison of the K- and L-Auger electron spectra generated in the decays of 140Nd and 111In.” Applied Radiation and Isotopes;62(3):451-6, 2005.
11- Piroozfar B, Alirezapoor B, Motamedi Sedeh F, Jalilian AR, Mirzaei M, Raisali G. “Evaluation of DNA damage in a Her2+ cell line induced by an Auger-emitting immunoconjugate.” Iranian Journal of Nuclear Medicine; 24(2):107-14, 2016.
12- Tajik M, Rozatian AS, Semsarha F. “Calculation of direct effects of 60Co gamma rays on the different DNA structural levels: A simulation study using the Geant4-DNA toolkit.” Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms; 346:53-60, 2015.
13- Balagurumoorthy P, Xu X, Wang K, Adelstein SJ, Kassis AI. Effect of distance between decaying 125I and DNA on Auger-electron induced double-strand break yield. International journal of radiation biology. 2012;88(12):998-1008.
14- Chauvie S, Francis Z, Guatelli S, Incerti S, Mascialino B, Montarou G, et al., editors. “Monte Carlo simulation of interactions of radiation with biological systems at the cellular and DNA levels: the Geant4-DNA project” 2006.
15- Nikjoo H, Uehara S, Emfietzoglou D. “Interaction of radiation with matter: CRC press”; 2012.
16- Agostinelli S, Allison J, Amako K, Apostolakis J, Araujo H, Arce P, et al. “Geant4—a simulation toolkit.” Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment; 506(3):250-303, 2003.
17- Wilson WE, Nikjoo H. “A Monte Carlo code for positive ion track simulation.” Radiat Environ Biophys;38(2):97-104, 1999.
18- Friedland W, Dingfelder M, Kundrat P, Jacob P. “Track structures, DNA targets and radiation effects in the biophysical Monte Carlo simulation code PARTRAC.” Mutation research;711(1-2):28-40, 2011.
19- Uehara S, Nikjoo H, Goodhead D. “Cross-sections for water vapour for the Monte Carlo electron track structure code from 10 eV to the MeV region.” Physics in Medicine & Biology;38(12):1841, 1993.
20- Rahmanian S, Taleei R, Nikjoo H. “Radiation induced base excision repair (BER): a mechanistic mathematical approach.” DNA repair; 22:89-103, 2014.
21- Taleei R, Girard PM, Nikjoo H. “DSB repair model for mammalian cells in early S and G1 phases of the cell cycle: Application to damage induced by ionizing radiation of different quality.” Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis; 779:5-14, 2015.
22- Incerti S, Douglass M, Penfold S, Guatelli S, Bezak E. “Review of Geant4-DNA applications for micro and nanoscale simulations.” Phys Med; 32(10):1187-200, 2016.
23- Lazarakis P, Bug MU, Gargioni E, Guatelli S, Incerti S, Rabus H, et al. “Effect of a static magnetic field on nanodosimetric quantities in a DNA volume.” International Journal of Radiation Biology; 88(1-2):183-8, 2012.
24- Howell RW. “Radiation spectra for Auger-electron emitting radionuclides: report No. 2 of AAPM Nuclear Medicine Task Group No. 6.” Med Phys; 19(6):1371-83, 1992.
25- Baverstock KF, Charlton DE. “DNA damage by Auger emitters.” 1988.
26- Incerti S, Baldacchino G, Bernal M, Capra R, Champion C, Francis Z, et al. “The geant4-dna project.” International Journal of Modeling, Simulation, and Scientific Computing; 1(02):157-78, 2010.
27- Incerti S, Ivanchenko A, Karamitros M, Mantero A, Moretto P, Tran HN, et al. “Comparison of GEANT4 very low energy cross section models with experimental data in water.” Med Phys; 37(9):4692-708, 2010.
28- Bernal MA, Bordage MC, Brown JMC, Davidkova M, Delage E, El Bitar Z, et al. “Track structure modeling in liquid water: A review of the Geant4-DNA very low energy extension of the Geant4 Monte Carlo simulation toolkit.” Phys Med; 31(8):861-74, 2015.
29- Incerti S, Kyriakou I, Bernal M, Bordage M, Francis Z, Guatelli S, et al. “Geant4‐DNA example applications for track structure simulations in liquid water: A report from the Geant4‐DNA Project.” Medical physics; 45(8): e722-e39, 2018.
30- Lampe N, Karamitros M, Breton V, Brown JMC, Kyriakou I, Sakata D, et al. “Mechanistic DNA damage simulations in Geant4-DNA part 1: A parameter study in a simplified geometry.” Physica Medica; 48:135-45, 2018.
31- Sakata D, Lampe N, Karamitros M, Kyriakou I, Belov O, Bernal MA, et al. “Evaluation of early radiation DNA damage in a fractal cell nucleus model using Geant4-DNA.” Physica Medica; 62:152-7, 2019.
32- Bernal M, Liendo J. “An investigation on the capabilities of the PENELOPE MC code in nanodosimetry.” Medical physics; 36(2):620-5, 2009.
