Monte Carlo Simulation of Damage in Born Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) Converter Materials by High-Energy Proton Beam Spallation
,
Abstract
Purpose: High-energy protons are generally used for neutron production by Pb, W, Li, Be, and Ta targets that are used for the Born Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) technique. Neutron production targets are destroyed by proton spallation (evaporation of nuclei). The purpose of this study is the investigation of neutron activation and proton spallation damage of converter targets using the MCNPX code, which is based on the Monte Carlo method.
Materials and Methods: The MCNPX code was used to extract the activation and spallation information of secondary particle production in Pb, W, Li, Be, and Ta targets. The neutron activation and proton spallation damage, including radioactive elements production in converter targets, was extracted from data in the MCNPX output file.
Results: Results showed that the highest probability of radioactive elements production by proton with low-level energy in the Ta target are 180Hf, 179Hf, and 178Hf, and in the Li target is 7Be, respectively. In addition, the most probable radioactive elements produced by 200, 800, and 1200 MeV proton spallation in lead target are 118Tl and 78Pt, and in tungsten target are 98Hf, 110Ta, and 111Ta, respectively. The calculations showed that the production of radioisotopes in reactions with neutrons is lower than the production in reactions with a proton beam, and with increases in the energy of the proton beam, production of the radioactive elements was increased.
Conclusion: The results illustrated that the radioactive elements are produced in W, Pb, Li, Be, and Te targets in the BNCT method, which should be avoided as radiation hazards.
[1] Sudhakar, A., 2009. History of cancer, ancient and modern treatment methods. Journal of cancer science & therapy, 1(2), p.1.
[2] Kramer-Marek, G. and Capala, J., 2012. The role of nuclear medicine in modern therapy of cancer. Tumor Biology, 33(3), pp.629-640.
[3] Wang, X., Xiao, J. and Jiang, G., 2021. Real-time medical data monitoring and iodine 131 treatment of thyroid cancer nursing analysis based on an embedded system. Microprocessors and Microsystems, 81, p.103660.
[4] Gogineni, E., Bloom, B., Molina, F.D., Villella, J. and Goenka, A., 2021. Radiotherapy dose escalation on pelvic lymph node control in patients with cervical cancer. International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer, 31(4).
[5] Kayani, Z., Islami, N., Behzadpour, N., Zahraie, N., Imanlou, S., Tamaddon, P., Salehi, F., Daneshvar, F., Perota, G., Sorati, E. and Mohammadi, S., 2021. Combating cancer by utilizing noble metallic nanostructures in combination with laser photothermal and X-ray radiotherapy. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, p.102689.
[6] Lin, Y., Huang, G., Huang, Y., Tzeng, T.R.J. and Chrisey, D., 2010. Effect of laser fluence in laser‐assisted direct writing of human colon cancer cell. Rapid Prototyping Journal.
[7] Allodji, R.S., Tucker, M.A., Hawkins, M.M., Le Deley, M.C., Veres, C., Weathers, R., Howell, R., Winter, D., Haddy, N., Rubino, C. and Diallo, I., 2021. Role of radiotherapy and chemotherapy in the risk of leukemia after childhood cancer: An international pooled analysis. International journal of cancer, 148(9), pp.2079-2089.
[8] Jablonska, P.A., Cambeiro, M., Gimeno, M., Aramendía, J.M., Mínguez, J.A., Alcázar, J.L., Aristu, J.J., Calvo, F.A. and Martínez-Monge, R., 2021. Intraoperative electron beam radiotherapy and perioperative high-dose-rate brachytherapy in previously irradiated oligorecurrent gynecological cancer: clinical outcome analysis. Clinical and Translational Oncology, pp.1-8.
[9] Loap, P. and Kirova, Y., 2021. Fast Neutron Therapy for Breast Cancer Treatment: An Effective Technique Sinking into Oblivion.
[10] Ho, S.L., Choi, G., Yue, H., Kim, H.K., Jung, K.H., Park, J.A., Kim, M.H., Lee, Y.J., Kim, J.Y., Miao, X. and Ahmad, M.Y., 2020. In vivo neutron capture therapy of cancer using ultrasmall gadolinium oxide nanoparticles with cancer-targeting ability. RSC Advances, 10(2), pp.865-874.
