The Impact of Transcranial Brain Stimulation Combined with Cognitive Training on Attention and Working Memory: A Review of Literature
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Abstract
Studies conducted on both normal and abnormal samples have shown transcranial brain stimulation to be effective in improving cognitive functioning. Meanwhile, the behavioral training of cognitive skills has been found to be effective as well. To enhance or rehabilitate core cognitive processes, neuropsychologists and clinicians usually use either one of these or a combination of both. In this study, we reviewed the literature to investigate the effects of brain stimulation alone or combined with cognitive training on attention and working memory. It was concluded that the combined method can be more effective than brain stimulation alone. However, there is no sufficient evidence to make a conclusive statement.
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5- Maria Cotelli, Marco Calabria, and Orazio Zanetti, "Cognitive rehabilitation in Alzheimer’s Disease." Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, Vol. 18pp. 141-43, (2006).
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9- Eiji Kose and Hidetaka Wakabayashi, "Rehabilitation pharmacotherapy: A scoping review." Geriatrics & Gerontology International, Vol. 20pp. 655-63, (2020).
10- Ehsan Rezayat and I. Ghodrati Toostani, "Review Paper: A Review on Brain Stimulation Using Low Intensity Focused Ultrasound." Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal, Vol. 7p. 187, (2016).
11- Angel V. Peterchev et al., "Fundamentals of transcranial electric and magnetic stimulation dose: Definition, selection, and reporting practices." Brain Stimulation, Vol. 5pp. 435-53, (2012).
12- Greg J Elder and John-Paul Taylor, "Transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation: treatments for cognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms in the neurodegenerative dementias?" Alzheimer's Research & Therapy, Vol. 6p. 74, (2014).
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14- Nicola Gates and Michael Valenzuela, "Cognitive Exercise and Its Role in Cognitive Function in Older Adults." Current psychiatry reports, Vol. 12pp. 20-27, (2010).
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39- Yuanwen Liu et al., "Effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation on the performance of the activities of daily living and attention function after stroke: a randomized controlled trial." Clinical Rehabilitation, Vol. 34pp. 1465-73, (2020).
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43- Mark St John, David A. Kobus, and Jeffery G. Morrison, "A multi-tasking environment for manipulating and measuring neural correlates of cognitive workload." in IEEE Conference on Human Factors and Power Plants, ed, (2002), pp. 710-14.
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52- Nathan S Rose et al., "Reactivation of latent working memories with transcranial magnetic stimulation." Science, Vol. 354pp. 1136-39, (2016).
53- Aristotle N Voineskos et al., "Effects of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Working Memory Performance and Brain Structure in People With Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Sham-Controlled Trial." Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Vol. 6pp. 449-58, (2021).
54- Guizhi Xu, Ning Wang, Miaomiao Guo, Tianheng Zhang, and Yuming Tong, "Analysis of time-frequency characteristics and coherence of local field potentials during working memory task of rats after high-frequency repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation." Journal of Biomedical Engineering= Shengwu Yixue Gongchengxue Zazhi, Vol. 37pp. 756-64, (2020).
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56- Juliana Corlier et al., "Effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) on cognitive control." Journal of Affective Disorders, Vol. 265pp. 272-77, (2020).
57- Sang Hee Kim, Hyun Jung Han, Hyeon Min Ahn, Shin Ah Kim, and Sang Eun Kim, "Effects of five daily high-frequency rTMS on Stroop task performance in aging individuals." Neuroscience research, Vol. 74pp. 256-60, (2012).
58- Benjamin A. Parris, Michael G. Wadsley, Gizem Arabaci, Nabil Hasshim, Maria Augustinova, and Ludovic Ferrand, "The effect of high-frequency rTMS of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on the resolution of response, semantic and task conflict in the colour-word Stroop task." Brain Structure and Function, Vol. 226pp. 1241-52, (2021).
59- Hang Su et al., "High frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for methamphetamine use disorders: a randomised clinical trial." Drug and alcohol dependence, Vol. 175pp. 84-91, (2017).
