Original Article

Effect of Maternal Diabetes on Amniotic Fluid Index during the Second and Third Trimesters of Pregnancy: A Sonographic Case-Control Study

Abstract

Purpose: Patients with diabetes are more likely to develop polyhydramnios. The rate of polyhydramnios among diabetic patients is increasing compared to non-diabetic patients.

To compare the Amniotic Fluid Index (AFI) of diabetic and non-diabetic patients using sonography.

Materials and Methods: A case-control study was conducted with 200 participants, comprising 100 diabetic patients and 100 non-diabetic patients. The study utilized a Toshiba XARIO XG ultrasound machine with a convex probe of 3.5-7.5 MHz frequency at the university ultrasound clinic in Green Town. All diabetic and gestational diabetic patients aged 18-45 years in their 2nd and 3rd trimesters were included. Patients with underlying pathologies such as hypertension or multiple gestations were excluded. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 25.0.

Results: The mean amniotic fluid index in diabetic and non-diabetic groups was 21.19 and 13.20, respectively. The difference in the AFI between diabetics and non-diabetics was statistically significant (p=0.000). Chi-square analysis revealed a significant association between the AFI category and diabetes status. The diabetic group exhibited a higher proportion of cases in the polyhydramnios AFI category and a lower proportion in the normal AFI category compared to the non-diabetic group. The mean estimated fetal weight for diabetics and non-diabetics was 1341.64 and 1372.53 grams, respectively. There was no significant difference in estimated fetal weight between diabetic and non-diabetic patients (p=0.088).

Conclusion: The study concluded that diabetes during pregnancy is significantly associated with increased amniotic fluid levels, leading to a higher likelihood of polyhydramnios.

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IssueVol 13 No 2 (2026) QRcode
SectionOriginal Article(s)
DOI https://doi.org/10.18502/fbt.v13i2.21934
Keywords
Amniotic fluid index diabetes polyhydramnios ultrasonography oligohydramnios
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How to Cite
1.
Masood K, Farooq SMY, Fatima H, Naqvi SMR, Amna M, khushi A, Riaz RM, Javed RS. Effect of Maternal Diabetes on Amniotic Fluid Index during the Second and Third Trimesters of Pregnancy: A Sonographic Case-Control Study. Frontiers Biomed Technol. 2026;13(2):358-364.