The Impact of Transcranial Brain Stimulation Combined with Cognitive Training on Attention and Working Memory
A Review of Literature
,
Abstract
Studies have been conducted on both normal and abnormal samples have shown transcranial brain stimulation to be effective in improving cognitive functioning. Training in cognitive skills has also appeared to be effective. To enhance or rehabilitate core cognitive processes, neuropsychologists and clinicians usually use either one of these or a combination of both. In this study, we reviewed the literature to investigate the effects of brain stimulation alone or combined with cognitive training on attention and working memory. It was concluded that the combined method can be more effective than brain stimulation alone. However, there is no sufficient evidence to make a conclusive statement.
1. Battleday RM, Brem AK. Modafinil for cognitive neuroenhancement in healthy non-sleep-deprived subjects: A systematic review. Vol. 25, European Neuropsychopharmacology. 2015. p. 1865–81.
2. Farah MJ, Illes J, Cook-Deegan R, Gardner H, Kandel E, King P, et al. Neurocognitive enhancement: What can we do and what should we do? Vol. 5, Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2004. p. 421–5.
3. Eikelboom WS, Bertens D, Kessels RPC. Cognitive Rehabilitation in Normal Aging and Individuals with Subjective Cognitive Decline. In: Cognitive Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging. Springer International Publishing; 2020. p. 37–67.
4. Cotelli M, Calabria M, Zanetti O. Cognitive rehabilitation in Alzheimer’s Disease. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research. 2006 Oct 10;18(2):141–3.
5. Chase HW, Boudewyn MA, Carter CS, Phillips ML. Transcranial direct current stimulation: a roadmap for research, from mechanism of action to clinical implementation. Molecular psychiatry. 2020;25(2):397–407.
6. Sayadi M, Eftekhar Saadi Z, Makvandi B. Effect of cognitive rehabilitation training on anxiety, depression and emotion regulation in women with postpartum depression. Iranian Journal of Rehabilitation Research. 2019;5(2):25–32.
7. Greely H, Sahakian B, Harris J, Kessler RC, Gazzaniga M, Campbell P, et al. Towards responsible use of cognitive-enhancing drugs by the healthy. Vol. 456, Nature. Publisher; 2008. p. 702–5.
8. Kose E, Wakabayashi H. Rehabilitation pharmacotherapy: A scoping review. Geriatrics and Gerontology International. 2020 Jul 1;20(7):655–63.
9. Rezayat E, Toostani IG. A review on brain stimulation using low intensity focused ultrasound. Basic and clinical neuroscience. 2016;7(3):187.
10. Peterchev A V., Wagner TA, Miranda PC, Nitsche MA, Paulus W, Lisanby SH, et al. Fundamentals of transcranial electric and magnetic stimulation dose: Definition, selection, and reporting practices. Vol. 5, Brain Stimulation. NIH Public Access; 2012. p. 435–53.
11. Elder GJ, Taylor JP. Transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation: Treatments for cognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms in the neurodegenerative dementias? Alzheimer’s Research and Therapy. 2014 Nov 10;6(9).
12. Bikson M, Datta A, Elwassif M. Establishing safety limits for transcranial direct current stimulation. Clinical neurophysiology: official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2009;120(6):1033.
13. Gates N, Valenzuela M. Cognitive exercise and its role in cognitive function in older adults. Vol. 12, Current Psychiatry Reports. 2010. p. 20–7.
14. Jaeggi SM, Buschkuehl M, Shah P, Jonides J. The role of individual differences in cognitive training and transfer. Memory & cognition. 2014;42(3):464–80.
15. Klingberg T. Training and plasticity of working memory. Vol. 14, Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 2010. p. 317–24.
16. Elmasry J, Loo C, Martin D. A systematic review of transcranial electrical stimulation combined with cognitive training. Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience. 2015 Jun 17;33(3):263–78.
17. Petersen SE, Posner MI. The attention system of the human brain: 20 years after. Annual review of neuroscience. 2012;35:73–89.
18. Park S-H, Koh E-J, Choi H-Y, Ko M-H. A double-blind, sham-controlled, pilot study to assess the effects of the concomitant use of transcranial direct current stimulation with the computer assisted cognitive rehabilitation to the prefrontal cortex on cognitive functions in patients with strok. Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society. 2013;54(6):484.