60- Martin Zack et al., "Effects of high frequency repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation and continuous theta burst stimulation on gambling reinforcement, delay discounting, and stroop interference in men with pathological gambling." Brain Stimulation, Vol. 9pp. 867-75, (2016).
61- Roy Hamilton, Samuel Messing, and Anjan Chatterjee, "Rethinking the thinking cap: ethics of neural enhancement using noninvasive brain stimulation." Neurology, Vol. 76pp. 187-93, (2011).
62- Pablo Cruz Gonzalez, Kenneth N K Fong, Raymond C K Chung, Kin-Hung Ting, Lawla L F Law, and Ted Brown, "Can transcranial direct-current stimulation alone or combined with cognitive training be used as a clinical intervention to improve cognitive functioning in persons with mild cognitive impairment and dementia? A systematic review and meta-analysis." Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, Vol. 12p. 416, (2018).
63- Anastasia Nousia et al., "The Effectiveness of Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation Alone or Combined with Cognitive Training on the Cognitive Performance of Patients With Traumatic Brain Injury: Α Systematic Review." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, (2021).
64- Christine Krebs, Jessica Peter, Patric Wyss, Anna-Katharine Brem, and Stefan Klöppel, "Transcranial electrical stimulation improves cognitive training effects in healthy elderly adults with low cognitive performance." Clinical neurophysiology, Vol. 132pp. 1254-63, (2021).
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2- Martha J Farah et al., "Neurocognitive enhancement: what can we do and what should we do?" Nature Reviews Neuroscience, Vol. 5pp. 421-25, (2004).
3- Willem S. Eikelboom, Dirk Bertens, and Roy P. C. Kessels, "Cognitive Rehabilitation in Normal Aging and Individuals with Subjective Cognitive Decline." in Cognitive Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging, ed. Cham: Springer International Publishing, (2020), pp. 37-67.
4- Henry W Chase, Megan A Boudewyn, Cameron S Carter, and Mary L Phillips, "Transcranial direct current stimulation: a roadmap for research, from mechanism of action to clinical implementation." Molecular psychiatry, Vol. 25pp. 397-407, (2020).
5- Maria Cotelli, Marco Calabria, and Orazio Zanetti, "Cognitive rehabilitation in Alzheimer’s Disease." Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, Vol. 18pp. 141-43, (2006).
6- Masoud Sayadi, Zahra Eftekhar Saadi, Behnam Makvandi, and Fariba Hafezi, "Effect of cognitive rehabilitation training on anxiety, depression and emotion regulation in women with postpartum depression." Iranian Journal of Rehabilitation Research, Vol. 5pp. 25-32, (2019).
7- W. Huw Williams, J. J. Evans, and S. Fleminger, "Neurorehabilitation and cognitive-behaviour therapy of anxiety disorders after brain injury: An overview and a case illustration of obsessive-compulsive disorder." in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation Vol. 13, ed, (2003), pp. 133-48.
8- Henry Greely et al., "Towards responsible use of cognitive-enhancing drugs by the healthy." Nature, Vol. 456pp. 702-05, (2008).
9- Eiji Kose and Hidetaka Wakabayashi, "Rehabilitation pharmacotherapy: A scoping review." Geriatrics & Gerontology International, Vol. 20pp. 655-63, (2020).
10- Ehsan Rezayat and I. Ghodrati Toostani, "Review Paper: A Review on Brain Stimulation Using Low Intensity Focused Ultrasound." Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal, Vol. 7p. 187, (2016).
11- Angel V. Peterchev et al., "Fundamentals of transcranial electric and magnetic stimulation dose: Definition, selection, and reporting practices." Brain Stimulation, Vol. 5pp. 435-53, (2012).
12- Greg J Elder and John-Paul Taylor, "Transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation: treatments for cognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms in the neurodegenerative dementias?" Alzheimer's Research & Therapy, Vol. 6p. 74, (2014).
13- Marom Bikson, Abhishek Datta, and Maged Elwassif, "Establishing safety limits for transcranial direct current stimulation." Clinical neurophysiology: official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 120p. 1033, (2009).