[11] Chen, Y.J. and Paul, A.C., 2007, June. Compact proton accelerator for cancer therapy. In 2007 IEEE Particle Accelerator Conference (PAC) (pp. 1787-1789). IEEE.
[12] Schippers, J.M., Duppich, J., Goitein, G., Jermann, M., Lomax, A., Pedroni, E., Reist, H., Timmermann, B. and Verweij, J., 2006, May. The use of protons in cancer therapy at PSI and related instrumentation. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 41, No. 1, p. 005). IOP Publishing.
[13] Pasler, M., Georg, D., Wirtz, H. and Lutterbach, J., 2011. Effect of photon-beam energy on VMAT and IMRT treatment plan quality and dosimetric accuracy for advanced prostate cancer. Strahlentherapie und Onkologie, 187(12), pp.792-798.
[14] Lennox, A.J., 2001. Accelerators for cancer therapy. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 61(3-6), pp.223-226.
[15] Luo, W., Ali, Y.F., Liu, C., Wang, Y., Liu, C., Jin, X., Zhou, G. and Liu, N.A., 2021. Particle therapy for breast cancer: benefits and challenges. Frontiers in Oncology, 11, p.1425.
[16] Prezado, Y., Hirayama, R., Matsufuji, N., Inaniwa, T., Martínez-Rovira, I., Seksek, O., Bertho, A., Koike, S., Labiod, D., Pouzoulet, F. and Polledo, L., 2021. A Potential Renewed Use of Very Heavy Ions for Therapy: Neon Minibeam Radiation Therapy. Cancers, 13(6), p.1356.
[17] Neves, D.D., Belian, M.F., Silva, W.E.D. and Vilela, E.C., 2021. Boron neutron capture therapy: a new view on the cancer treatment. Revista Virtual de Quimica, 13(1), pp.270-282.
[18] Aihara, T., Hiratsuka, J., Kamitani, N., Nishimura, H. and Ono, K., 2020. Boron neutron capture therapy for head and neck cancer: Relevance of nuclear-cytoplasmic volume ratio and anti-tumor effect.-A preliminary report. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 163, p.109212.
[19] Pazirandeh, A., Torkamani, A. and Taheri, A., 2011. Design and simulation of a neutron source based on an electron linear accelerator for BNCT of skin melanoma. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 69(5), pp.749-755.
[20] Mitsumoto, T., Yajima, S., Tsutsui, H., Ogasawara, T., Fujita, K., Tanaka, H., Sakurai, Y. and Maruhashi, A., 2013, April. Cyclotron-based neutron source for BNCT. In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 1525, No. 1, pp. 319-322). American Institute of Physics.
[21] Nedunchezhian, K., Aswath, N., Thiruppathy, M. and Thirugnanamurthy, S., 2016. Boron neutron capture therapy-a literature review. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: JCDR, 10(12), p.ZE01.
[22] Bavarnegin, E., Kasesaz, Y. and Wagner, F.M., 2017. Neutron beams implemented at nuclear research reactors for BNCT. Journal of Instrumentation, 12(05), p.P05005.
[23] Elshahat, B.A., Naqvi, A.A. and Abdalla, K., 2007. Design calculations of an accelerator-based BSA for BNCT of brain cancer. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 274(3), pp.539-544.
[24] Sakai, M., Fujimoto, N., Ishii, K., Murata, I. and Awazu, K., 2011. Thermal neutron field with DT neutron source for BNCT. Progesss in Nuclear science and Technology, 1, pp.513-516.
[25] Tian, B., Jing, H., Wang, S., Li, Q., Gao, X. and Yang, X., 2021. Feasibility of nuclide-identified imaging based on the back-streaming white neutron beam at the China Spallation Neutron Source. Review of Scientific Instruments, 92(5), p.053303.
[26] Yonai, S., Baba, M., Nakamura, T., Yokobori, H. and Tahara, Y., 2005. Investigation of spallation-based epithermal neutron field for BNCT.
[27] Golubev, S.V., Skalyga, V.A., Izotov, I.V., Razin, S.V., Shaposhnikov, R.A., Vybin, S.S., Bokhanov, A.F., Kazakov, M.Y., Shlepnev, S.P., Burdonov, K.F. and Soloviev, A.A., 2021. Status of a point-like neutron generator development. Journal of Instrumentation, 16(02), p.T02008.