19. Fazeli PL, Woods AJ, Pope CN, Vance DE, Ball KK. Effect of transcranial direct current stimulation combined with cognitive training on cognitive functioning in older adults with HIV: A pilot study. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult. 2019;26(1):36–47.
20. Silva AF, Zortea M, Carvalho S, Leite J, Torres IL da S, Fregni F, et al. Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex modulates attention and pain in fibromyalgia: randomized clinical trial. Scientific reports. 2017;7(1):1–11.
21. Das N, Spence JS, Aslan S, Vanneste S, Mudar R, Rackley A, et al. Cognitive training and transcranial direct current stimulation in mild cognitive impairment: a randomized pilot trial. Frontiers in neuroscience. 2019;13:307.
22. Mayer RF. The prefrontal cortex: Anatomy, physiology and neuropsychology of the frontal lobe. Vol. 187, The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. LWW; 1999. p. 122–3.
23. Parthasarathy A, Tang C, Herikstad R, Cheong LF, Yen S-C, Libedinsky C. Time-invariant working memory representations in the presence of code-morphing in the lateral prefrontal cortex. Nature communications. 2019;10(1):1–11.
24. Mulquiney PG, Hoy KE, Daskalakis ZJ, Fitzgerald PB. Improving working memory: exploring the effect of transcranial random noise stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation on the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Clinical Neurophysiology. 2011;122(12):2384–9.
25. Martin DM, Mohan A, Alonzo A, Gates N, Gbadeyan O, Meinzer M, et al. A pilot double-blind randomized controlled trial of cognitive training combined with transcranial direct current stimulation for amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease. 2019;71(2):503–12.
26. Au J, Katz B, Buschkuehl M, Bunarjo K, Senger T, Zabel C, et al. Enhancing working memory training with transcranial direct current stimulation. Journal of cognitive neuroscience. 2016;28(9):1419–32.
27. McKinley RA, McIntire L, Nelson J, Nelson J, Goodyear C. The effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on training during a complex procedural task. In: Advances in Neuroergonomics and Cognitive Engineering. Springer; 2017. p. 173–83.
28. Ramaraju S, Roula MA, McCarthy PW. Transcranial direct current stimulation and working memory: Comparison of effect on learning shapes and English letters. PLoS ONE. 2020 Jul 1;15(7 July).
29. Ruf SP, Fallgatter AJ, Plewnia C. Augmentation of working memory training by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Scientific reports. 2017;7(1):1–11.
30. Ke Y, Wang N, Du J, Kong L, Liu S, Xu M, et al. The effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on working memory training in healthy young adults. Frontiers in human neuroscience. 2019;19.
31. Ikeda T, Takahashi T, Hiraishi H, Saito DN, Kikuchi M. Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation induces high gamma-band activity in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during a working memory task: a double-blind, randomized, crossover study. Frontiers in human neuroscience. 2019;13:136.
32. Kolskår KK, Richard G, Alnæs D, Dørum ES, Sanders A-M, Ulrichsen KM, et al. A randomized, double blind study of computerized cognitive training in combination with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in stroke patients–utility of fMRI as marker for training outcome. bioRxiv. 2019;603985.
33. Liu Y, Yin M, Luo J, Huang L, Zhang S, Pan C, et al. Effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation on the performance of the activities of daily living and attention function after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation. 2020 Dec 1;34(12):1465–73.
34. Bakulin I, Zabirova A, Lagoda D, Poydasheva A, Cherkasova A, Pavlov N, et al. Combining HF rTMS over the left DLPFC with concurrent cognitive activity for the offline modulation of working memory in healthy volunteers: A proof-of-concept study. Brain sciences. 2020;10(2):83.
35. Fried PJ, Rushmore III RJ, Moss MB, Valero‐Cabré A, Pascual‐Leone A. Causal evidence supporting functional dissociation of verbal and spatial working memory in the human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. European Journal of Neuroscience. 2014;39(11):1973–81.
36. Palaus M, Viejo-Sobera R, Redolar-Ripoll D, Marrón EM. Cognitive enhancement via neuromodulation and video games: Synergistic effects? Frontiers in human neuroscience. 2020;14:235.