14- Nicola Gates and Michael Valenzuela, "Cognitive Exercise and Its Role in Cognitive Function in Older Adults." Current psychiatry reports, Vol. 12pp. 20-27, (2010).
15- Susanne M Jaeggi, Martin Buschkuehl, Priti Shah, and John Jonides, "The role of individual differences in cognitive training and transfer." Memory & cognition, Vol. 42pp. 464-80, (2014).
16- Torkel Klingberg, "Training and plasticity of working memory." Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Vol. 14pp. 317-24, (2010).
17- Donel M. Martin et al., "Can transcranial direct current stimulation enhance outcomes from cognitive training? A randomized controlled trial in healthy participants." International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, Vol. 16pp. 1927-36, (2013).
18- Jessica Elmasry, Colleen Loo, and Donel Martin, "A systematic review of transcranial electrical stimulation combined with cognitive training." Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience, Vol. 33pp. 263-78, (2015).
19- Michael C. Trumbo et al., "Enhanced working memory performance via transcranial direct current stimulation: The possibility of near and far transfer." Neuropsychologia, Vol. 93pp. 85-96, (2016).
20- Torsten Schubert, Tilo Strobach, and Julia Karbach, "New directions in cognitive training: on methods, transfer, and application." in Psychological Research Vol. 78, ed: Springer, (2014), pp. 749-55.
21- Steven E Petersen and Michael I Posner, "The attention system of the human brain: 20 years after." Annual review of neuroscience, Vol. 35pp. 73-89, (2012).
22- Klaus Oberauer, "Working memory and attention - A conceptual analysis and review." in Journal of Cognition Vol. 2, ed: Ubiquity Press, (2019), pp. 1-23.
23- See-Hyun Park, Eun-Jeong Koh, Ha-Young Choi, and Myoung-Hwan Ko, "A double-blind, sham-controlled, pilot study to assess the effects of the concomitant use of transcranial direct current stimulation with the computer assisted cognitive rehabilitation to the prefrontal cortex on cognitive functions in patients with strok." Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society, Vol. 54p. 484, (2013).
24- Adriana Ferreira Silva et al., "Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex modulates attention and pain in fibromyalgia: randomized clinical trial." Scientific reports, Vol. 7p. 135, (2017).
25- Pariya L Fazeli, Adam J Woods, Caitlin N Pope, David E Vance, and Karlene K Ball, "Effect of transcranial direct current stimulation combined with cognitive training on cognitive functioning in older adults with HIV: A pilot study." Applied Neuropsychology: Adult, Vol. 26pp. 36-47, (2019).
26- Namrata Das et al., "Cognitive training and transcranial direct current stimulation in mild cognitive impairment: a randomized pilot trial." Frontiers in neuroscience, Vol. 13p. 307, (2019).
27- Richard F Mayer, "The prefrontal cortex: Anatomy, physiology and neuropsychology of the frontal lobe." in The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease Vol. 187, ed: LWW, (1999), pp. 122-23.
28- Aishwarya Parthasarathy, Cheng Tang, Roger Herikstad, Loong Fah Cheong, Shih-Cheng Yen, and Camilo Libedinsky, "Time-invariant working memory representations in the presence of code-morphing in the lateral prefrontal cortex." Nature communications, Vol. 10p. 4995, (2019).
29- Paul G Mulquiney, Kate E Hoy, Zafiris J Daskalakis, and Paul B Fitzgerald, "Improving working memory: Exploring the effect of transcranial random noise stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation on the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex." Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 122pp. 2384-89, (2011).
30- Donel M Martin et al., "A Pilot Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial of Cognitive Training Combined with Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment." Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, Vol. 71pp. 503-12, (2019).
31- Samuel J. Westwood et al., "Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) combined with cognitive training in adolescent boys with ADHD: A double-blind, randomised, sham-controlled trial." Psychological Medicine, pp. 1-16, (2021).
32- Jacky Au et al., "Enhancing Working Memory Training with Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, Vol. 28pp. 1419-32, (2016).
33- R Andy McKinley, Lindsey McIntire, Jeremy Nelson, Justin Nelson, and Charles Goodyear, "The Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) on Training During a Complex Procedural Task." in Advances in Neuroergonomics and Cognitive Engineering, ed: Springer, (2017), pp. 173-83.