33- Friedland W, Jacob P, Paretzke HG, Stork T. “Monte Carlo simulation of the production of short DNA fragments by low-linear energy transfer radiation using higher-order DNA models.” Radiation research; 150(2):170-82, 1998.
34- Pomplun E. “A New DNA Target Model for Track Structure Calculations and Its First Application to I-125 Auger Electrons.” International Journal of Radiation Biology; 59(3):625-42, 1991.
35- Bernal MA, Sikansi D, Cavalcante F, Incerti S, Champion C, Ivanchenko V, et al. “An atomistic geometrical model of the B-DNA configuration for DNA–radiation interaction simulations.” Computer Physics Communications; 184(12):2840-7, 2013.
36- Famulari G, Pater P, Enger SA. “Microdosimetry calculations for monoenergetic electrons using Geant4-DNA combined with a weighted track sampling algorithm.” Phys Med Biol; 62(13):5495-508, 2017.
37- Leslie AGW, Arnott S, Chandrasekaran R, Ratliff RL. “Polymorphism of DNA double helices.” Journal of Molecular Biology;143(1):49-72, 1980.
38- Kyriakou I, Šefl M, Nourry V, Incerti S. “The impact of new Geant4-DNA cross section models on electron track structure simulations in liquid water.” Journal of Applied Physics; 119(19):194902, 2016.
39- Delage E, Pham QT, Karamitros M, Payno H, Stepan V, Incerti S, et al. “PDB4DNA: Implementation of DNA geometry from the Protein Data Bank (PDB) description for Geant4-DNA Monte-Carlo simulations.” Computer Physics Communications; 192:282-8, 2015.
40- Incerti S, Champion C, Tran HN, Karamitros M, Bernal M, Francis Z, et al. “Energy deposition in small-scale targets of liquid water using the very low energy electromagnetic physics processes of the Geant4 toolkit.” Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms; 306:158-64, 2013.
41- Pomplun E, editor “123 I: calculation of the Auger electron spectrum and assessment of the strand breakage efficiency.” Biophysical aspects of Auger processes American Association of Physicists in Medicine symposium proceedings No 8; 1992.
42- Aydogan B, Bolch WE, Swarts SG, Turner JE, Marshall DT. “Monte Carlo Simulations of Site-Specific Radical Attack to DNA Bases.” Radiation Research;169(2):223-31, 2008.
43- Milligan JR, Aguilera JA, Ward JF. “Variation of single-strand break yield with scavenger concentration for plasmid DNA irradiated in aqueous solution.” Radiat Res;133(2):151-7, 1993.
44- Murthy Cherla P, Deeble David J, Sonntag Clemens v. “The Formation of Phosphate End Groups in the Radiolysis of Polynucleotides in Aqueous Solution.” Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C, p. 572, 1988.
45- Frankenberg D, Frankenberg-Schwager M, Blöcher D, Harbich R. “Evidence for DNA Double-Strand Breaks as the Critical Lesions in Yeast Cells Irradiated with Sparsely or Densely Ionizing Radiation under Oxic or Anoxic Conditions.” Radiation Research;88(3):524-32, 1981.
46- de Lara CM, Hill MA, Jenner TJ, Papworth D, O'Neill P. “Dependence of the yield of DNA double-strand breaks in Chinese hamster V79-4 cells on the photon energy of ultrasoft X rays.” Radiat Res;155(3):440-8, 2001.
47- Semenenko VA, Stewart RD. “A fast Monte Carlo algorithm to simulate the spectrum of DNA damages formed by ionizing radiation.” Radiat Res; 161(4):451-7, 2004.
48- Humm JL, Charlton DE. “A new calculational method to assess the therapeutic potential of auger electron emission.” International Journal of Radiation Oncology • Biology • Physics;17(2):351-60, 1989.
49- Radford IR, Hodgson GS. “125I-induced DNA double strand breaks: use in calibration of the neutral filter elution technique and comparison with X-ray induced breaks.” International journal of radiation biology and related studies in physics, chemistry, and medicine;48(4):555-66, 1985.
50- Blöcher D, Pohlit W. “DNA double strand breaks in Ehrlich ascites tumour cells at low doses of X-rays. II. Can cell death be attributed to double strand breaks? “International Journal of Radiation Biology and Related Studies in Physics, Chemistry and Medicine;42(3):329-38, 1982.
51- Roots R, Kraft G, Gosschalk E. “The formation of radiation-induced DNA breaks: the ratio of double-strand breaks to single-strand breaks.” International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics; 11(2):259-65, 1985.
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| Issue | Vol 8 No 2 (2021) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/fbt.v8i2.6511 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Geant4-DNA Auger Electron Double-Strand Break Single-Strand Break Radionuclide Targeted Therapy | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Ahmadi P, Shamsaei Zafar Ghandi M, Shokri A. Investigation of Auger Electron Emitting Radionuclides Effects in Therapy Using the Geant4-DNA Toolkit: A Simulation Study. Frontiers Biomed Technol. 2021;8(2):79-86.