37. Nguyen J-P, Suarez A, Kemoun G, Meignier M, Le Saout E, Damier P, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with cognitive training for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurophysiologie Clinique/Clinical Neurophysiology. 2017;47(1):47–53.
38. Bagherzadeh Y, Khorrami A, Zarrindast MR, Shariat SV, Pantazis D. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex enhances working memory. Experimental brain research. 2016;234(7):1807–18.
39. Guo Z, Jiang Z, Jiang B, McClure MA, Mu Q. High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation could improve impaired working memory induced by sleep deprivation. Neural Plasticity. 2019;2019.
40. Rose NS, LaRocque JJ, Riggall AC, Gosseries O, Starrett MJ, Meyering EE, et al. Reactivation of latent working memories with transcranial magnetic stimulation. Science. 2016;354(6316):1136–9.
41. Voineskos AN, Blumberger DM, Schifani C, Hawco C, Dickie EW, Rajji TK, et al. Effects of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Working Memory Performance and Brain Structure in People With Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Sham-Controlled Trial. Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging. 2021;6(4):449–58.
42. Xu G, Wang N, Guo M, Zhang T, Tong Y. Analysis of time-frequency characteristics and coherence of local field potentials during working memory task of rats after high-frequency repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation. Sheng wu yi xue Gong Cheng xue za zhi= Journal of Biomedical Engineering= Shengwu Yixue Gongchengxue Zazhi. 2020;37(5):756–64.
43. Alyagon U, Barnea-Ygael N, Carmi L, Zangen A. Modifications of cognitive performance in the stroop task following deep rTMS treatment course in OCD patients. Vol. 14, Brain Stimulation. Elsevier; 2021. p. 48–50.
44. Corlier J, Burnette E, Wilson AC, Lou JJ, Landeros A, Minzenberg MJ, et al. Effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) on cognitive control. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2020;265:272–7.
45. Kim SH, Han HJ, Ahn HM, Kim SA, Kim SE. Effects of five daily high-frequency rTMS on Stroop task performance in aging individuals. Neuroscience research. 2012;74(3–4):256–60.
46. Parris BA, Wadsley MG, Arabaci G, Hasshim N, Augustinova M, Ferrand L. The effect of high-frequency rTMS of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on the resolution of response, semantic and task conflict in the colour-word Stroop task. Brain Structure and Function. 2021 May 1;226(4):1241–52.
47. Su H, Zhong N, Gan H, Wang J, Han H, Chen T, et al. High frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for methamphetamine use disorders: a randomised clinical trial. Drug and alcohol dependence. 2017;175:84–91.
48. Zack M, Cho SS, Parlee J, Jacobs M, Li C, Boileau I, et al. Effects of high frequency repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation and continuous theta burst stimulation on gambling reinforcement, delay discounting, and stroop interference in men with pathological gambling. Brain Stimulation. 2016;9(6):867–75.
49. Pan L-LH, Yang W-W, Kao C-L, Tsai M-W, Wei S-H, Fregni F, et al. Effects of 8-week sensory electrical stimulation combined with motor training on EEG-EMG coherence and motor function in individuals with stroke. Scientific reports. 2018;8(1):1–10.
50. Hamilton R, Messing S, Chatterjee A. Rethinking the thinking cap: ethics of neural enhancement using noninvasive brain stimulation. Neurology. 2011;76(2):187–93.
51. Cruz Gonzalez P, Fong KNK, Chung RCK, Ting K-H, Law LLF, Brown T. Can transcranial direct-current stimulation alone or combined with cognitive training be used as a clinical intervention to improve cognitive functioning in persons with mild cognitive impairment and dementia? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 2018;416.
52. Nousia A, Martzoukou M, Liampas I, Siokas V, Bakirtzis C, Nasios G, et al. The Effectiveness of Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation Alone or Combined with Cognitive Training on the Cognitive Performance of Patients With Traumatic Brain Injury: Α Systematic Review. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology. 2021;
53. Park S-H, Seo J-H, Kim Y-H, Ko M-H. Long-term effects of transcranial direct current stimulation combined with computer-assisted cognitive training in healthy older adults. Neuroreport. 2014;25(2):122–6.