34- Sriharsha Ramaraju, Mohammed A. Roula, and Peter W. McCarthy, "Transcranial direct current stimulation and working memory: Comparison of effect on learning shapes and English letters." PLoS ONE, Vol. 15(2020).
35- Steffen Philipp Ruf, Andreas J Fallgatter, and Christian Plewnia, "Augmentation of working memory training by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)." Scientific reports, Vol. 7pp. 1-11, (2017).
36- Yufeng Ke et al., "The effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on working memory training in healthy young adults." Frontiers in human neuroscience, Vol. 13p. 19, (2019).
37- Takashi Ikeda, Tetsuya Takahashi, Hirotoshi Hiraishi, Daisuke N Saito, and Mitsuru Kikuchi, "Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation induces high gamma-band activity in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during a working memory task: a double-blind, randomized, crossover study." Frontiers in human neuroscience, Vol. 13p. 136, (2019).
38- Knut K. Kolskår et al., "Reliability, sensitivity, and predictive value of fMRI during multiple object tracking as a marker of cognitive training gain in combination with tDCS in stroke survivors." Human Brain Mapping, Vol. 42pp. 1167-81, (2021).
39- Yuanwen Liu et al., "Effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation on the performance of the activities of daily living and attention function after stroke: a randomized controlled trial." Clinical Rehabilitation, Vol. 34pp. 1465-73, (2020).
40- Elizabeth L. Glisky, Daniel L. Schacter, and Endel Tulving, "Computer learning by memory-impaired patients: Acquisition and retention of complex knowledge." Neuropsychologia, Vol. 24pp. 313-28, (1986).
41- David E. Vance, Pariya L. Fazeli, Lesley A. Ross, Virginia G. Wadley, and Karlene K. Ball, "Speed of Processing Training With Middle-Age and Older Adults With HIV: A Pilot Study." Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, Vol. 23pp. 500-10, (2012).
42- Raksha A. Mudar et al., "Enhancing latent cognitive capacity in mild cognitive impairment with gist reasoning training: a pilot study." International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, Vol. 32pp. 548-55, (2017).
43- Mark St John, David A. Kobus, and Jeffery G. Morrison, "A multi-tasking environment for manipulating and measuring neural correlates of cognitive workload." in IEEE Conference on Human Factors and Power Plants, ed, (2002), pp. 710-14.
44- Verena K. Günther, P. Schäfer, B. J. Holzner, and G. W. Kemmler, "Long-term improvements in cognitive performance through computer-assisted cognitive training: A pilot study in a residential home for older people." Aging and Mental Health, Vol. 7pp. 200-06, (2003).
45- Bruce E. Wexler et al., "Cognitive Priming and Cognitive Training: Immediate and Far Transfer to Academic Skills in Children." Scientific Reports, Vol. 6pp. 1-9, (2016).
46- Ilya Bakulin et al., "Combining HF rTMS over the Left DLPFC with Concurrent Cognitive Activity for the Offline Modulation of Working Memory in Healthy Volunteers: A Proof-of-Concept Study." Brain Sciences, Vol. 10p. 83, (2020).
47- Peter J Fried, Richard J. Rushmore, Mark B Moss, Antoni Valero-Cabré, and Alvaro Pascual-Leone, "Causal evidence supporting functional dissociation of verbal and spatial working memory in the human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex." European Journal of Neuroscience, Vol. 39pp. 1973-81, (2014).
48- Marc Palaus, Raquel Viejo-Sobera, Diego Redolar-Ripoll, and Elena M Marrón, "Cognitive Enhancement via Neuromodulation and Video Games: Synergistic Effects?" Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, Vol. 14p. 235, (2020).
49- Jean-Paul Nguyen et al., "Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with cognitive training for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease." Neurophysiologie Clinique/Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 47pp. 47-53, (2017).
50- Yasaman Bagherzadeh, Anahita Khorrami, Mohammad Reza Zarrindast, Seyed Vahid Shariat, and Dimitrios Pantazis, "Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex enhances working memory." Experimental Brain Research, Vol. 234pp. 1807-18, (2016).