[28] Torres-Sánchez, P., Porras, I., Ramos-Chernenko, N., de Saavedra, F.A. and Praena, J., 2021. Optimized beam shaping assembly for a 2.1-MeV proton-accelerator-based neutron source for boron neutron capture therapy. Scientific Reports, 11(1), pp.1-12.
[29] Teichmann, S., 1997. Theoretical study of a spallation neutron source for BNCT, advances in neutron capture therapy. Medicine and Physics, 1, p.555.
[30] Dolan, T.J., Ottewitte, E.H., Wills, E.E., Neuman, W.A. and Woodall, D.M., 1989. Non-reactor neutron sources for BNCT (Boron Neutron Capture Therapy) (No. EGG-BNCT-8319). EG and G Idaho, Inc., Idaho Falls, ID (United States).
[31] Kasesaz, Y., Khalafi, H. and Rahmani, F., 2014. Design of an epithermal neutron beam for BNCT in thermal column of Tehran research reactor. Annals of Nuclear Energy, 68, pp.234-238.
[32] Anikin, M.N., Lebedev, I.I., Naymushin, A.G. and Smolnikov, N.V., 2020. Feasibility study of using IRT-T research reactor for BNCT applications. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 166, p.109243.
[33] Sauerwein, W., Moss, R., Stecher-Rasmussen, F., Rassow, J. and Wittig, A., 2011. Quality management in BNCT at a nuclear research reactor. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 69(12), pp.1786-1789.
[34] Hassanein, A.M., Hassan, M.H., Mohamed, N.M. and Abou Mandour, M.A., 2018. An optimized epithermal BNCT beam design for research reactors. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 106, pp.455-464.
[35] Cheng, H.G. and Feng, Z.Q., 2021. Light fragment and neutron emission in high-energy proton-induced spallation reactions. Chinese Physics C, 45(8), p.084107.
[36] Didi, A., Dadouch, A., Bencheikh, M., Jaï, O. and Hajjaji, O.E., 2019. New study of various target neutron yields from spallation reactions using a high-energy proton beam. International Journal of Nuclear Energy Science and Technology, 13(2), pp.120-137.
[37] Esposito, R. and Calviani, M., 2020. Design of the third-generation neutron spallation target for the CERN’s n_TOF facility. Journal of Neutron Research, 22(2-3), pp.221-231.
[38] Borne, F., Crespin, S., Drake, D., Frehaut, J., Ledoux, X., Lochard, J.P., Martinez, E., Patin, Y., Petibon, E., Pras, P. and Boudard, A., 2000. Experimental studies of spallation on thin target (No. CEA-R--5887). CEA/DAM-Ile de France.
[39] Zakalek, P., Doege, P.E., Baggemann, J., Mauerhofer, E. and Brückel, T., 2020. Energy and target material dependence of the neutron yield induced by proton and deuteron bombardment. In EPJ Web of Conferences (Vol. 231, p. 03006). EDP Sciences.
[40] Stankovsky, A., Saito, M., Artisyuk, V., Shmelev, A. and Korovin, Y., 2001. Accumulation and transmutation of spallation products in the target of accelerator-driven system. Journal of nuclear science and technology, 38(7), pp.503-510.
[41] Yasuda, H. and Fujitaka, K., 2001. Responses to TLD-BeO: Na (UD-170A) To Heavy Ions and Space Radiation. Radiation protection dosimetry, 94(3), pp.275-280.
[42] Kobayashi, T., 2015. Feature and future of accelerator-based BNCT neutron irradiation system. Viewpoint from the principle of BNCT. Radioisotopes (Tokyo), 64(1), pp.13-28.
[43] DiJulio, D.D., Cooper-Jensen, C.P., Björgvinsdóttir, H., Kokai, Z. and Bentley, P.M., 2016. High-energy in-beam neutron measurements of metal-based shielding for accelerator-driven spallation neutron sources. Physical Review Accelerators and Beams, 19(5), p.053501.
[44] Anefalos, S., Deppman, A., da Silva, G., Maiorino, J.R., Santos, A.D. and Garcia, F., 2005. Development of the CRISP package for spallation studies and accelerator-driven systems. Nuclear science and engineering, 151(1), pp.82-87.