54. Krebs C, Peter J, Wyss P, Brem A-K, Klöppel S. Transcranial electrical stimulation improves cognitive training effects in healthy elderly adults with low cognitive performance. Clinical neurophysiology. 2021;132(6):1254–63.
2. Farah MJ, Illes J, Cook-Deegan R, Gardner H, Kandel E, King P, et al. Neurocognitive enhancement: What can we do and what should we do? Vol. 5, Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2004. p. 421–5.
3. Eikelboom WS, Bertens D, Kessels RPC. Cognitive Rehabilitation in Normal Aging and Individuals with Subjective Cognitive Decline. In: Cognitive Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging. Springer International Publishing; 2020. p. 37–67.
4. Cotelli M, Calabria M, Zanetti O. Cognitive rehabilitation in Alzheimer’s Disease. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research. 2006 Oct 10;18(2):141–3.
5. Chase HW, Boudewyn MA, Carter CS, Phillips ML. Transcranial direct current stimulation: a roadmap for research, from mechanism of action to clinical implementation. Molecular psychiatry. 2020;25(2):397–407.
6. Sayadi M, Eftekhar Saadi Z, Makvandi B. Effect of cognitive rehabilitation training on anxiety, depression and emotion regulation in women with postpartum depression. Iranian Journal of Rehabilitation Research. 2019;5(2):25–32.
7. Greely H, Sahakian B, Harris J, Kessler RC, Gazzaniga M, Campbell P, et al. Towards responsible use of cognitive-enhancing drugs by the healthy. Vol. 456, Nature. Publisher; 2008. p. 702–5.
8. Kose E, Wakabayashi H. Rehabilitation pharmacotherapy: A scoping review. Geriatrics and Gerontology International. 2020 Jul 1;20(7):655–63.
9. Rezayat E, Toostani IG. A review on brain stimulation using low intensity focused ultrasound. Basic and clinical neuroscience. 2016;7(3):187.
10. Peterchev A V., Wagner TA, Miranda PC, Nitsche MA, Paulus W, Lisanby SH, et al. Fundamentals of transcranial electric and magnetic stimulation dose: Definition, selection, and reporting practices. Vol. 5, Brain Stimulation. NIH Public Access; 2012. p. 435–53.
11. Elder GJ, Taylor JP. Transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation: Treatments for cognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms in the neurodegenerative dementias? Alzheimer’s Research and Therapy. 2014 Nov 10;6(9).
12. Bikson M, Datta A, Elwassif M. Establishing safety limits for transcranial direct current stimulation. Clinical neurophysiology: official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2009;120(6):1033.
13. Gates N, Valenzuela M. Cognitive exercise and its role in cognitive function in older adults. Vol. 12, Current Psychiatry Reports. 2010. p. 20–7.
14. Jaeggi SM, Buschkuehl M, Shah P, Jonides J. The role of individual differences in cognitive training and transfer. Memory & cognition. 2014;42(3):464–80.
15. Klingberg T. Training and plasticity of working memory. Vol. 14, Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 2010. p. 317–24.
16. Elmasry J, Loo C, Martin D. A systematic review of transcranial electrical stimulation combined with cognitive training. Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience. 2015 Jun 17;33(3):263–78.
17. Petersen SE, Posner MI. The attention system of the human brain: 20 years after. Annual review of neuroscience. 2012;35:73–89.
18. Park S-H, Koh E-J, Choi H-Y, Ko M-H. A double-blind, sham-controlled, pilot study to assess the effects of the concomitant use of transcranial direct current stimulation with the computer assisted cognitive rehabilitation to the prefrontal cortex on cognitive functions in patients with strok. Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society. 2013;54(6):484.
19. Fazeli PL, Woods AJ, Pope CN, Vance DE, Ball KK. Effect of transcranial direct current stimulation combined with cognitive training on cognitive functioning in older adults with HIV: A pilot study. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult. 2019;26(1):36–47.
20. Silva AF, Zortea M, Carvalho S, Leite J, Torres IL da S, Fregni F, et al. Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex modulates attention and pain in fibromyalgia: randomized clinical trial. Scientific reports. 2017;7(1):1–11.