51- Zhiwei Guo, Zhijun Jiang, Binghu Jiang, Morgan A McClure, and Qiwen Mu, "High-Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Could Improve Impaired Working Memory Induced by Sleep Deprivation." Neural Plasticity, Vol. 2019pp. 1-11, (2019).
52- Nathan S Rose et al., "Reactivation of latent working memories with transcranial magnetic stimulation." Science, Vol. 354pp. 1136-39, (2016).
53- Aristotle N Voineskos et al., "Effects of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Working Memory Performance and Brain Structure in People With Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Sham-Controlled Trial." Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Vol. 6pp. 449-58, (2021).
54- Guizhi Xu, Ning Wang, Miaomiao Guo, Tianheng Zhang, and Yuming Tong, "Analysis of time-frequency characteristics and coherence of local field potentials during working memory task of rats after high-frequency repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation." Journal of Biomedical Engineering= Shengwu Yixue Gongchengxue Zazhi, Vol. 37pp. 756-64, (2020).
55- U. Alyagon, N. Barnea-Ygael, L. Carmi, and A. Zangen, "Modifications of cognitive performance in the stroop task following deep rTMS treatment course in OCD patients." Brain Stimulation, Vol. 14pp. 48-50, (2021).
56- Juliana Corlier et al., "Effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) on cognitive control." Journal of Affective Disorders, Vol. 265pp. 272-77, (2020).
57- Sang Hee Kim, Hyun Jung Han, Hyeon Min Ahn, Shin Ah Kim, and Sang Eun Kim, "Effects of five daily high-frequency rTMS on Stroop task performance in aging individuals." Neuroscience research, Vol. 74pp. 256-60, (2012).
58- Benjamin A. Parris, Michael G. Wadsley, Gizem Arabaci, Nabil Hasshim, Maria Augustinova, and Ludovic Ferrand, "The effect of high-frequency rTMS of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on the resolution of response, semantic and task conflict in the colour-word Stroop task." Brain Structure and Function, Vol. 226pp. 1241-52, (2021).
59- Hang Su et al., "High frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for methamphetamine use disorders: a randomised clinical trial." Drug and alcohol dependence, Vol. 175pp. 84-91, (2017).
60- Martin Zack et al., "Effects of high frequency repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation and continuous theta burst stimulation on gambling reinforcement, delay discounting, and stroop interference in men with pathological gambling." Brain Stimulation, Vol. 9pp. 867-75, (2016).
61- Roy Hamilton, Samuel Messing, and Anjan Chatterjee, "Rethinking the thinking cap: ethics of neural enhancement using noninvasive brain stimulation." Neurology, Vol. 76pp. 187-93, (2011).
62- Pablo Cruz Gonzalez, Kenneth N K Fong, Raymond C K Chung, Kin-Hung Ting, Lawla L F Law, and Ted Brown, "Can transcranial direct-current stimulation alone or combined with cognitive training be used as a clinical intervention to improve cognitive functioning in persons with mild cognitive impairment and dementia? A systematic review and meta-analysis." Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, Vol. 12p. 416, (2018).
63- Anastasia Nousia et al., "The Effectiveness of Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation Alone or Combined with Cognitive Training on the Cognitive Performance of Patients With Traumatic Brain Injury: Α Systematic Review." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, (2021).
64- Christine Krebs, Jessica Peter, Patric Wyss, Anna-Katharine Brem, and Stefan Klöppel, "Transcranial electrical stimulation improves cognitive training effects in healthy elderly adults with low cognitive performance." Clinical neurophysiology, Vol. 132pp. 1254-63, (2021).
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| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 10 No 2 (2023) | |
| Section | Literature (Narrative) Review(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/fbt.v10i2.12227 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Transcranial Brain Stimulation Cognitive Training Attention Working Memory | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Kheirkhah MT, Shekarro M, Mirchi Z, Gharibzadeh S. The Impact of Transcranial Brain Stimulation Combined with Cognitive Training on Attention and Working Memory: A Review of Literature. Frontiers Biomed Technol. 2023;10(2):221-233.