[45] Torres-Sánchez, P., Porras, I., Ramos-Chernenko, N., de Saavedra, F.A. and Praena, J., 2021. Optimized beam shaping assembly for a 2.1-MeV proton-accelerator-based neutron source for boron neutron capture therapy. Scientific Reports, 11(1), pp.1-12.
[46] Yoo, J.W., 1998, October. Neutron production from spallation reactions. In Proceedings of the Korean Nuclear Society Conference (pp. 65-65). Korean Nuclear Society.
[2] Kramer-Marek, G. and Capala, J., 2012. The role of nuclear medicine in modern therapy of cancer. Tumor Biology, 33(3), pp.629-640.
[3] Wang, X., Xiao, J. and Jiang, G., 2021. Real-time medical data monitoring and iodine 131 treatment of thyroid cancer nursing analysis based on an embedded system. Microprocessors and Microsystems, 81, p.103660.
[4] Gogineni, E., Bloom, B., Molina, F.D., Villella, J. and Goenka, A., 2021. Radiotherapy dose escalation on pelvic lymph node control in patients with cervical cancer. International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer, 31(4).
[5] Kayani, Z., Islami, N., Behzadpour, N., Zahraie, N., Imanlou, S., Tamaddon, P., Salehi, F., Daneshvar, F., Perota, G., Sorati, E. and Mohammadi, S., 2021. Combating cancer by utilizing noble metallic nanostructures in combination with laser photothermal and X-ray radiotherapy. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, p.102689.
[6] Lin, Y., Huang, G., Huang, Y., Tzeng, T.R.J. and Chrisey, D., 2010. Effect of laser fluence in laser‐assisted direct writing of human colon cancer cell. Rapid Prototyping Journal.
[7] Allodji, R.S., Tucker, M.A., Hawkins, M.M., Le Deley, M.C., Veres, C., Weathers, R., Howell, R., Winter, D., Haddy, N., Rubino, C. and Diallo, I., 2021. Role of radiotherapy and chemotherapy in the risk of leukemia after childhood cancer: An international pooled analysis. International journal of cancer, 148(9), pp.2079-2089.
[8] Jablonska, P.A., Cambeiro, M., Gimeno, M., Aramendía, J.M., Mínguez, J.A., Alcázar, J.L., Aristu, J.J., Calvo, F.A. and Martínez-Monge, R., 2021. Intraoperative electron beam radiotherapy and perioperative high-dose-rate brachytherapy in previously irradiated oligorecurrent gynecological cancer: clinical outcome analysis. Clinical and Translational Oncology, pp.1-8.
[9] Loap, P. and Kirova, Y., 2021. Fast Neutron Therapy for Breast Cancer Treatment: An Effective Technique Sinking into Oblivion.
[10] Ho, S.L., Choi, G., Yue, H., Kim, H.K., Jung, K.H., Park, J.A., Kim, M.H., Lee, Y.J., Kim, J.Y., Miao, X. and Ahmad, M.Y., 2020. In vivo neutron capture therapy of cancer using ultrasmall gadolinium oxide nanoparticles with cancer-targeting ability. RSC Advances, 10(2), pp.865-874.
[11] Chen, Y.J. and Paul, A.C., 2007, June. Compact proton accelerator for cancer therapy. In 2007 IEEE Particle Accelerator Conference (PAC) (pp. 1787-1789). IEEE.
[12] Schippers, J.M., Duppich, J., Goitein, G., Jermann, M., Lomax, A., Pedroni, E., Reist, H., Timmermann, B. and Verweij, J., 2006, May. The use of protons in cancer therapy at PSI and related instrumentation. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 41, No. 1, p. 005). IOP Publishing.
[13] Pasler, M., Georg, D., Wirtz, H. and Lutterbach, J., 2011. Effect of photon-beam energy on VMAT and IMRT treatment plan quality and dosimetric accuracy for advanced prostate cancer. Strahlentherapie und Onkologie, 187(12), pp.792-798.
[14] Lennox, A.J., 2001. Accelerators for cancer therapy. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 61(3-6), pp.223-226.