21. Das N, Spence JS, Aslan S, Vanneste S, Mudar R, Rackley A, et al. Cognitive training and transcranial direct current stimulation in mild cognitive impairment: a randomized pilot trial. Frontiers in neuroscience. 2019;13:307.
22. Mayer RF. The prefrontal cortex: Anatomy, physiology and neuropsychology of the frontal lobe. Vol. 187, The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. LWW; 1999. p. 122–3.
23. Parthasarathy A, Tang C, Herikstad R, Cheong LF, Yen S-C, Libedinsky C. Time-invariant working memory representations in the presence of code-morphing in the lateral prefrontal cortex. Nature communications. 2019;10(1):1–11.
24. Mulquiney PG, Hoy KE, Daskalakis ZJ, Fitzgerald PB. Improving working memory: exploring the effect of transcranial random noise stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation on the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Clinical Neurophysiology. 2011;122(12):2384–9.
25. Martin DM, Mohan A, Alonzo A, Gates N, Gbadeyan O, Meinzer M, et al. A pilot double-blind randomized controlled trial of cognitive training combined with transcranial direct current stimulation for amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease. 2019;71(2):503–12.
26. Au J, Katz B, Buschkuehl M, Bunarjo K, Senger T, Zabel C, et al. Enhancing working memory training with transcranial direct current stimulation. Journal of cognitive neuroscience. 2016;28(9):1419–32.
27. McKinley RA, McIntire L, Nelson J, Nelson J, Goodyear C. The effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on training during a complex procedural task. In: Advances in Neuroergonomics and Cognitive Engineering. Springer; 2017. p. 173–83.
28. Ramaraju S, Roula MA, McCarthy PW. Transcranial direct current stimulation and working memory: Comparison of effect on learning shapes and English letters. PLoS ONE. 2020 Jul 1;15(7 July).
29. Ruf SP, Fallgatter AJ, Plewnia C. Augmentation of working memory training by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Scientific reports. 2017;7(1):1–11.
30. Ke Y, Wang N, Du J, Kong L, Liu S, Xu M, et al. The effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on working memory training in healthy young adults. Frontiers in human neuroscience. 2019;19.
31. Ikeda T, Takahashi T, Hiraishi H, Saito DN, Kikuchi M. Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation induces high gamma-band activity in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during a working memory task: a double-blind, randomized, crossover study. Frontiers in human neuroscience. 2019;13:136.
32. Kolskår KK, Richard G, Alnæs D, Dørum ES, Sanders A-M, Ulrichsen KM, et al. A randomized, double blind study of computerized cognitive training in combination with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in stroke patients–utility of fMRI as marker for training outcome. bioRxiv. 2019;603985.
33. Liu Y, Yin M, Luo J, Huang L, Zhang S, Pan C, et al. Effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation on the performance of the activities of daily living and attention function after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation. 2020 Dec 1;34(12):1465–73.
34. Bakulin I, Zabirova A, Lagoda D, Poydasheva A, Cherkasova A, Pavlov N, et al. Combining HF rTMS over the left DLPFC with concurrent cognitive activity for the offline modulation of working memory in healthy volunteers: A proof-of-concept study. Brain sciences. 2020;10(2):83.
35. Fried PJ, Rushmore III RJ, Moss MB, Valero‐Cabré A, Pascual‐Leone A. Causal evidence supporting functional dissociation of verbal and spatial working memory in the human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. European Journal of Neuroscience. 2014;39(11):1973–81.
36. Palaus M, Viejo-Sobera R, Redolar-Ripoll D, Marrón EM. Cognitive enhancement via neuromodulation and video games: Synergistic effects? Frontiers in human neuroscience. 2020;14:235.
37. Nguyen J-P, Suarez A, Kemoun G, Meignier M, Le Saout E, Damier P, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with cognitive training for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurophysiologie Clinique/Clinical Neurophysiology. 2017;47(1):47–53.
38. Bagherzadeh Y, Khorrami A, Zarrindast MR, Shariat SV, Pantazis D. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex enhances working memory. Experimental brain research. 2016;234(7):1807–18.
39. Guo Z, Jiang Z, Jiang B, McClure MA, Mu Q. High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation could improve impaired working memory induced by sleep deprivation. Neural Plasticity. 2019;2019.