[15] Luo, W., Ali, Y.F., Liu, C., Wang, Y., Liu, C., Jin, X., Zhou, G. and Liu, N.A., 2021. Particle therapy for breast cancer: benefits and challenges. Frontiers in Oncology, 11, p.1425.
[16] Prezado, Y., Hirayama, R., Matsufuji, N., Inaniwa, T., Martínez-Rovira, I., Seksek, O., Bertho, A., Koike, S., Labiod, D., Pouzoulet, F. and Polledo, L., 2021. A Potential Renewed Use of Very Heavy Ions for Therapy: Neon Minibeam Radiation Therapy. Cancers, 13(6), p.1356.
[17] Neves, D.D., Belian, M.F., Silva, W.E.D. and Vilela, E.C., 2021. Boron neutron capture therapy: a new view on the cancer treatment. Revista Virtual de Quimica, 13(1), pp.270-282.
[18] Aihara, T., Hiratsuka, J., Kamitani, N., Nishimura, H. and Ono, K., 2020. Boron neutron capture therapy for head and neck cancer: Relevance of nuclear-cytoplasmic volume ratio and anti-tumor effect.-A preliminary report. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 163, p.109212.
[19] Pazirandeh, A., Torkamani, A. and Taheri, A., 2011. Design and simulation of a neutron source based on an electron linear accelerator for BNCT of skin melanoma. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 69(5), pp.749-755.
[20] Mitsumoto, T., Yajima, S., Tsutsui, H., Ogasawara, T., Fujita, K., Tanaka, H., Sakurai, Y. and Maruhashi, A., 2013, April. Cyclotron-based neutron source for BNCT. In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 1525, No. 1, pp. 319-322). American Institute of Physics.
[21] Nedunchezhian, K., Aswath, N., Thiruppathy, M. and Thirugnanamurthy, S., 2016. Boron neutron capture therapy-a literature review. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: JCDR, 10(12), p.ZE01.
[22] Bavarnegin, E., Kasesaz, Y. and Wagner, F.M., 2017. Neutron beams implemented at nuclear research reactors for BNCT. Journal of Instrumentation, 12(05), p.P05005.
[23] Elshahat, B.A., Naqvi, A.A. and Abdalla, K., 2007. Design calculations of an accelerator-based BSA for BNCT of brain cancer. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 274(3), pp.539-544.
[24] Sakai, M., Fujimoto, N., Ishii, K., Murata, I. and Awazu, K., 2011. Thermal neutron field with DT neutron source for BNCT. Progesss in Nuclear science and Technology, 1, pp.513-516.
[25] Tian, B., Jing, H., Wang, S., Li, Q., Gao, X. and Yang, X., 2021. Feasibility of nuclide-identified imaging based on the back-streaming white neutron beam at the China Spallation Neutron Source. Review of Scientific Instruments, 92(5), p.053303.
[26] Yonai, S., Baba, M., Nakamura, T., Yokobori, H. and Tahara, Y., 2005. Investigation of spallation-based epithermal neutron field for BNCT.
[27] Golubev, S.V., Skalyga, V.A., Izotov, I.V., Razin, S.V., Shaposhnikov, R.A., Vybin, S.S., Bokhanov, A.F., Kazakov, M.Y., Shlepnev, S.P., Burdonov, K.F. and Soloviev, A.A., 2021. Status of a point-like neutron generator development. Journal of Instrumentation, 16(02), p.T02008.
[28] Torres-Sánchez, P., Porras, I., Ramos-Chernenko, N., de Saavedra, F.A. and Praena, J., 2021. Optimized beam shaping assembly for a 2.1-MeV proton-accelerator-based neutron source for boron neutron capture therapy. Scientific Reports, 11(1), pp.1-12.
[29] Teichmann, S., 1997. Theoretical study of a spallation neutron source for BNCT, advances in neutron capture therapy. Medicine and Physics, 1, p.555.
[30] Dolan, T.J., Ottewitte, E.H., Wills, E.E., Neuman, W.A. and Woodall, D.M., 1989. Non-reactor neutron sources for BNCT (Boron Neutron Capture Therapy) (No. EGG-BNCT-8319). EG and G Idaho, Inc., Idaho Falls, ID (United States).
[31] Kasesaz, Y., Khalafi, H. and Rahmani, F., 2014. Design of an epithermal neutron beam for BNCT in thermal column of Tehran research reactor. Annals of Nuclear Energy, 68, pp.234-238.
[32] Anikin, M.N., Lebedev, I.I., Naymushin, A.G. and Smolnikov, N.V., 2020. Feasibility study of using IRT-T research reactor for BNCT applications. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 166, p.109243.
[33] Sauerwein, W., Moss, R., Stecher-Rasmussen, F., Rassow, J. and Wittig, A., 2011. Quality management in BNCT at a nuclear research reactor. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 69(12), pp.1786-1789.
[34] Hassanein, A.M., Hassan, M.H., Mohamed, N.M. and Abou Mandour, M.A., 2018. An optimized epithermal BNCT beam design for research reactors. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 106, pp.455-464.
[35] Cheng, H.G. and Feng, Z.Q., 2021. Light fragment and neutron emission in high-energy proton-induced spallation reactions. Chinese Physics C, 45(8), p.084107.
[36] Didi, A., Dadouch, A., Bencheikh, M., Jaï, O. and Hajjaji, O.E., 2019. New study of various target neutron yields from spallation reactions using a high-energy proton beam. International Journal of Nuclear Energy Science and Technology, 13(2), pp.120-137.
[37] Esposito, R. and Calviani, M., 2020. Design of the third-generation neutron spallation target for the CERN’s n_TOF facility. Journal of Neutron Research, 22(2-3), pp.221-231.
[38] Borne, F., Crespin, S., Drake, D., Frehaut, J., Ledoux, X., Lochard, J.P., Martinez, E., Patin, Y., Petibon, E., Pras, P. and Boudard, A., 2000. Experimental studies of spallation on thin target (No. CEA-R--5887). CEA/DAM-Ile de France.
[39] Zakalek, P., Doege, P.E., Baggemann, J., Mauerhofer, E. and Brückel, T., 2020. Energy and target material dependence of the neutron yield induced by proton and deuteron bombardment. In EPJ Web of Conferences (Vol. 231, p. 03006). EDP Sciences.
[40] Stankovsky, A., Saito, M., Artisyuk, V., Shmelev, A. and Korovin, Y., 2001. Accumulation and transmutation of spallation products in the target of accelerator-driven system. Journal of nuclear science and technology, 38(7), pp.503-510.
[41] Yasuda, H. and Fujitaka, K., 2001. Responses to TLD-BeO: Na (UD-170A) To Heavy Ions and Space Radiation. Radiation protection dosimetry, 94(3), pp.275-280.
[42] Kobayashi, T., 2015. Feature and future of accelerator-based BNCT neutron irradiation system. Viewpoint from the principle of BNCT. Radioisotopes (Tokyo), 64(1), pp.13-28.
[43] DiJulio, D.D., Cooper-Jensen, C.P., Björgvinsdóttir, H., Kokai, Z. and Bentley, P.M., 2016. High-energy in-beam neutron measurements of metal-based shielding for accelerator-driven spallation neutron sources. Physical Review Accelerators and Beams, 19(5), p.053501.
[44] Anefalos, S., Deppman, A., da Silva, G., Maiorino, J.R., Santos, A.D. and Garcia, F., 2005. Development of the CRISP package for spallation studies and accelerator-driven systems. Nuclear science and engineering, 151(1), pp.82-87.
[45] Torres-Sánchez, P., Porras, I., Ramos-Chernenko, N., de Saavedra, F.A. and Praena, J., 2021. Optimized beam shaping assembly for a 2.1-MeV proton-accelerator-based neutron source for boron neutron capture therapy. Scientific Reports, 11(1), pp.1-12.
[46] Yoo, J.W., 1998, October. Neutron production from spallation reactions. In Proceedings of the Korean Nuclear Society Conference (pp. 65-65). Korean Nuclear Society.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 13 No 1 (2026) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/fbt.v13i1.20760 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Spallation Activation Proton Neutrons Radioactive Elements Born Neutron Capture Therapy | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Nouradini-Shahabadi A, Rezaei Rayeni MR, Mohammadi S. Monte Carlo Simulation of Damage in Born Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) Converter Materials by High-Energy Proton Beam Spallation. Frontiers Biomed Technol. 2026;13(1):54-66.