40. Rose NS, LaRocque JJ, Riggall AC, Gosseries O, Starrett MJ, Meyering EE, et al. Reactivation of latent working memories with transcranial magnetic stimulation. Science. 2016;354(6316):1136–9.
41. Voineskos AN, Blumberger DM, Schifani C, Hawco C, Dickie EW, Rajji TK, et al. Effects of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Working Memory Performance and Brain Structure in People With Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Sham-Controlled Trial. Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging. 2021;6(4):449–58.
42. Xu G, Wang N, Guo M, Zhang T, Tong Y. Analysis of time-frequency characteristics and coherence of local field potentials during working memory task of rats after high-frequency repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation. Sheng wu yi xue Gong Cheng xue za zhi= Journal of Biomedical Engineering= Shengwu Yixue Gongchengxue Zazhi. 2020;37(5):756–64.
43. Alyagon U, Barnea-Ygael N, Carmi L, Zangen A. Modifications of cognitive performance in the stroop task following deep rTMS treatment course in OCD patients. Vol. 14, Brain Stimulation. Elsevier; 2021. p. 48–50.
44. Corlier J, Burnette E, Wilson AC, Lou JJ, Landeros A, Minzenberg MJ, et al. Effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) on cognitive control. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2020;265:272–7.
45. Kim SH, Han HJ, Ahn HM, Kim SA, Kim SE. Effects of five daily high-frequency rTMS on Stroop task performance in aging individuals. Neuroscience research. 2012;74(3–4):256–60.
46. Parris BA, Wadsley MG, Arabaci G, Hasshim N, Augustinova M, Ferrand L. The effect of high-frequency rTMS of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on the resolution of response, semantic and task conflict in the colour-word Stroop task. Brain Structure and Function. 2021 May 1;226(4):1241–52.
47. Su H, Zhong N, Gan H, Wang J, Han H, Chen T, et al. High frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for methamphetamine use disorders: a randomised clinical trial. Drug and alcohol dependence. 2017;175:84–91.
48. Zack M, Cho SS, Parlee J, Jacobs M, Li C, Boileau I, et al. Effects of high frequency repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation and continuous theta burst stimulation on gambling reinforcement, delay discounting, and stroop interference in men with pathological gambling. Brain Stimulation. 2016;9(6):867–75.
49. Pan L-LH, Yang W-W, Kao C-L, Tsai M-W, Wei S-H, Fregni F, et al. Effects of 8-week sensory electrical stimulation combined with motor training on EEG-EMG coherence and motor function in individuals with stroke. Scientific reports. 2018;8(1):1–10.
50. Hamilton R, Messing S, Chatterjee A. Rethinking the thinking cap: ethics of neural enhancement using noninvasive brain stimulation. Neurology. 2011;76(2):187–93.
51. Cruz Gonzalez P, Fong KNK, Chung RCK, Ting K-H, Law LLF, Brown T. Can transcranial direct-current stimulation alone or combined with cognitive training be used as a clinical intervention to improve cognitive functioning in persons with mild cognitive impairment and dementia? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 2018;416.
52. Nousia A, Martzoukou M, Liampas I, Siokas V, Bakirtzis C, Nasios G, et al. The Effectiveness of Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation Alone or Combined with Cognitive Training on the Cognitive Performance of Patients With Traumatic Brain Injury: Α Systematic Review. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology. 2021;
53. Park S-H, Seo J-H, Kim Y-H, Ko M-H. Long-term effects of transcranial direct current stimulation combined with computer-assisted cognitive training in healthy older adults. Neuroreport. 2014;25(2):122–6.
54. Krebs C, Peter J, Wyss P, Brem A-K, Klöppel S. Transcranial electrical stimulation improves cognitive training effects in healthy elderly adults with low cognitive performance. Clinical neurophysiology. 2021;132(6):1254–63.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 10 No 2 (2023) | |
| Section | Literature (Narrative) Review(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/fbt.v10i2.12227 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Transcranial brain stimulation Cognitive training Attention Working memory | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Kheirkhah MT, Shekarro M, Mirchi Z, Gharibzadeh S. The Impact of Transcranial Brain Stimulation Combined with Cognitive Training on Attention and Working Memory. Frontiers Biomed Technol. 2023;10(2):221-233.
